이 작품은 소나타, 프랑스 회사 직원 국립 드 라 공들인 (ANR-13 IS08-0001)와 미국 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation)의 공동 프로젝트에 의해 투자되었다. 크리스틴 Baduel는 ANR-16 ACHN-0026 프로젝트를 통해 프랑스 국립 연구 기관 (ANR)에 의해 지원된다. 또한 저자는 따뜻하게 마리나 Frapa, Rogoznica의, 크로아티아의 에어로졸 샘플링과 도움을 루디어 보스코빅 자그레브 연구소, 크로아티아 마리자 마거스, 아나 Cvitešić, 상하 프르카 밀로사벼빅과 이레나 Ciglenecki을, 감사합니다.

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

프로토콜에서 모든 중요한 단계가 설명되어있다. 이들 필터의 에어로졸의 컬렉션을 포함한다 (이중 추출 사용 : SPE를 추출하여 물 추출) 그들로부터 계면 활성제를 추출하고, 추출 (표면 장력 농도 측정)의 분석. 전체 방법, 품질 관리가 빈 필터 (의 추출 및 분석 방법의 적용에 의해 1) 제작 된 편차 &lt;5 mN의 m -1 색채에 대한 검출 한계 미만 표면 장력 흡광도 초순수 비해 2) 농도의 소정 범위의 광 추출 효율과 재현성 / 반복성 포함한 불확실성 추출 계면 활성제의 %를 결정함으로써 법), 3) 비색법에 잠재적 간섭 물질을 선택하여, 해당 방법의 검출을 확인함으로써, 즉 계면 활성제의 타겟 타입 (anioNIC, 양이온 성 및 비이 온성) 참고 문헌 4에 완전히 설명 된대로 다른 보이지 않는 6) 문헌 6에서와 같이 완전히 상세한 비색법에 에어로졸 추출물 잠재적 간섭 물질 (무기 염, 작은 산)을 선택하여. 우리가 알기로,이 문서에 제시된 대기 샘플에서 계면 활성제의 추출 방법은 현재 대기 화학에서 가장 선택적입니다. 특히 훨씬 더 선택적 화합물의 조사 이전에 수행되는 간단한 물 추출 이상이다. (11) (23)가 이러한 에어로졸 샘플에서 고농도에있는 농도의 지표 성과 방해 무기 염 및 작은 유기 산, 이온 성 성분을 제거하기 위해 도시 된 바와 같이, (24) 제 2 추출 단계는 중요ements. (6)이 추출 방법은 또한 표면 및 벌크 시료에 존재하는 모든 계면 활성제를 제거하는 것으로 나타났다. 얻어진 추출물을 따라서 이들 화합물의 정확한 특성화를 허용하도록 충분히 집중된다. 그러나, 계면 활성제 이외에, 다른 비극성 또는 약간 극성 화합물이 대기 에어로졸로부터 추출되는 것이 가능하다. 예를 들어, 일반적으로 샘플링 영역에 따라 유사한 방법 (25)에 의해 추출 된 &quot;부식 형상 물질&quot;(HULIS)는 상기 추출물에 존재할 수있다. 이들 화합물은 단지 약간 우리 활성제 시료 26, 27에있어서 계면 활성제와 비교된다 (28)는 이렇게 측정 한 표면 장력 또는 CMC 크게 기여해서는 안된다. 그러나, 그들은 폴리 산이며 음이온 conce을 방해 할 수<html> ntration 측정. 향후 (그들은 에틸 바이올렛, 음이온 성 계면 활성제를 사용하는 적정 염색 반응 여부 IE) 계면 활성제 농도에 대한 기여도를 결정해야 할 것이다. 기여도가 큰 경우, 추가 단계는 예를 들어 HULIS 아니라 계면 활성제를 포함하는 것 UV-마주 또는 형광에 의해 활성화 된 모든 화합물을 제거하기 위해, 추출 방법에 추가 할 수 있습니다. 지금까지, 에어로졸의 표면 장력의 측정이 논문에 제시된 하나 이상의 에어로졸 계면 활성제 표면 장력 곡선의 다른 방법을 사용할 수 없다. 그것은 대기 샘플과 일치 샘플 볼륨을 필요로 하나가 그대로 걸려 물방울 기술은 이러한 측정을 권장합니다. 직접 추출없이 미크론 크기의 입자의 표면 장력을 측정하는 광학 기술이 개발되고있다. 10,엉덩이 = &quot;외부 참조&quot;&gt; (20), (29)는 지금까지, 그들은 실험실에서 생산 된 입자에만 적용하지만 잠재적으로 언젠가 대기들에 적용될 수있다. 계면 활성제 농도 측정 본 연구에 제시된 비색법 우리의 방법과 같이, 추출 배로 대기 에어로졸 샘플 11, 13, 14, 30 만 물 추출물과하지에 이미 적용되었다. 상기 밑줄로, 제 2 추출 단계는 농도 측정을 방해 무기 염 및 작은 유기산 화합물 등을 제거하고, 이것은 중요한 차이이다. 6 초기 해수 큰 수성 샘플 위해 개발 된 전기 화학적 기술은 또한 ATMOS에서 계면 활성제의 농도를 측정하는 데 사용되어왔다pheric 에어로졸. 얻어진 계면 활성제 농도가 선택한 기준 화합물에 의존하는 모든 계면 활성제의 검출 감도가 동일하다고 가정한다, 즉 31, 32이 방법은 상대적이다. 이 방법에 대해보고 된 검출 한계는 0.02 mg을 L -1 비색 방법에 의해 음이온 성 및 양이온 성 계면 활성제에 대해 0.05 μM의 검출 한계는 0.03 μM 따라서, 기준으로서 테트라 octylphenolethoxylate를 사용하고 유사한 경우. 그러나 때문에 비색법으로 비이 온성 계면 활성제 및 총 농도를 결정의 불확실성, 두 가지 방법 (인터 - 교정)를 비교하는 흥미로운 것이다. 제시된 방법에 몇 점을 더욱 향상시킬 수있다. 모든 비이 온성 계면 활성제 및 재치 동일한 감도를 검출 할 코발트 티오 아닌 다른 염료는 매우 USEF 것UL 및 현재 농도 측정 불확실성의 주요 원천을 줄일 수 있습니다. 이들 화합물은 대기 시료에서 검출 한계에 종종 현재 20 %로 추정 양이온 계면 활성제의 추출 효율도 개선 될 수있다. 이것은 특정 SPE 열을 사용하여, 예를 들어, 수행 할 수있다. 추출 및 적정 조건은 더욱 향상 될 수있다. 예를 들어, 평행 한 세 가지 SPE 셋업에 사용하는 각각의 추출 효율을 개선하고, 방법 (이하 오염 리스크)의 품질을 향상시킬 수있는, 계면 활성제의 종류에 최적화. 시료의 질량 분석 할위한 SPE 카트리지의 최적 흡착제 밀도는 결정되어 있었다. 적정 반응 (PH, 첨가제)에 대한 조건은 추가로 상기 즉, 농도 측정의 감도를 향상 검출 한계를 낮추기 위해 최적화 될 수있다. 분석 자체의 품질을 개선하지 않으면 서 추가 수정은로서는, 에어로졸보다는 수집 된 모든 입자에서 다른 크기 분획에 본 발명의 방법 (즉, 하위 집단)를 적용하는 것과 대기 계면 활성제에 대한 정보 가져다 여기에 제시된. 분석의 다른 유형은 또한 계면 활성제 또는 UV-비스 흡수, 형광, 또는 편광의 화학 구조를 결정하기 위해, 고도로의 존재를 나타 내기 위해 이러한 LC / HR MS 탠덤 MS 나 NMR, 같은 추출에 적용될 수있다 추출물의 공액 또는 키랄 화합물.

구름은 대부분의 환경과 생태계의 문학에 대한, 지구 대기에 필수적이며, 기후 시스템. 그러나 그들의 형성 메커니즘의 일부 측면은 아직 잘 이해되지 않으며, 특히 응축 핵으로서 작용하는 에어로졸 입자에 존재하는 화학 물질의 기여. 이론 1 에어로졸 입자 표면에 존재하는 활성 화합물 또는 계면 활성제가 강하게 형성 그들의 에너지 따라서, 그 표면 장력을 낮춤으로써 구름 방울 형성을 향상시키는 것을 예측한다. 그러나 이러한 효과는 수십 년 동안 관찰에 어려운 유지하고 구름 형성에 계면 활성제의 역할은 현재 모든 클라우드 조사와 대기 및 기후 모델에 대기 지역 사회의 큰 부분에 의해 거부와 무시됩니다. 구름 형성에 어로 졸 계면 활성제의 역할에 대한 이해의 부족에 대한 이유 중 하나는 ISO에 대한 방법의 부재있다후반 그들을 특징. 다른 환경에서 샘플 달리 대기압 샘플의 분석은 매우 작은 샘플 부피와 질량 (여기서, 일반적으로 10 내지 100 μg의 사이), 화학적 복잡성 (염 광물의 혼합물, 및 다양한 유기 물질) 등의 반복 도전 2 대향. 이러한 과제를 극복하고 에어로졸의 이해를 개선하는 것은 특히 대기 에어로졸 샘플로부터 이들 화합물 2) 에어로졸 단계에서 절대 농도를 결정 추출 3) 그 표면 장력 곡선을 결정하는) 몇 가지 방법이 최근 1 우리 그룹에 의해 개발 된 계면 활성제 자신의 임계 미셀 농도 (CMC)를 포함하여 물에 계면 활성제가 표면 포화에 시작되는 농도는 벌크 미셀을 형성한다. 이러한 방법의 최신 버전이 논문에 제시되어있다. 완에 사용될 수있는 추가 개선 및 특성화의 다른 유형제시된 것과 lement이 논의 될 것이다. 이러한 방법의 최근 어플리케이션이 이미 대기 에어로졸 3, 4, 5, 6 및 작용 모드에서의 계면 활성제 농도를 결정하고, 그 자체 (3)이 역할을 증명함으로써 이러한 분석은 구름 형성 계면 활성제의 역할에 대한 이해를 향상시킬 수있는 방법을 도시 한 그들의 생물학적 기원, 3, 4, 7 증명 고전 인스트루먼트 관찰 부족을 설명 구름 방울 형성, 3, 6. 8, 9, 10

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1448">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:828px;">Quartz filters</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Fioroni</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for example &#216;47mm or &#216;150mm, Grammage 85g/m2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Aluminium foils or glass Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td>backed in oven (773 K, 6h)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Tweezers, scissors</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Desiccator</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) set-up</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">SPE vacuum manifold Ac-Elut</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Varian&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Pump Laboxat</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Knf LAB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Nitrogen dryer set-up</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">hand-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Compressed Nirogen 4.5 in bottle B50, 200 bar at 15&#176;C</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Linde</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Tensiometer</td>
			<td>Dataphysics&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">&#160;OCA 15EC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:828px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;">SCA software for OCA version 4-4.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">UV-Vis spectrometer</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">8453</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Stir-plates</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Glassware</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Glass Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td>for the water extraction step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Beakers</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 mL, 30 mL, 60 mL glass bottles with corks</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tubes for SPE</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnetic stirring bars</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Ultrasound bath</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td>for glassware washing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Micropipettes (0.5 - 5 mL, 0.100 - 1mL, 10 - 100 &#956;L)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Rainin Pipette-Life XLS</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Disposable small&#160; equipment</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Syringe filters 0.40&#956;m PVDF</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">SPE C18 cartridges Strata C18-E cartridges 500 mg / 3 mL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic syringes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Needles</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4 mL-vials</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pasteur glass pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micropipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) &#8805; 98.5 % Bioreagent</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">L3771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) &#8805; 97%</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">323586</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benzyltetradecyldimethylammonium (zephiramine)&#160; &#8805; 99.0 % anhydrous Fluka</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">13401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (CTAC) 25 wt % in H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">292737</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol (Triton X114) laboratory grade</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">X114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether (Brij35) Fluka Bio Chemika</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">858366</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-&#945;-phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk type XVI-E&#160; lyophilized powder &#8805; 99 %</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">P3556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis &#8805; 98 %</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">S3523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">R-95Dd rhamnolipid (95 % dirhamnolipid, 5 % monorhamnolipid)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">L510025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethyl violet cationic triarylmethane dye</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">228842</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Patent Blue VF dye content 50 %</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">198218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ammonium thiocyanate &#8805; 99 % puriss. p.a.,&#160; ACS reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">31120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate &#8805; 98 % ACS reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">239267</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic anhydride &#8805; 99 % ReagentPlus</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">320102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium acetate &#8805; 99.0 % anhydrous Reagent Plus</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">S8750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 99.4&#8722; 100.6 % ACS reagent powder</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">E9884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium sulfate anhydrous &#8805; 99.0 % granulated puriss. p.a. ACS reagent Fluka</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">71960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol puriss. p.a. ACS Reagent&#160; reag. Ph. Eur. 96% (v/v)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">32294</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Acetonitrile&#160; &#8805; 99.9 % HiPerSolv CHROMANORM Reag. Ph. Eur. (European Pharmacopoeia Reagent) grade gradient for HPLC</td>
			<td>VWR BDH Prolabo</td>
			<td>20060.32</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">to be manipulated under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Chloroform 99 % stable with 0.8&#8722;1 % ethanol</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">L13200-0F</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">to be manipulated under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Toluene &#62; 99 %</td>
			<td>Chimie Plus</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">24053</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">to be manipulated under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Denatured ethanol for washing</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:828px;">Ultra-Pure water</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Ultrapure water system Purelab Classic, Elga</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extraction and characterization of surfactants from atmospheric aerosols

대기 에어로졸에 존재하는 표면 활성 화합물, 또는 계면 활성제는, 지구의 대기, 기상학, 수 문학의 중심 과정에서 액체 상태의 물이 구름의 형성에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대하고 기후 시스템에있다. 이러한 화합물의 특정 추출 및 특성이 수십 년 동안 부족했기 때문에하지만, 아주 작은 따라서 구름 형성과 지구의 생태계와의 잠재적 인 링크의 완전한 이해를 방지 행동과 기원의 정체성, 특성, 모드에 알려져있다. 본 논문에서는 최근 대기 에어로졸 샘플로부터의 모든 계면 활성제는 1) 타겟 추출 및 그 긴급 포함한 에어로졸 단계에서 절대 농도) (2)의 결정 및 물 3) 자신의 정적 표면 장력 곡선위한 방법을 개발 선물합니다 미셀 농도 (CMC). 이러한 방법은도 9 참조 활성제로 검증되고 난ncluding 음이온 성, 양이온 및 비 이온들. 결과의 예는 나중에 설명하는 개선되게 이외 ​​특성화 크로아티아위한 제안에서 해안 사이트에서 수집 된 미세 에어로졸 입자 (직경 &lt;1 ㎛)에서 발견 활성제 제시된다.

주 : 대기 시료에인가되기 전에,이 섹션에 제시된 모든 프로토콜 9 참조 계면 활성제 표면 장력 곡선 최소 표면 장력 테스트되었고, 수득 된 CMC를 문헌 우수한 일치 하였다. 21 22 1. 농도 의 각각 섹션 2와 3에 기재된 바와 같이 미세 에어로졸은 (&lt;직경 1 ㎛ 또는 &quot;PM1 &#39;) 샘플이 샘플을 처리하고 추출한 2월 2015 년 Rogoznica의 크로아티아 해안 사이트 석영 섬유 필터에 모았다 이 원고. 음이온 성, 양이온 성 및 비이 온성 계면 활성제 에어로졸 샘플 볼륨의 전체 계면 활성제의 농도, C 서핑, P (M)의 농도는 제 4 T에 따라 측정했다그 결과는도 1에 제시하고, 측정 된 계면 활성제 중에서 음이온 성 및 비이 온성 계면 활성제의 지배를 증거. 추출 된 활성제의 샘플과 표면 장력 곡선 2. 표면 장력 도 2에 도시 된 바와 같이, 제 5, 및 농도 측정에 기재된 표면 장력 측정을 결합하여, 동일한 샘플 절대 표면 장력 곡선 결과. 이러한 곡선은 에어로졸 샘플 계면 활성제 농도와 이들 샘플의 표면 장력 ( &quot;σ 분&quot;)를 표시하고 그래픽 CMC 값 (도 2)를 판별 할 수있다. <img alt="그림 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig1.jpg" /> 그림1 : Rogoznica의 크로아티아 수집 미세 에어로졸 (PM1)에서의 계면 활성제 농도. 음이온 (파란색), 양이온 (적색), 비 이온 계면 활성제 (녹색), 총 계면 활성제 농도 에어로졸 위상 (각 계면 활성제의 농도의 합), C 서핑, P (M)에 대한 농도를, 색채 측정 2월 2015 년 Rogoznica의 크로아티아의 해안에서 수집 사이트 미세 (&lt;1 ㎛)의 대기 에어로졸 메소드 결과는 명확하게, 음이온 및 비 이온 계면 활성제의 우위를 나타낸다. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig2.jpg" /> 에어로졸의 계면에서의 일반적인 표면 장력 곡선과 CMC :도 2Rogoznica의, 크로아티아. 표면 장력 농도 측정을 조합 한 2015년 3월 2일의 샘플 절대 계면 활성제 표면 장력 곡선. 흑점은 계면 추출물의 측정 된 표면 장력을 나타낸다. 곡선의 끝에서 오렌지 점은 계산 된 에어로졸 샘플 농도 (단계 4.4.6), 및 &quot;σ 분&quot;의 표면 장력을 나타낸다. CMC의 그래픽 결정이 설명된다. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols at JoVE.com

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

방법은 대기 에어로졸 본 활성제의 타겟 추출 및 그들의 임계 미셀 농도 (CMC)를 포함하여 물 절대 농도 및 표면 장력 곡선의 측정을 위해 제공된다.

대기 에어로졸의 추출 및 계면 활성제의 특성

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

extraction-characterization-surfactants-from-atmospheric

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

16.7K 조회수.  IRCELYON, F-69626.  방법은 대기 에어로졸 본 활성제의 타겟 추출 및 그들의 임계 미셀 농도 (CMC)를 포함하여 물 절대 농도 및 표면 장력 곡선의 측정을 위해 제공된다. 

비디오: Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study evaporation under various surface boundary conditions to improve our current understanding and characterization of this multiphase phenomenon as well as to validate numerical heat and mass transfer theories that couple Navier-Stokes flow in the atmosphere and Darcian flow in the porous media. Experimental data were collected using a unique soil tank apparatus interfaced with a small climate controlled wind tunnel. The experimental apparatus was instrumented with a suite of state of the art sensor technologies for the continuous and autonomous collection of soil moisture, soil thermal properties, soil and air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. This experimental apparatus can be used to generate data under well controlled boundary conditions, allowing for better control and gathering of accurate data at scales of interest not feasible in the field. Induced airflow at several distinct wind speeds over the soil surface resulted in unique behavior of heat and mass transfer during the different evaporative stages.

A protocol for the design and construction of a soil tank interfaced to a small climate controlled wind tunnel to study the effects of atmospheric forcings on evaporation is presented. Both the soil tank and wind tunnel are instrumented with sensor technologies for the continuous in situ measurement of environmental conditions.

증발에 대기 강제력의 효과를 탐구 : 대기 경계층과 얕은 표면 하의의 실험 통합

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study ...

연구

환경과학

Simultaneous DNA-RNA Extraction from Coastal Sediments and Quantification of 16S rRNA Genes and Transcripts by Real-time PCR

Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction also known as quantitative PCR (q-PCR) is a widely used tool in microbial ecology to quantify gene abundances of taxonomic and functional groups in environmental samples. Used in combination with a reverse transcriptase reaction (RT-q-PCR), it can also be employed to quantify gene transcripts. q-PCR makes use of highly sensitive fluorescent detection chemistries that allow quantification of PCR amplicons during the exponential phase of the reaction. Therefore, the biases associated with &#39;end-point&#39; PCR detected in the plateau phase of the PCR reaction are avoided. A protocol to quantify bacterial 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from coastal sediments via real-time PCR is provided. First, a method for the co-extraction of DNA and RNA from coastal sediments, including the additional steps required for the preparation of DNA-free RNA, is outlined. Second, a step-by-step guide for the quantification of 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from the extracted nucleic acids via q-PCR and RT-q-PCR is outlined. This includes details for the construction of DNA and RNA standard curves. Key considerations for the use of RT-q-PCR assays in microbial ecology are included.

A protocol to quantify bacterial 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from coastal sediments via real-time PCR is provided. The methodology includes the co-extraction of DNA and RNA; preparation of DNA-free RNA; and 16S rRNA gene and transcript quantification via RT-q-PCR, including standard curve construction.

실시간 PCR에 의한 연안 퇴적물 및 정량 16S의 rRNA의 유전자 및 성적 증명서에서 동시 DNA-RNA 추출

Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction also known as quantitative PCR (q-PCR) is a widely used tool in microbial ecology to quantify gene abundances of ...

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling from hydrothermal sources in the Precambrian ocean was oxidized by molecular oxygen [O2] produced by cyanobacteria. The oldest BIFs, deposited prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at about 2.4 billion years (Gy) ago, could have formed by direct oxidation of Fe(II) by anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under anoxic conditions. As a method for testing the geochemical and mineralogical patterns that develop under different biological scenarios, we designed a 40 cm long vertical flow-through column to simulate an anoxic Fe(II)-rich marine upwelling system representative of an ancient ocean on a lab scale. The cylinder was packed with a porous glass bead matrix to stabilize the geochemical gradients, and liquid samples for iron quantification could be taken throughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen was detected non-invasively via optodes from the outside. Results from biotic experiments that involved upwelling fluxes of Fe(II) from the bottom, a distinct light gradient from top, and cyanobacteria present in the water column, show clear evidence for the formation of Fe(III) mineral precipitates and development of a chemocline between Fe(II) and O2. This column allows us to test hypotheses for the formation of the BIFs by culturing cyanobacteria (and in the future photoferrotrophs) under simulated marine Precambrian conditions. Furthermore we hypothesize that our column concept allows for the simulation of various chemical and physical environments &#8212; including shallow marine or lacustrine sediments.

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

We simulated a Precambrian ferruginous marine upwelling system in a lab-scale vertical flow-through column. The goal was to understand how geochemical profiles of O2 and Fe(II) evolve as cyanobacteria produce O2. The results show the establishment of a chemocline due to Fe(II) oxidation by photosynthetically produced O2.

선캄브리아 해양 용승 시스템 광합성 박테리아의 성장을 탐구하는이 풍부한 철 (II)의 실험실 시뮬레이션

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was extracted using six different methods (centrifugation, sonication, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), formamide with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), formaldehyde with NaOH and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) with heat and constant mixing). AGS was collected from a pilot wastewater treatment reactor. The ionic gel-forming property of the extracted EPS of the six different extraction methods was tested with calcium ions (Ca2+). From the six extraction methods used, only the Na2CO3 extraction could solubilize the hydrogel matrix of AGS. The alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALE) recovered with this method formed ionic gel beads with Ca2+. The Ca2+-ALE beads were stable in EDTA, formamide with NaOH and formaldehyde with NaOH, indicating that ALE are one part of the structural polymers in EPS. It is recommended to use an extraction method that combines physical and chemical treatment to solubilize AGS and extract structural EPS.

The protocol provides a methodology to solubilize aerobic granular sludge in order to extract alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALE).

에어로빅 세분화 된 슬러지에서 구조 세포 외 고분자 물질의 추출

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) ...

Biofilm Removal Using Carbon Dioxide Aerosols without Nitrogen Purge

Biofilms can cause serious concerns in many applications. Not only can they cause economic losses, but they can also present a public health hazard. Therefore, it is highly desirable to remove biofilms from surfaces. Many studies on CO2 aerosol cleaning have employed nitrogen purges to increase biofilm removal efficiency by reducing the moisture condensation generated during the cleaning. However, in this study, periodic jets of CO2 aerosols without nitrogen purges were used to remove Pseudomonas putida biofilms from polished stainless steel surfaces. CO2 aerosols are mixtures of solid and gaseous CO2 and are generated when high-pressure CO2 gas is adiabatically expanded through a nozzle. These high-speed aerosols were applied to a biofilm that had been grown for 24 hr. The removal efficiency ranged from 90.36% to 98.29% and was evaluated by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the biofilm as the treatment time was varied from 16 sec to 88 sec. We also performed experiments to compare the removal efficiencies with and without nitrogen purges; the measured biofilm removal efficiencies were not significantly different from each other (t-test, p &gt; 0.55). Therefore, this technique can be used to clean various bio-contaminated surfaces within one minute.

Biofilms on surfaces can be effectively and rapidly removed by using a periodic jet of carbon dioxide aerosols without a nitrogen purge.

바이오 필름 제거 질소 제거하지 않고 이산화탄소 에어로졸을 사용하여

Biofilms can cause serious concerns in many applications. Not only can they cause economic losses, but they can also present a public health hazard. ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

플라스틱 펠렛 및 플라스틱 유형 분석에서 유기 염소 농약의 추출

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

먼지가 충전 및 자외선 또는 플라즈마에 노출 표면에 동원의 실험 방법

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

Corals are important ocean invertebrates that are critical for overall ocean health as well as human health. However, due to human impacts such as rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification, corals are increasingly under threat. To tackle these challenges, advances in cell and molecular biology have proven to be crucial for diagnosing the health of corals. Modifying some of the techniques commonly used in human medicine could greatly improve researchers&#39; ability to treat and save corals. To address this, a protocol for in situ hybridization used primarily in human medicine and evolutionary developmental biology has been adapted for use in adult corals under stress.
The purpose of this method is to visualize the spatial expression of an RNA probe in adult coral tissue that has been embedded in paraffin and sectioned onto glass slides. This method focuses on removal of the paraffin and rehydration of the sample, pretreatment of the sample to ensure permeability of the sample, pre-hybridization incubation, hybridization of the RNA probe, and visualization of the RNA probe. This is a powerful method when using non-model organisms to discover where specific genes are expressed, and the protocol can be easily adapted for other non-model organisms. However, the method is limited in that it is primarily qualitative, because expression intensity can vary depending on the amount of time used during the visualization step and the concentration of the probe. Furthermore, patience is required, as this protocol can take up to 5 days (and in many cases, longer) depending on the probe being used. Finally, non-specific background staining is common, but this limitation can be overcome.

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

The goal of this protocol is to perform in situ hybridization on adult coral samples that have been embedded in paraffin and sectioned onto glass slides. This is a qualitative method used to visualize the spatial expression of an RNA anti-sense probe in paraffin-embedded tissues.

제자리에서 파라핀 포함 성인 산호 샘플에 대 한 교 잡 기술

Corals are important ocean invertebrates that are critical for overall ocean health as well as human health. However, due to human impacts such as rising ...

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only recently have microplastics in freshwater systems, such as rivers and lakes, been quantified. Microplastic sampling at the surface usually consists of deploying drift nets behind either a stationary or moving boat, which limits the sampling to environments with low levels of suspended sediments and floating or submerged debris. Previous studies that employed drift nets to collect microplastic debris typically used nets with &#8805;300 &#181;m mesh size, allowing plastic debris (particles and fibers) below this size to pass through the net and elude quantification. The protocol detailed here enables: 1) sample collection in environments with high suspended loads and floating or submerged debris and 2) the capture and quantification of microplastic particles and fibers &lt;300 &#181;m. Water samples were collected using a peristaltic pump in low-density polyethylene (PE) containers to be stored before filtering and analysis in the lab. Filtration was done with a custom-made microplastic filtration device containing detachable union joints that housed nylon mesh sieves and mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. Mesh sieves and membrane filters were examined with a stereomicroscope to quantify and separate microplastic particulates and fibers. These materials were then examined using a micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro ATR-FTIR) to determine microplastic polymer type. Recovery was measured by spiking samples using blue PE particulates and green nylon fibers; percent recovery was determined to be 100% for particulates and 92% for fibers. This protocol will guide similar studies on microplastics in high velocity rivers with high concentrations of sediment. With simple modifications to the peristaltic pump and filtration device, users can collect and analyze various sample volumes and particulate sizes.

Most microplastic research to date has occurred in marine systems where suspended solid levels are relatively low. Focus is now shifting to freshwater systems, which may feature high sediment loads and floating debris. This protocol addresses collecting and analyzing microplastic samples from aquatic environments that contain high suspended solid loads.

샘플링, 정렬, 및 높은 정지 퇴적 부하와 큰 부동 파편 수생 환경에서 Microplastics

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

디자인 및 쌍 각 조개 서 스 펜 션 바다에서 먹이 측정 기구 사용

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...