The authors would like to thank Trevor Lawley at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute for C. difficile R20291 spores and James S. Guy at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine for Vero cells, both utilized in this manuscript. Animal histopathology was performed in the LCCC Animal Histopathology Core Facility at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, with special assistance from Traci Raley and Amanda Brown. The LCCC Animal Histopathology Core is supported in part by an NCI Center Core Support Grant (2P30CA016086-40) to the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. We would also like to thank Vincent Young, Anna Seekatz, Jhansi Leslie, and Cassie Schumacher for helpful discussions on the Vero cell cytotoxicity assay protocol. JAW is funded by the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award Research Training grant T32OD011130 by NIH. CMT is funded by the career development award in metabolomics grant K01GM109236 by the NIGMS of the NIH.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose at this time.

This protocol characterizes the clinical course, including weight loss, bacterial colonization, toxin cytotoxicity, and histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, of antibiotic-treated mice challenged with C. difficile R20291 spores. There are several critical steps within the protocol where attention to detail is essential. Accurate calculation of the C. difficile spore inoculum is critical. This calculation is based on the original C. difficile spore stock enumeration, which should be consistent over multiple spore enumerations prior to starting this protocol. If the inoculum calculation is erroneous, it will result in an inaccurate inoculation dose of the mice. On the same note, preparation and dilutions of C. difficile spores based on these calculations should be prepared with care. Any dilution errors will result in an inaccurate starting spore inoculum. Lastly, precautions should be taken to avoid contamination of antibiotic-treated control mice (not inoculated with C. difficile spores). Cefoperazone-treated mice are extremely susceptible to C. difficile colonization and thus should not be in direct contact with C. difficile-infected mice28-30. If the aforementioned critical steps are recognized, successful execution of the CDI mouse model is expected. 
Modification of the dose or strain of C. difficile spores administered to the mice may alter the outcomes of this model. Increasing the spore inoculum administered to mice could increase the morbidity and mortality observed, depending on the strain of C. difficile administered. A dose response experiment, evaluating a range of several inoculum doses, is recommended if using other C. difficile strains in order to characterize the clinical course of CDI. 
This protocol uses TCCFA medium for C. difficile enumeration of spores and vegetative cells collectively. However, if distinct phases (such as germination and outgrowth) of the C. difficile lifecycle are desired, differential plating is required. Non-heat-treated contents, as described in this protocol, will yield the CFU per g content of spores and vegetative cells together. If the same GI content is heat-treated (20 min at 65 &#176;C) and then plated on TCCFA media, this will yield a CFU of spores only, since C. difficile vegetative cells are destroyed by heat. Comparison of C. difficile enumeration using these two plating techniques allows for more detailed information about the C. difficile lifecycle in vivo. 
One major limitation of this mouse model is that the results may not be reproducible in mice from different strains or vendors. Recall that disruption of the gut microbiota following cefoperazone treatment renders mice susceptible to CDI28. Variations in the initial composition of the gut microbiota between different murine strains from different vendors could alter the mouse model of CDI31. Once researchers have successfully completed this model, it is recommended that the mouse strain and vendor from where the mice are acquired stay consistent for additional studies to limit variations in the gut microbiota composition, which could alter the outcomes of the model. 
Another limitation of the protocol is that the Vero cell cytotoxicity assay does not quantitatively measure C. difficile toxin levels in vivo. Instead, epithelial (Vero) cell cytotoxicity represents a qualitative approach that measures relative cytotoxicity of C. difficile toxins present in samples. Other techniques such as qRT-PCR and immunoblotting would be helpful to determine the amount of toxin present in the samples. 
Various models of CDI are currently being used, including the Syrian hamster model, ex vivo models, and human intestinal organoid models13,14,30,32. However, the mouse model of CDI provides the increased availability of commercially-available murine reagents and assays to further examine the pathogenesis of C. difficile. Other mouse models of CDI have used different strains of C. difficile, such as VPI 10463, which results in substantial mortality and thus does not recapitulate human CDI12,17,29. In this model, C. difficile R20291 was selected for its genetic tractability and clinical relevance as a recent 027 epidemic strain33,34. Compared to other murine models of CDI, R20291 was not uniformly lethal at the dose administered, allowing for observation of a prolonged clinical course of infection concordant with human disease. Overall, this mouse model proves to be a valuable experimental platform of CDI. This fully-characterized C. difficile mouse model can be utilized to assess the effects of novel therapeutics on the amelioration of clinical disease and on the restoration of colonization resistance against C. difficile.

Clostridium difficile hayatı tehdit eden ishal 1 neden olan bir anaerobik, gram pozitif, spor oluşturan basildir. C. difficile enfeksiyonu (CDI) yıl 1-4 başına sağlık maliyetlerinde üzerinde 4800000000 $ artmış, insan morbidite ve mortalite ve sonuçları ile ilişkilidir. 2013 yılında, Hastalık Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezleri kamu sağlığı 1 acil tehlike teşkil ettiğini gösteren, acil antibiyotik direnç riski C. difficile kategorize. Şu anda, antibiyotik vankomisin ile tedavi ve metronidazol CDI 5 için standart bakım olarak kabul edilir. Hastaların 2,5-7% 30 - Ne yazık ki, antibiyotik başarılı tedavi sonrası CDI tekrar 20 meydana gelen, yüksek. Bu nedenle, bu enterik patojene karşı yeni terapötiklerin keşfi gereklidir. C. difficile, ac insan hastalığı yaklaşan bir hayvan modelinde karşı ilaç gruplarına değerlendirmeklinically-İlgili suşu gereklidir. Başlangıçta, Koch Postülatları bir klindamisin ile tedavi edilen Suriye hamster modeli 8 kullanılarak 1977 yılında C. difficile için kurulmuştur. Bu model hala patogenezi 9,10 C. difficile toksin etkilerini araştırmak için bugün kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, CDI Hamster modelinde yüksek mortalite oranları ile sonuçlanır ve CDI 10,11 insanlarda görülebilir kronik sinsi hastalık belirtilerinin yaklaştığı değildir. Araştırmada sıçangil platformlar erişilebilirlik ve reaktif durumuna göre, CDI bir fare modeli uygundur. 2008 yılında, CDI sağlam bir fare modeli klindamisin 12 bir intraperitoneal enjeksiyon, ardından 3 gün bir antibiyotik içme suyu kokteyl (kanamisin, gentamisin, kolistin, metronidazol ve vankomisin) fareler muamele edilmesiyle kurulmuştur. CDI ve şiddetli kolit duyarlı Bu hale fareler. bağlıuygulanan aşı doz ing, klinik belirti ve letalitesinin bir dizi bu model kullanılarak görülebilir. Bu zamandan beri, çeşitli antibiyotik rejimleri C. difficile gastrointestinal sistem kolonize olabilir noktaya kolonizasyon direnci azalan, fare bağırsak Mikrobiyota değiştiren incelenmiştir (En ark gözden geçirdik. Ve Lawley &amp; Young) 13,14. Daha yakın zamanlarda, 5 ya da 10 gün boyunca içme suyu verilen geniş spektrumlu sefalosporinler, sefoperazon, tekrarlanabilir CDI 15 duyarlı fare oluşturur. Üçüncü kuşak sefalosporin verilmesinin insanlarda CDI riski ile ilişkili olduğundan, sefoperazon modelinin kullanımı daha doğru bir hastalık 16 doğal olarak meydana gelen yansıtır. Sefoperazon ile tedavi edilen C. difficile duyarlı fareler C. difficile sporlarının ve klinik olarak değişen suşları çeşitli bitkisel hücreler hem meydan edilmiştiralaka ve virülans 17. Bulaşıcı form olarak C. difficile vejetatif hücreleri kullanılarak özgün çalışmaların bazılarında rağmen, C. difficile sporlarının iletim 18 ana mod olarak kabul edilir. Son on yılda, C. difficile R20291, bir NAP1 / BI / 027 suşu, CDI 19,20 salgınlara neden ortaya çıkmıştır. Biz sefoperazon ile tedavi edilmiş fareler klinik olarak ilgili ve genetik uysal C. difficile suşu, R20291 aşılandığında hastalığın klinik seyrini belirlemeye çalıştık. Bu protokol kilo kaybı, bakteri kolonizasyonu, toksin sitotoksisite ve C. difficile R20291 sporları ile meydan farelerin gastrointestinal sistemde histopatolojik değişiklikler de dahil olmak üzere, klinik seyir ayrıntıları. Genel olarak, bu fare modeli CDI insan hastalığı yaklaştırmak için değerli bir deney platformu olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Bu özelliği, fare modeli, etkilerini değerlendirmek için kullanılabilirklinik hastalığın iyileştirilmesi ve C. difficile karşı kolonizasyon direnci restorasyonu yeni tedavi yöntemleri.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">#62 Perisept Sporidicial Disinfectant Cleaner&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">SSS Navigator</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48027</td>
			<td style="width:483px;">This product will require dilution as recommended by the manufacturer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.22 &#956;m filter</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>09-720-3</td>
			<td>Alternative to filter plate for indivdiual samples tested in the Vero Cell Assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>Needs to be heated in water bath at 37C prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.4% Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1% Peniciilin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15070-063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10% heat inactivated FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16140-071</td>
			<td>Needs to be heated in water bath at 37C prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1ml plastic syringe&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Medical Supplies</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1X PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2 ml Micro Centrifuge Screw Cap</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430917</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">96 well cell culture flat bottom plate</td>
			<td>Costar Corning</td>
			<td>CL3595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">96 well filter plate</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MSGVS2210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adhesive Seal</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>AB-0558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Bacto Agar</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">214010</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Bacto Proteose Peptone</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">211684</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cefoperazone</td>
			<td>MP Bioworks</td>
			<td>199695</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cefoxitine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C47856</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Clostridium difficile Antitoxin Kit</td>
			<td>Tech Labs</td>
			<td>T5000</td>
			<td>Used as control for Vero Cell Assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Clostridium difficile Toxin A</td>
			<td>List Biological Labs</td>
			<td>152C</td>
			<td>Positive control for Vero Cell Assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-cycloserine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6880</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Distilled Water</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM 1X Media</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>Needs to be heated in water bath at 37C prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fructose</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>L95500</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Bright-Line, Sigma</td>
			<td>Z359629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:292px;">KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P285-500</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:292px;">MgSO4 (anhydrous)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M2643</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:292px;">Millex-GS 0.22 &#956;m filter</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Millex-GS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SLGS033SS</td>
			<td style="width:483px;">Filter for TCCFA plates&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:292px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S-0876</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S640-3</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Number 10 disposable scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Miltex, Inc</td>
			<td>4-410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCR Plates</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>14230244</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic petri dish</td>
			<td>Kord-Valmark Brand</td>
			<td>2900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile plastic L-shaped cell spreader</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>14-665-230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe Stepper</td>
			<td>Dymax Corporation</td>
			<td>T15469</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Taurocholate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T4009</td>
			<td>Part of TCCFA plates (see below)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultrapure distilled water</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:292px;">C57BL/6J Mice</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">664</td>
			<td style="width:483px;">Mice should be 5-8 weeks of age</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Olympus BX43F light microscope</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Olympus Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:483px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">DP27 camera</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Olympus Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:483px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">cellSens Dimension software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Olympus Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:483px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cefoperazone-treated mouse model of clinically-relevant clostridium difficile strain r20291

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and consequently poses an urgent threat to public health. Recurrence of a C. difficile infection (CDI) after successful treatment with antibiotics is high, occurring in 20-30% of patients, thus necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutics against this pathogen. Current animal models of CDI result in high mortality rates and thus do not approximate the chronic, insidious disease manifestations seen in humans with CDI. To evaluate therapeutics against C. difficile, a mouse model approximating human disease utilizing a clinically-relevant strain is needed. This protocol outlines the cefoperazone mouse model of CDI using a clinically-relevant and genetically-tractable strain, R20291. Techniques for clinical disease monitoring, C. difficile bacterial enumeration, toxin cytotoxicity, and histopathological changes throughout CDI in a mouse model are detailed in the protocol. Compared to other mouse models of CDI, this model is not uniformly lethal at the dose administered, allowing for the observation of a prolonged clinical course of infection concordant with the human disease. Therefore, this cefoperazone mouse model of CDI proves a valuable experimental platform to assess the effects of novel therapeutics on the amelioration of clinical disease and on the restoration of colonization resistance against C. difficile.

temsili bir çalışma sırasında, 5 haftalık C57BL / 6 ağırlık fareleri 5 gün boyunca içme su (0.5 mg / ml) içinde Cefoperazone&#39;un ile önceden işleme tabi tutulmuş ve 2 gün düzenli içme suyu ile yıkayın izin verildi. Farelere 0. günde (Şekil 1A) oral gavaj yoluyla C. difficile R20291 10 5 sporları ile tehdit edildi. Fareler 14 gün boyunca CDI kilo kaybı ve klinik bulgular (uyuşukluk, iştahsızlık, ishal ve kambur duruş) için izlenmiştir. C. difficile R20291 sporlarla C57BL / 6 WT farelerin meydan 24 saat ve 48 saat sonrası meydan (Şekil 1B) içinde önemli kilo kaybı içinde ishal sonuçlandı. Bu deneyde gözlenen olmasa da, C. difficile R20291 daha yüksek bir doz ile meydan fareler ağır hasta olabilir veya 48 ile% 20&#39;den daha fazla kilo kaybı varsa - bu nedenle insani ötenazi gerektiren, 72 saat sonrası meydan. Bu nedenle, fare günde iki kez en az gerektirenC. difficile sporları ile mücadeleden sonra izlenmesi. 7 sonrası meydan (Şekil 1B) - Bu temsilci çalışmada, kilo kaybı ve farelerde hastalığın klinik belirtileri önemli bir miktarı da gün 2 gözlendi. 7 gün sonrası meydan at, fareler kilo başladı ve hastalığın klinik belirtileri yatışmış. Deneyin son haftasında, fareler ishal dahil olmak üzere CDI klinik belirtileri, hiçbir kanıt ile, klinik olarak normal göründü. Fekal pelet önce C. difficile sporları ile meydan ve her 48 saat sonrası meydan (Şekil 1C) için toplandı. Antibiyotik tedavisinin öncesinde, fareler C. difficile ile kolonize değildi. C. difficile sporları ile 24 saat sonrası meydan içinde, fareler dışkı gramı C. difficile 10 7 CFU (Şekil 1C &lt;ile kolonize edildi/ Strong&gt; &#39;). Fareler ısrarla denemenin son 7 gün kilo kaybı ya da CDI klinik belirtileri hiçbir kanıtlara rağmen, deney boyunca C. difficile ile kolonize kaldı. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54850/54850fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1: C. difficile R20291 Sergi Kilo Kaybı ile Engelliler ve C. difficile ile kolonize olan Sefaperazon Tedavi fareler. A) 5-haftalık C57BL / 6 ağırlık JAX fare (n = 3 m / grup başına 3F) 5 gün boyunca içme su (0.5 mg / ml) içinde Cefoperazone&#39;un ile önceden muamele edilmiş ve 2 günlük normal içme ile yıkayın İzin Su. Fareler 0. Fareler 14 gün boyunca CDI kilo kaybı ve klinik işaretler (uyuşukluk, iştahsızlık, ishal ve kambur duruş) takip edildi gün oral gavaj yoluyla C. difficile R20291 10 5 sporları ile tehdit edildi. Dışkı hemen afte, önceki sefoperazon başlamadan toplanır ve bakteri sayımı için kullanılanR antibiyotik bitirme ve 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ve enfeksiyon süresince 14. Otopsi farenin C. difficile R20291 ile yüklemeden sonra, başlangıç ağırlığının önemli miktarda kayıp) 0, 2, 4, 7 üzerinde yapılan, ve 14 B idi. 0. günde, başlangıç ​​ağırlığına göre farelerin ortalama vücut ağırlığı ile 7 0. Önemli kilo kaybı günlerde 2 görüldü günden itibaren günlük olarak ölçüldü. Mücadeleden sonra dışkı C) C. difficile R20291 bakteriyel yük. C. difficile sporlarla mücadeleden sonra 24 saat içinde, bütün fareler dışkıların gramı başına 10 7 CFU (koloni oluşturucu birimler) ile kolonize edildi. bu parametrelerde anlamlı bir fark kadın ve erkeklerin arasında görüldü. Önemi Dunn sontest (izledi parametrik olmayan Kruskal-Wallis tek yönlü ANOVA testi ile belirlendi * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p ≤ 0.001; ****, p </)&gt; ≤ 0.0001 em. Hata çubukları, ortalamanın standart sapmaları temsil etmektedir. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54850/54850fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> Dört fare (2 erkek, 2 kadın) dikkatli biçimde öldürüldü ve benzeri gibi enfekte olmamış kontrol olarak hizmet etmek için, enfeksiyon öncesi, 0. günde otopsi için hazırlandı. Buna ek olarak, her bir kafesten bir fare dikkatli biçimde öldürüldü ve gün 2, 4, 7 nekropsi için hazırlanan ve 14 Yükleme sonrası (Şekil 1A). Çekal içeriğinde C. difficile numaralandırma her nekropsi yapıldı. Fekal numaralandırma ile uyumlu, hiçbir C. difficile önce C. difficile ile meydan farelerin çekal içeriği tespit edildi. 48 saat sonrası meydan at, fareler çekal içeriği gramı C. difficile yaklaşık 10 8 CFU ile kolonize edildi (ŞekilŞekil 2A). Tüm fareler deney boyunca sürekli kolonize kalmıştır. Çekal içeriği de Vero hücre sitotoksisite deneyi kullanılarak C. difficile toksin varlığı için enfeksiyon boyunca değerlendirildi. C. difficile toksin sitotoksisite hiçbir kanıt meydan (Şekil 2B) öncesinde cecal içerikleri tespit edildi. C. difficile sitotoksisite 2 gün C. difficile sporları ile mücadeleden sonra algılanır ve enfeksiyon boyunca devam edildi. C. difficile ile oldukça düzgün kolonizasyon rağmen, C. difficile sitotoksik aktivite seviyelerinin varyasyonu Farelerin bireysel (Şekil 2B) belirgindir. Vero hücre sitotoksisite deneyi sırasında C. difficile antitoksin ile nötralize fare çekal içeriğinin çoğunluğu ve sitotoksisite hiçbir kanıt yoktu (Vero cegerçekleştirilen dilüsyonlar) yuvarlama ll. Diğer dilüsyonlarda yuvarlama Vero hücre hiçbir kanıt, 10 -1 seyreltme (örnek en yoğun olduğu seyreltme)% 100 sitotoksisite - Ancak, birkaç bireysel fareler, yeniden test rağmen, 50 kanıtlar vardı. Bu deneyde kullanılan antitoksin keçi 27 hazırlanan C. difficile toksin nötralize edici bir poliklonal antikordur. Bu nedenle, bu antitoksin suşu R20291 tarafından üretilen C. difficile ikili toksini nötralize olmayabilir. Ancak, C. difficile ikili toksin 10 sitotoksik olarak kabul edilmez. Antitoksin veya C. difficile toksin Bu bulguya katkıda olabilir başka bir sitotoksik maddenin varlığı ile nötralize edilmesi Aşırı C. difficile toksin yapamaz. % 80 Vero hücre yuvarlama her numunenin son seyreltme beri Bu gözlem, bu örnekler için sitotoksisite titre belirlenmesini etkilemedisitotoksisite hiçbir kanıt Belirtilen seyreltme de antitoksin ile birlikte. <img alt="şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54850/54850fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2: C Enfeksiyon sırasında çekum ve Sitotoksitenin Kolonizasyon. difficile R20291. A) Fare ceca ısrarla klinik belirtilerin çözünürlük ve gözlenen kilo artışı olmasına rağmen, deney boyunca C. difficile ile kolonize kaldı. 2 gün sonrası meydan değerlendirildi zaman tüm fareler cecal içeriğinin gramı başına daha fazla 10 8 CFU ile kolonize edildi. C enfeksiyonu boyunca çekal içerikten B) Vero hücre sitotoksisite deneyi. difficile R20291. Günde 2, 4 çekal içeriğin gramı başına toksin log10 karşılıklı seyreltme ölçülen ve 7 Yükleme sonrası 0. günle karşılaştırıldığında C. difficile sporlarla cebine takiben fareler ortanca represente (sitotoksisite önemli düzeyleri) Çizgi ile d. ** P ≤ 0.01;, *** p ≤ 0.001; ****, p ≤ 0.0001 Önemi Dunn sontest (* p ≤ 0.05 takiben non-parametrik Kruskal-Wallis tek yönlü ANOVA testi ile belirlendi ). Hata çubukları, ortalamanın standart sapmaları temsil etmektedir. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54850/54850fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> Histolojik değerlendirme kör bir şekilde bir kurul sertifikalı veteriner patolog tarafından yürütülen tavsiye edilir. Doku puanlama için, bir 0-4 sayısal skorlama sistemi ayrı bir önceden yayınlanmış puanlama şeması 17 dayalı ileum, çekum ve kolonda ödem, inflamatuar hücre infiltrasyonu ve epitel hücre hasarı değerlendirmek için istihdam edilmelidir. kör histopatolojik sınav üzerineC. difficile R20291 ile fare ileum, çekum ve kolon aşağıdaki meydan biçimde uygulanması, en önemli patolojik değişiklikler çekum (Şekil 3) kaydedildi. toplam çekal histolojik skorlar gün 0 ve Gün 2 ve 4 sonrası meydan arasında anlamlı farklılık gösterdi. Anlamlı lezyonlar enfeksiyon boyunca ileum (Şekil 3) kaydedildi. Daha hafif lezyonlar kolonda kaydedildi. Toplam kolon histolojik skorları gün 0 ve gün 2 ve 7 hücumdan (Şekil 3) arasında anlamlı bir farklılık vardı. Enfeksiyon boyunca ileum, çekum ve kolon Temsilcisi H &amp; E bölümleri kör kurul sertifikalı veteriner patolog tarafından belirlenen Her görüntü, ilgili toplam histolojik skor ve epitel hasarı, inflamasyon ve ödem için bireysel puanlar vardır Şekil 4&#39;te mevcuttur ( SAM). C Enfeksiyon sırasında Fare ileum, çekum histolojik Puanlama ve Kolon: Şekil 3. difficile R20291. epitel hasarı, inflamasyon ve ödem: Toplam histolojik skorları değerlendirildi parametrelerden her üç puan eklenerek hesaplandı. Anlamlı histopatolojik değişiklikler enfeksiyon boyunca ileumda kaydedildi. Çekal doku CDI sırasında en önemli histolojik lezyonlar içeriyordu. toplam çekal histolojik skor gün 2 ve 4 post-meydan günden 0 anlamlı olarak farklı idi. Daha hafif lezyonlar kolonda kaydedildi. toplam kolon histolojik skor gün 2 ve 7 post-meydan günden 0 anlamlı olarak farklı idi. Önemi Dunn sontest (izledi parametrik olmayan Kruskal-Wallis tek yönlü ANOVA testi ile belirlendi * p ≤ 0.05; ** p ≤ 0.01; *** p804; 0.001; **** P ≤ 0.0001). Hata çubukları, ortalamanın standart sapmaları temsil etmektedir. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54850/54850fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <img alt="Şekil 4," src="/files/ftp_upload/54850/54850fig4.jpg" /> Şekil 4: C Enfeksiyon sırasında Histopatoloji. difficile R20291. Bu panel C. difficile R20291 ile enfeksiyon boyunca ileum, çekum ve kolon temsilcisi H &amp; E bölümleri içerir. toplam histolojik skorları ilgili gün ve listelenen doku parantez () şunlardır: ileum gün 0 (0), günde 2 (1), gün 4 (0), gün 7 (0), ve gün 14 (0) ; çekum 0. günde (0), 2. gün (5), günde 4 (4), gün 7 (3) ve 14. günde (3); ve kolon 0. günde (0), gün 2 (4), günde 4 (1), gün 7 (4) ve 14. günde (2). Fotomikrografları hafif bir mikroskop elde edilmiştir5 megapiksel dijital kamera ve ona eşlik eden yazılımı ile e (ölçek çubuğu 200 mikron gösterir). <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54850/54850fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291 at JoVE.com

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Bu protokol klinik olarak ilgili ve genetik uysal gerginlik, R20291 kullanarak Clostridium difficile enfeksiyonu (CDI) sefoperazon fare modeli özetliyor. Klinik hastalık izleme, C. difficile bakteriyel numaralandırma, toksin sitotoksisite ve bir fare modelinde CDI genelinde histopatolojik değişikliklere vurgu protokolde ayrıntılı olarak verilmiştir.

ve Cefoperazone-tedavi edilmiş fare modeli klinik olarak ilgili<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Gerilme R20291

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and ...

cefoperazone-treated-mouse-model-clinically-relevant-clostridium

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

12.2K Görüntüleme.  North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine.  Bu protokol klinik olarak ilgili ve genetik uysal gerginlik, R20291 kullanarak Clostridium difficile enfeksiyonu (CDI) sefoperazon fare modeli özetliyor. Klinik hastalık izleme, C. difficile bakteriyel numaralandırma, toksin sitotoksisite ve bir fare modelinde CDI genelinde histopatolojik değişikliklere vurgu protokolde ayrıntılı olarak verilmiştir. 

Video: Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, sporogenic bacterium that is primarily responsible for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and is a significant nosocomial pathogen. C. difficile is notoriously difficult to isolate and cultivate and is extremely sensitive to even low levels of oxygen in the environment. Here, methods for isolating C. difficile from fecal samples and subsequently culturing C. difficile for preparation of glycerol stocks for long-term storage are presented. Techniques for preparing and enumerating spore stocks in the laboratory for a variety of downstream applications including microscopy and animal studies are also described. These techniques necessitate an anaerobic chamber, which maintains a consistent anaerobic environment to ensure proper conditions for optimal C. difficile growth. We provide protocols for transferring materials in and out of the chamber without causing significant oxygen contamination along with suggestions for regular maintenance required to sustain the appropriate anaerobic environment for efficient and consistent C. difficile cultivation.

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Clostridium difficile is a pathogenic bacterium that is a strict anaerobe and causes antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD). Here, methods for isolating, culturing and maintaining C. difficile vegetative cells and spores are described. These techniques necessitate an anaerobic chamber, which requires regular maintenance to ensure proper conditions for optimal C. difficile cultivation.

Kültürleme ve bakımı<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Bir Anaerobik Çevre

Clostridium  difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, sporogenic bacterium  that is primarily responsible for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and is ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of the Bacillus subtilis strain against complications related to heat stress. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Animals were orally treated twice a day for two days with B. subtilis BSB3 strain or PBS. The next day after the last treatment, each group was divided and two experimental groups (one treated with PBS and one treated with B. subtilis) were placed at 45 oC for 25 min. Two control groups stayed for 25 min at room temperature. All rats were euthanized and different parameters were analyzed in all groups. Adverse effects of heat stress are registered by the decrease of villi height and total mucosal thickness in the intestinal epithelium; translocation of bacteria from the lumen; increased vesiculation of erythrocytes and elevation of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) level in the blood. The protective efficacy of treatment is evaluated by prevention of these side effects. The protocol was set up for the oral treatment of rats with bacteria for prevention of heat stress complications, but this protocol can be modified and used for other routes of administration and for analysis of different compounds.

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

We described a protocol for prevention of heat stress effects in rats by oral pre-treatment with beneficial bacteria. This protocol can be modified and used for various routes of administration and for analysis of different compounds.

Isı Önlenmesi ile Sıçanlarda Olumsuz Etkileri Stres<em&gt; Bacillus subtilis</em&gt; Gerilme

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of the Bacillus subtilis strain against complications related to heat stress. Thirty-two ...

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Assessment of antibiotic action with new drug development directed towards anaerobic bacteria is difficult and technically demanding. To gain insight into possible MOA, morphologic changes associated with antibiotic exposure can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Integrating SEM imaging with traditional kill curves may improve our insight into drug action and advance the drug development process. To test this premise, kill curves and SEM studies were conducted using drugs with known but different MOA (vancomycin and metronidazole). C. difficile cells (R20291) were grown with or without the presence of antibiotic for up to 48 h. Throughout the 48 h interval, cells were collected at multiple time points to determine antibiotic efficacy and for imaging on the SEM. Consistent with previous reports, vancomycin and metronidazole had significant bactericidal activity following 24 h of treatment as measured by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. Using SEM imaging we determined that metronidazole had significant effects on cell length (&#62; 50% reduction in cell length for each antibiotic; P&#60; 0.05) compared to controls and vancomycin. While the phenotypic response to drug treatment has not been documented previously in this manner, they are consistent with the drug&#39;s MOA demonstrating the versatility and reliability of the imaging and measurements and the application of this technique for other experimental compounds.

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Antibiotic efficacy is most commonly determined by conducting killing kinetic studies and measuring colony forming units (CFUs). By integrating scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with these standard methods, we can distinguish the pharmacological effects of treatment between different antibiotics.

Morfolojik Değişiklikleri Karakterize Eden Bir Protokol<em&gt; Clostridium difficile</em&gt; Antibiyotik Tedavisine Yanıt Vermek

Assessment of antibiotic action with new drug development directed towards anaerobic bacteria is difficult and technically demanding. To gain insight into ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone considering direct medical and hospitalization expenses and work absenteeism2. Animal models are crucial in Influenza A virus (IAV) studies to evaluate viral pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, immune responses, and the efficacy of current and/or novel vaccine approaches as well as antivirals. Mice are an advantageous small animal model because their immune system is evolutionarily similar to that found in humans, they are available from commercial vendors as genetically identical subjects, there are multiple strains that can be exploited to evaluate the genetic basis of infections, and they are relatively inexpensive and easy to manipulate. To recapitulate IAV infection in humans via the airways, mice are first anesthetized prior to intranasal inoculation with infectious IAVs under proper biosafety containment. After infection, the pathogenesis of IAVs is determined by monitoring daily the morbidity (body weight loss) and mortality (survival) rate. In addition, viral pathogenesis can also be evaluated by assessing virus replication in the upper (nasal mucosa) or lower (lungs) respiratory tract of infected mice. Humoral responses upon IAV infection can be rapidly evaluated by non-invasive bleeding and secondary antibody detection assays aimed at detecting the presence of total or neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe the common methods used to infect mice intranasally (i.n) with IAV and evaluate pathogenesis, humoral immune responses and protection efficacy.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens. To understand the pathogenicity of IAVs and to perform preclinical testing of novel vaccine approaches, animal models mimicking human physiology are required. Here, we describe techniques to evaluate IAV pathogenesis, humoral responses and vaccine efficacy using a mouse model of infection.

Grip A virüs enfeksiyonu bir fare modeli çalışmalarda

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Replication of the Ordered, Nonredundant Library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 Transposon Insertion Mutants

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a phenotypically and genotypically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacterium ubiquitous in human environments. P. aeruginosa is able to form biofilms, develop antibiotic resistance, produce virulence factors, and rapidly evolve in the course of a chronic infection. Thus P. aeruginosa can cause both acute and chronic, difficult to treat infections, resulting in significant morbidity in certain patient populations. P. aeruginosa strain PA14 is a human clinical isolate with a conserved genome structure that infects a variety of mammalian and nonvertebrate hosts making PA14 an attractive strain for studying this pathogen. In 2006, a nonredundant transposon insertion mutant library containing 5,459 mutants corresponding to 4,596 predicted PA14 genes was generated. Since then, distribution of the PA14 library has allowed the research community to better understand the function of individual genes and complex pathways of P. aeruginosa. Maintenance of library integrity through the replication process requires proper handling and precise techniques. To that end, this manuscript presents protocols that describe in detail the steps involved in library replication, library quality control and proper storage of individual mutants.

Replication of the Ordered, Nonredundant Library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 Transposon Insertion Mutants

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection causes significant morbidity in vulnerable hosts. The nonredundant transposon insertion mutant library of P. aeruginosa strain PA14, designated as PA14NR Set, facilitates analysis of gene functionality in numerous processes. Presented here is a protocol to generate high-quality copies of the PA14NR Set mutant library.

Sipariş edilmiş, Pseudomonas aeruginosa baskı PA14 Transposon ekleme mutantlar Nonredundant Kütüphane çoğaltılması

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a phenotypically and genotypically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacterium ubiquitous in human environments. P. aeruginosa ...

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

We provide a detailed overview of a novel high-throughput protein microarray assay for the determination of anti-Clostridium difficile antibody levels in human sera and in separate preparations of polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). The protocol describes the methodological steps involved in sample preparation, printing of arrays, assay procedure, and data analysis. In addition, this protocol could be further developed to incorporate diverse clinical samples including plasma and cell culture supernatants. We show how protein microarray can be used to determine a combination of isotype (IgG, IgA, IgM), subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2), and strain-specific antibodies to highly purified whole C. difficile toxins A and B (toxinotype 0, strain VPI 10463, ribotype 087), toxin B from a C. difficile toxin-B-only expressing strain (CCUG 20309), a precursor form of a B fragment of binary toxin, pCDTb, ribotype-specific whole surface layer proteins (SLPs; 001, 002, 027), and control proteins (tetanus toxoid and Candida albicans). During the experiment, microarrays are probed with sera from individuals with C. difficile infection (CDI), individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) without diarrhea, healthy controls (HC), and from individuals pre- and post-IVIg therapy for the treatment of CDI, combined immunodeficiency disorder, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy. We encounter significant differences in toxin neutralization efficacies and multi-isotype specific antibody levels between patient groups, commercial preparations of IVIg, and sera before and following IVIg administration. Also, there is a significant correlation between microarray and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antitoxin IgG levels in serum samples. These results suggest that microarray could become a promising tool for profiling antibody responses to C.difficile antigens in vaccinated or infected humans. With further refinement of antigen panels and a reduction in production costs, we anticipate that microarray technology may help optimize and select the most clinically useful immunotherapies for C. difficile infection in a patient-specific manner.

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

This article describes a simple protein microarray method for profiling humoral immune responses to a 7-plex panel of highly purified Clostridium difficile antigens in human sera. The protocol can be extended for the determination of specific antibody responses in preparations of polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin.

Bir Protein Mikroarray tahlil antijen spesifik antikor yanıt aşağıdaki Clostridium difficile enfeksiyon serolojik belirlenmesi için

We provide a detailed overview of a novel high-throughput protein microarray assay for the determination of anti-Clostridium difficile antibody levels in ...

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a (p)ppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to substrates to create phosphorylated products. The use of &#947;-32-P labeled NTP precursors allows simultaneous monitoring of substrate utilization and product formation by radiography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) on cellulose plates allows rapid separation and sensitive quantification of substrate and product. We present a method for utilizing the thin-layer chromatography to assay the pyrophosphokinase activity of a purified (p)ppGpp synthetase. This method has previously been used to characterize the activity of cyclic nucleotide and dinucleotide synthetases and is broadly suitable for characterizing the activity of any enzyme that hydrolyzes a nucleotide triphosphate bond or transfers a terminal phosphate from a phosphate donor to another molecule.

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a pppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

Here, we describe a method for purifying histidine-tagged pyrophosphokinase enzymes and utilizing thin layer chromatography of radiolabelled substrates and products to assay for the enzymatic activity in vitro. The enzyme activity assay is broadly applicable to any kinase, nucleotide cyclase, or phosphor-transfer reaction whose mechanism includes nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis.

Bir arınma ve In Vitro etkinliği tahlil için (p) ppGpp sentetaz Clostridium difficile üzerinden

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to ...

A Controlled Mouse Model for Neonatal Polymicrobial Sepsis

Neonatal sepsis remains a global burden. A preclinical model to screen effective prophylactic or therapeutic interventions is needed. Neonatal mouse polymicrobial sepsis can be induced by injecting cecal slurry intraperitoneally into day of life 7 mice and monitoring them for the following week. Presented here are the detailed steps necessary for the implementation of this neonatal sepsis model. This includes making a homogeneous cecal slurry stock, diluting it to a weight- and litter-adjusted dose, an outline of the monitoring schedule, and a definition of observed health categories used to define humane endpoints. The generation of a homogeneous cecal slurry stock from pooled donors allows for the administration into many litters over time, reducing the variation between donors, and preventing the use of potentially toxic glycerol. The monitoring strategy used allows for the anticipation of survival outcome and the identification of mice that would later progress to death, allowing for an earlier identification of the humane endpoint. Two main behavioral features are used to define the health scores, namely, the ability of the neonatal mice to right themselves when placed on their back and their level of mobility. These criteria could potentially be applied to address humane endpoints in other studies of neonatal disease in mice, as long as a pilot study is performed to confirm accuracy. In conclusion, this approach provides a standardized method to model newborn sepsis in mice, while providing resources to assess animal welfare used to define early humane endpoints for challenged animals.

This protocol provides the necessary steps to establish and evaluate neonatal sepsis in 7-day-old mice.

Yenidoğan Polymicrobial Sepsis için kontrollü fare modeli

Neonatal sepsis remains a global burden. A preclinical model to screen effective prophylactic or therapeutic interventions is needed. Neonatal mouse ...

Measurement of Pulse Propagation Velocity, Distensibility and Strain in an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Mouse Model

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a localized dilation of the abdominal aorta that exceeds the maximal intraluminal diameter (MILD) by 1.5 times of its original size. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that small aneurysms may rupture, while a subpopulation of large aneurysms may remain stable. Thus, in addition to the measurement of intraluminal diameter of the aorta, knowledge of structural traits of the vessel wall may provide important information to assess the stability of the AAA. Aortic stiffening has recently emerged as a reliable tool to determine early changes in the vascular wall. Pulse propagation velocity (PPV) along with the distensibility and radial strain are highly useful ultrasound-based methods relevant for assessing aortic stiffness. The primary purpose of this protocol is to provide a comprehensive technique for the use of ultrasound imaging system to acquire images and analyze the structural and functional properties of the aorta as determined by MILD, PPV, distensibility and radial strain.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for using high frequency ultrasound imaging to measure luminal diameter, pulse propagation velocity, distensibility and radial strain on a mouse model of abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Abdominal Aort Anevrizması Fare Modelinde Nabız Yayılma Hızı, Şişkinlik ve GerinimÖlçümü

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a localized dilation of the abdominal aorta that exceeds the maximal intraluminal diameter (MILD) by 1.5 ...

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 remains a huge problem in low-and-middle income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its importance, studies in this serotype have been hindered by the lack of genetic tools to modify it. In this study, we describe a method to genetically modify a serotype 1 clinical isolate (strain 519/43). Interestingly, this was achieved by exploiting the Pneumococcus&#8217; ability to naturally acquire DNA. However, unlike most pneumococci, the use of linear DNA was not successful; to mutate this important strain, a suicide plasmid had to be used. This methodology has provided the means for a deeper understanding of this elusive serotype, both in terms of its biology and pathogenicity. To validate the method, the major known pneumococcal toxin, pneumolysin, was mutated because it has a well-known and easy to follow phenotype. We showed that the mutant, as expected, lost its ability to lyse red blood cells. By being able to mutate an important gene in the serotype of interest, we were able to observe different phenotypes for loss of function mutants upon intraperitoneal and intranasal infections from the ones observed for other serotypes. In summary, this study proves that strain 519/43 (serotype 1) can be genetically modified.

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Here, we describe a S. pneumoniae serotype 1 strain 519/43 that can be genetically modified by using its ability to naturally acquire DNA and a suicide-plasmid. As proof of principle, an isogenic mutant in the pneumolysin (ply) gene was made.

Serotip 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae suşunda Mutantların İnşası 519/43

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 remains a huge problem in low-and-middle income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its importance, ...