We thank Dr. Carson Harrod for critical reading of the manuscript. We also thank Mr. Minghui Zeng and Drs. Mahesh Kathania and Prashant Khare for their contributions. This work was supported by grants from the American Cancer Society (Research Scholar grant, 122713-RSG-12-260-01-LIB) and the Sammons Cancer Center (Pilot Project grant) to K. Venuprasad.

Tüm deneyler Baylor Araştırma Enstitüsü Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) yönergelerine uygun olarak yapıldı. 1. Kültürleme tipi belirsiz Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) ve aşı hazırlama <ol><li> Bir çikolata agar plakası üzerinde Plaka NTHi ve 37 ° C&#39;de ve% 5 CO2 seviyesinde bir gece boyunca nemlendirilmiş bir CO2 kuluçka makinesi içinde başaşağı plaka tutun. Ertesi gün, kültür beyin kalp infüzyon suyu bakteri. Daha sonra, steril 1.5 ml&#39;lik tüp içine suyu 1 ml. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika boyunca 4000 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. Sonra, süpernatantı atmak ve steril 1x PBS 1 ml pelet yeniden askıya. kez bu adımı yineleyin. </li><li> Bir spektrofotometrede 600 nm dalga boyunda seyreltilmiş kültür absorbansı 1x PBS 900 ul içinde yeniden süspansiyon haline çözeltisi 100 ul aktarın ve ölçün. </li><li> canlılık ve koloni oluşturan birim belirleyinçukulata agar plakaları üzerinde 1:10 seri dilüsyonları kültürlenmesi ve CO2 37 ° C&#39;de gece boyunca inkübe ve% 5 inokulum S (CFU). </li><li> Önceki aşamada belirlenen canlılık ve CFU göre, 20 x 10 6 CFU / ml&#39;lik bir son konsantrasyona inokulum ayarlayın. </li></ol> 2. İçi trakea (o) damlatma <ol><li> 150 mg / ml ketamin + 20 mg / ml ksilizin çözeltisi ile fare, 0.1 ml / 10 g vücut ağırlığına sahip intraperitonal fare (ip) enjekte edilir. prosedür hayvan sıcak tutmak için bir ışık kaynağı ile kaputu yapılmalıdır. </li><li> Fare yeterli anestezi olduğunu doğrulamak için fare birlisme alan sıkıştırın. </li><li> Sırtında fare yerleştirin. boyun ventral alan tıraş ve klorheksidin ve% 70 etil alkol ile dezenfekte edin. </li><li> Sıçan diş forseps kullanarak boyun üst karın kısmının cilt kaldırın. Bir neşter kullanılarak timus üzerinde küçük bir kesi (0.5-1.0 cm) yapmakve dikkatle trakea maruz kas teşrih. <ol><li> 27 G iğne ile 1 ml hava ile yavaş yavaş başka bir 0.05 ml hava ve ardından, bir kontrol olarak, Bölüm 1 veya tuz elde edilen 0.05 mi NTHi, ardından 0.05 mi hava, enjekte edilir. yaklaşık 1 dakika boyunca dikey hayvan tutun. </li></ol></li><li> cerrahi yapıştırıcı ile kesi kapatın. yaklaşık 10 dakika yanal yaslanmış ve sıcak fare tutmak. </li></ol> 3. BALS Koleksiyonu <ol><li> enfeksiyondan sonra servikal dislokasyon 24 saat ile fare Kurban. </li><li> anatomik makas ile fare karın boşluğuna açın ve kanamaya ventral aort kesti. Akciğerin ventral kısmını Açığa. </li><li> trakea Açığa ve 20 gauge kateter ile entübe. BALF tamponu 0.8 ml (1 x PBS,% 0.1 dekstroz, 10 U / ml heparin) aşılamak ve yumuşak aspirasyon ile lavaj toplanır. Bu işlemi üç kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> Bir hemocyto kullanılarak BALF süspansiyon 100 ul toplam hücre sayısınıTripan Mavisi boyama ile 10X büyütme altında ölçer. </li><li> modifiye Giemsa boyama için slaytlar hazırlayın. 5 dakika boyunca 500 xg&#39;de Sitospin ve santrifüj uygun oyuklarına BAL&#39;da alikosu 100 ul. 10 dakika için slaytlar kurutun ve üretici protokollerine göre modifiye Giemsa kullanarak hücreleri leke. </li><li> Bu floresans (FACS) aktive hücre, konfokal mikroskopi, gen ifadesi ve western blot 11-13 kadar bir sonraki analiz için geri kalan hücreler, kullanın. </li></ol> 4. Histopatolojisi Hazırlık <ol><li> Adım 2.4 açıklandığı gibi histopatoloji analizi için, NTHi ile fareleri enfekte. enfeksiyonun 24 saat sonra, servikal dislokasyon ile hayvanlar kurban. akciğerler ve daha önce de belirtildiği gibi trakea maruz anatomik makas ile göğüs boşluğu açmak kesin. Sonra, trakea içine 20 gauge kateter yerleştirin. </li><li> % 4 formalin içinde hazırlanan% 2 sıcak agaroz çözeltisi ile akciğer doldurun. Bir kereAkciğerler tam agaroz çözüm katılaşmaya akciğerlere üstüne yeri buz, şişirilmiş. </li><li> Sonra, dikkatle göğüs fişi çıkarın ve hematoksilen ve eozin (H &amp; E) bölümleri için işlenir kadar 1x PBS içinde% 4 formalin 50 ml çözelti koydu. </li></ol> BAL&#39;da Hücreleri Boyama 5. FACS <ol><li> 96 oyuklu V-tabanlı mikro titre plaka BALS sıvısından 1 x 10 5 hücre koyun. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 3 dakika boyunca 4000 x g&#39;de 300 soğuk 1 x PBS ul ve spin hücreleri yıkayın. </li><li> (1: 1000 seyreltme) 100 ul 1x PBS hücre leke çözeltisi ile hücreleri leke ve 15 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında tutulması. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 3 dakika boyunca 4000 x g&#39;de soğuk 1 x PBS, 300 ul hücre yıkayın. </li><li> 1 içeren FACS yıkama tamponu [Yıkama tamponu (1 x PBS,% 2 FBS, 1 mM EDTA,% 0.1 sodyum azid] 100 ul hücre edin: 100 seyreltilmiş Fc Block, 4 ° C&#39;de 15 dakika karıştırıldı. </li><li> 4.000 xg&#39;de Santrifüj hücreleri 3 dakika ve sup atınernatant. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 30 dakika boyunca bir FACS yıkama tamponu (100 seyreltme 1) 100 ul yüzey boyama kokteyli ile Leke hücreleri. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 3 dakika boyunca 4000 x g&#39;de FACS yıkama tamponu 300 ul ile üç kez hücreleri yıkayın. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 15 dakika süreyle% 4 paraformaldehid, 100 ul hücre düzeltildi. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 3 dakika boyunca 400 x g&#39;de PBS 1X 300 ul hücreler iki kez yıkanır ve FACS yıkama tamponu 300 ul içinde yeniden askıya. </li><li> boncuk flow sitometri kullanılarak tek renkli boyama kontrolleri yapın. <ol><li> 96 oyuklu V-tabanlı mikrotiter plakası içine tanelerin bir damla ekleme ve PBS 1X 200 ul ile yıkayın. </li><li> PBS ve boncuk 1x 100 ul lekeleme antikorun 1 ul ilave edin ve 5 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe edilir. </li><li> PBS 1X 300 ul iki kez boncuk yıkayın. </li></ol></li><li> 14 flow sitometri tek lekeli kontrolleri ve hücreleri analiz edin. </li></ol> RNA izole etmek Akciğer Doku 6. Homojenizasyon <ol><li> Enfeksiyondan sonra, akciğer (20-40 mg), küçük bir parça toplamak ve gece boyunca 4 ° C &#39;de reaktif stabilize edici RNA tutun. Daha sonra, bir sonraki aşamada kadar -80 ° C&#39;de saklayın. </li><li> RNA stabilizasyonu ayıracı kurtulmak için soğuk 1x PBS akciğer dokuları yıkayın. </li><li> 1.5 ml santrifüj tüpü ihtiva eden liziz tamponu (1 mi liziz tamponu, 10 ul β-merkaptoetanol) halinde doku yerleştirin. </li><li> sivri makas kullanarak küçük parçalar halinde doku doğrayın ve 20-40 saniye boyunca bir kablosuz motorlu pelet havaneli kullanarak homojenize. </li><li> 5 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde lizat tutun ve adım 7.1 ile devam edin. </li></ol> Akciğer 7. RNA İzolasyon <ol><li> 3 dakika boyunca 18.000 x g&#39;de lizat santrifüjleyin. pipetle ile süpernatantı ve dikkatle yeni bir 1.5 ml tüp aktarın. </li><li> lizat% 70 etanol içinde 1 hacim. Pipetleme tarafından hemen karıştırın ve 2-4 dakika bekleyin. </li><li> yerleştirilmiş bir döndürme kolonuna lizat 700 ul kadar transfer2 ml&#39;lik bir toplama tüpü içinde. </li><li> 15 saniye boyunca 9.600 xg&#39;de Santrifüj ve flow-through atın. </li><li> 15 saniye boyunca 9.600 xg&#39;de 350 mcL sıkı yıkama tamponu ve santrifüj ekleyin. flow-through atın. </li><li> Doğrudan spin kolon zarına 80 ul DNaz eklenir ve 15 dakika için oda sıcaklığında saklayın. </li><li> 15 saniye boyunca 9.600 xg&#39;de spin kolon ve santrifüj 350 ul sıkı yıkama tamponu ekleyin. flow-through atın. </li><li> 15 saniye boyunca 9.600 xg&#39;de 500 ul RNA yıkama tamponu ve santrifüj ekleyin. flow-through atın. </li><li> 2 dakika süreyle 9600 xg&#39;de 500 ul RNA yıkama tamponu ve spin ekleyin. flow-through atın. </li><li> 1 dakika boyunca 9.600 xg&#39;de yeni 2 ml toplama tüpü ve santrifüj spin kolon yerleştirin. flow-through atın. </li><li> 1 dakika boyunca 9.600 x g&#39;de spin kolon ve santrifüj doğrudan 30-50 mL RNaz içermeyen su ilave edilir. -80 ° C&#39;de saklayın RNA. </li><li> RNAseq analizi 14 gerçekleştirin. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Medzhitov, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin+and+physiological+roles+of+inflammation.">Origin and physiological roles of inflammation.</a> Nature. 454, 428-435 (2008).</li><li>Grivennikov, S. I., Greten, F. R., Karin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunity,+inflammation,+and+cancer.">Immunity, inflammation, and cancer.</a> Cell. 140, 883-899 (2010).</li><li>Barnes, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunology+of+asthma+and+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease.">Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 8, 183-192 (2008).</li><li>Sethi, S., Murphy, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infection+in+the+pathogenesis+and+course+of+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease.">Infection in the pathogenesis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</a> N Engl J Med. 359, 2355-2365 (2008).</li><li>King, P. T., Sharma, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Lung+Immune+Response+to+Nontypeable+Haemophilus+influenzae+(Lung+Immunity+to+NTHi).">The Lung Immune Response to Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (Lung Immunity to NTHi).</a> J Immunol Res. 2015, 706376 (2015).</li><li>Kapur, N., Grimwood, K., Masters, I. B., Morris, P. S., Chang, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+airway+microbiology+and+cellularity+in+children+with+newly+diagnosed+non-CF+bronchiectasis.">Lower airway microbiology and cellularity in children with newly diagnosed non-CF bronchiectasis.</a> Pediatr Pulmonol. 47, 300-307 (2012).</li><li>King, P. T., Holdsworth, S. R., Freezer, N. J., Villanueva, E., Holmes, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbiologic+follow-up+study+in+adult+bronchiectasis.">Microbiologic follow-up study in adult bronchiectasis.</a> Respir Med. 101, 1633-1638 (2007).</li><li>Shuto, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+NF-kappa+B+by+nontypeable+Hemophilus+influenzae+is+mediated+by+toll-like+receptor+2-TAK1-dependent+NIK-IKK+alpha+/beta-I+kappa+B+alpha+and+MKK3/6-p38+MAP+kinase+signaling+pathways+in+epithelial+cells.">Activation of NF-kappa B by nontypeable Hemophilus influenzae is mediated by toll-like receptor 2-TAK1-dependent NIK-IKK alpha /beta-I kappa B alpha and MKK3/6-p38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in epithelial cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98, 8774-8779 (2001).</li><li>Moghaddam, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haemophilus+influenzae+lysate+induces+aspects+of+the+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease+phenotype.">Haemophilus influenzae lysate induces aspects of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotype.</a> Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 38, 629-638 (2008).</li><li>Rajagopalan, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+exposure+to+bacterial+superantigens+induces+airway+inflammation+in+HLA+class+II+transgenic+mice.">Intranasal exposure to bacterial superantigens induces airway inflammation in HLA class II transgenic mice.</a> Infect Immun. 74, 1284-1296 (2006).</li><li>Ganesan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastase/LPS-exposed+mice+exhibit+impaired+innate+immune+responses+to+bacterial+challenge:+role+of+scavenger+receptor+A.">Elastase/LPS-exposed mice exhibit impaired innate immune responses to bacterial challenge: role of scavenger receptor A.</a> Am J Pathol. 180, 61-72 (2012).</li><li>Hogner, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage-expressed+IFN-beta+contributes+to+apoptotic+alveolar+epithelial+cell+injury+in+severe+influenza+virus+pneumonia.">Macrophage-expressed IFN-beta contributes to apoptotic alveolar epithelial cell injury in severe influenza virus pneumonia.</a> PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003188 (2013).</li><li>Karisola, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invariant+Natural+Killer+T+Cells+Play+a+Role+in+Chemotaxis,+Complement+Activation+and+Mucus+Production+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+Airway+Hyperreactivity+and+Inflammation.">Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Play a Role in Chemotaxis, Complement Activation and Mucus Production in a Mouse Model of Airway Hyperreactivity and Inflammation.</a> PloS one. 10, e0129446 (2015).</li><li>Theivanthiran, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+E3+ubiquitin+ligase+Itch+inhibits+p38alpha+signaling+and+skin+inflammation+through+the+ubiquitylation+of+Tab1.">The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch inhibits p38alpha signaling and skin inflammation through the ubiquitylation of Tab1.</a> Sci Signal. 8, 22 (2015).</li><li>Venuprasad, K., Zeng, M., Baughan, S. L., Massoumi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multifaceted+role+of+the+ubiquitin+ligase+Itch+in+immune+regulation.">Multifaceted role of the ubiquitin ligase Itch in immune regulation.</a> Immunol Cell Biol. , (2015).</li><li>Decramer, M., Janssens, W., Miravitlles, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease.">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</a> Lancet. 379, 1341-1351 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Bu yazıda, bakteriyel akciğer patojen ile farelerin akciğerleri aşılamak için eşsiz ve minimal invaziv prosedürü açıklar. Bu prosedür, inflamatuar sinyal yollarının genleri eksik olan fareler kullanılarak, farklı genlerin fonksiyonunu incelemek için kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu prosedür, aynı zamanda, viral ve mantar akciğer enfeksiyonu enflamatuvar yanıtları incelemek için kullanılabilir. Böyle intranazal veya aerosol inhalasyon gibi diğer yöntemlere göre bu prosedürün avantajları (1) Bu prosedürde, patojenik inokulum doğrudan alt solunum yolu telkin edilir edilir; (2) aşı boyutunu kontrol etme yeteneği; ve (3) işleyicisi bakteriyel maruz kalma riskini azaltmıştır. cerrahi bakterileri aşılamak için trakea maruz kalma bakımı çevre dokulara, özellikle kan damarları zarar görmesini engellemek için alınması gereken çok önemli bir adımdır. trakea sh içine bakterilerin damlatmanedeniyle boğulma farelerin ölüm olasılığını önlemek için dikkatli yapılmalıdır ould. Inokulum (yaklaşık 50 ul) yavaş yavaş serbest bırakılmasını ve hava öncesi ve inokulum sonra enjekte edilmesi önerilmektedir. Bir süre instillasyonu aşağıdaki fare dikey tutulması ve onları yanal sırt üstü yatar tutarak hızlı iyileşme kolaylaştırır. Bu prosedürün büyük dezavantajı, zaman, kısa bir süre içinde birden fazla maruz nedeniyle ameliyat gereği mümkün olmamasıdır. Olası bir sorun kateter bronşunda çok derin yerleştirildiğinde, BALS hücre sayımı düşük olmasıdır. Bu sorunu biraz yukarı tüp çekerek çözülebilir. Hava yolu inflamatuar hastalıkların sıklığı bu hastalıkların patofizyoloji anlamak, dünya çapında 3,16 artmaktadır beri birinci derecede öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada açıklanan teknolojiler kilit düzenleyici yolları belirlemek için yardımcı olabilir ve gelişimini kolaylaştırabiliryeni tedavi yöntemlerinin.

Enflamasyon enfeksiyöz ajanlara karşı savunma temel bir bağışıklık mekanizmadır. Bu patojen ortadan kaldırılması ve hasarlı doku onarımını teşvik eder. Aynı zamanda normal sağlıklı durumuna 1&#39;e kurtarma kolaylaştırır. Ancak, düzensiz inflamasyon sıklıkla kronik enflamatuar hastalıklar 2 yol açar. Hava yolu inflamasyonu, kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (COPD), astım ve pulmonar fibrosis 3 farklı akciğer hastalıkları için bir başlangıç ​​tetikleyicidir. Tiplendirilemeyen (kapsüllenmemiş), Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) kronik üst ve alt akciğer enflamatuar hastalıklar 4,5 ile ilişkilidir. Kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı 4,6,7 çocuk ve yetişkinlerin alt solunum yolları izole baskın türdür. NTHi enfeksiyon sonrası inflamatuar yanıtı (örneğin, TNF ve IL-1 gibi) proenflamatuar sitokinlerin regülasyonu ile karakterize edilir ve b aracılıky mitojen aktive protein kinaz (MAPK) ve toll benzeri reseptörler aracılığıyla nükleer faktör-KB (NF-KB) (TLR) 8. Fare modelleri nedeniyle farklı gen eksikliği hatlarının durumu akciğer inflamatuar hastalığın altında yatan patolojiyi analiz etmek için çok yararlı araçlardır. Çeşitli metotlar, intranazal uygulaması ve aerosol haline getirilmiş inhalasyon 9,10 dahil olmak üzere, canlı / zayıflatılmış bakterileri ve bakteriyel ürünler, aşılamak için kullanılmıştır. Burada, içi trakeal instilasyon göstermektedir. daha az sıklıkta kullanılmasına rağmen, bu yaklaşım daha verimli ve çünkü daha düşük solunum sistemine inokulum doğrudan teslimat yüksek tekrarlanabilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="705">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Chocolate agar plate</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CAS50-99-7</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Dextrose Anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Themo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R01300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Hospira,Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RL-3010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Deft quick solution</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>GS500-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:293px;">Syringe needle 20/26G&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">(REF305115/175)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Iml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF 309602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Catheter 20GA</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF 381433</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting Scissors, straight, 10 cm long</td>
			<td>kentscientific</td>
			<td>INS600393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Iris Forceps, serrated, 10cm long</td>
			<td>kentscientific</td>
			<td>INS650915</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tweezer #5 Stainless steel, 11cm long</td>
			<td>kentscientific</td>
			<td>INS600095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">10% Formalin</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CAS 67-56-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">peqlab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">35-1020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">5ml polystyrene round-bottom tubes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF 352058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">1.5 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Light Labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-7001-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Reasy Mini&#160; kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">74104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Pellet pestile motor (Tissue homoginizer)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z359971-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">96 well microtiter plates V bottom</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Thermo</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">2605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">1X PBS</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">OneComp eBeads</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">01-1111-42</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">CD45.2-APC</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-0454-81</td>
			<td>Working dilution 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Ly-6G-eFlor 450</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48-5931-82</td>
			<td>Working dilution 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30574.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">RBC Lysis Buffer (10X)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">420301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Live/Dead fixable aqua dead cell stain kit</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L-34957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">EDTA (0.5M)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">lifetechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15575-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">CD16/CD32 FcBlock</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">553142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Facs tubes polystyrene round bottom tube</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Polyscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intra-tracheal administration of haemophilus influenzae in mouse models to study airway inflammation

Burada, verimli ayrıntılı bir prosedür tanımlamak ve doğrudan Haemophilus influenzae teslim farelerin alt solunum yollarına. Biz H. hazırlanması için prosedür göstermek influenza aşı, H. içi trakeal damlatma akciğere influenzae, farklı gen ekspresyon analizi için bronko-alveolar lavaj sıvısı (BALF), BAL sıvısında bağışıklık hücrelerinin analizi ve RNA izolasyonu toplanması. Bu prosedür, bir bakteri, virüs ya da mantar akciğer enflamatuar yanıtı çalışma için kullanılabilir. daha az belirsizlik ile daha verimli alt solunum yollarına bakteriyel inokulum sunar, çünkü doğrudan trakea damlatma çoğunlukla burun veya aerosol inhalasyon prosedürleri tercih edilir.

Intra-trakeal instilasyon tuzlu su ile yükleme daha BALS (Şekil 1A, sol panel) lökositlerin belirgin artan sayıda sonuçlandı. Lökositlerin diferansiyel sayısı analizi açık bir şekilde artmış nötrofil infiltrasyon (Şekil 1, sağ panel) göstermiştir. BAL sıvısında hücrelerinin FACS analizi daha da nötrofillerin sayısını (Şekil 1B) doğruladı. Akciğer dokusunda H &amp; E-boyanan kesitler histolojik analiz havayolu inflamasyonu (Şekil 1C) artış gösterdi. Bu veriler topluca içi trakeal damlatma farelerde havayolu inflamasyonu uyardığını göstermektedir. havayolu patogenezi düzenleyen sinyal gönderme yollarını inceleyerek, bu yaklaşımın kullanımını desteklemek için, biz E3 ubikitin ligaz Itch için eksiktir fareler kullanıldı. Kaşınma 15 geçiş yolu enflamatuar sinyal regülasyonunda yer aldığı görülmüştür bilinmektedir. Biz aşılananyaş ve cinsiyet uyumlu yabani tip C57BL / 6 kontrolü ve Kaşıntı - / - NTHi ile fareler. / - - Biz kontrol WT ve Kaşıntı akciğer dokularından RNA izole fareler ve farklı şekilde ifade edilir inflamatuar genleri tanımlamak için tüm transcriptome sıralama yapılır. Şekil 2&#39;de gösterildiği gibi, kaşıntı eksikliği birçok, genlerin farklı sunum ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bu içi trakeal instilasyon, akciğer iltihabı, gen ekspresyon profillerini ve sinyal yolları araştırmak için kullanılabilir olduğunu düşündürmektedir. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53964/53964fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1: NTHi intra-trakeal aşı farelerde akciğer iltihabı teşvik Fareler NTHi (10 6 CFU / fare) ya da salin kontrolü ile aşılanmıştır.. 24 saat aşılamadan sonra, fareler (A) BALF toplandı kurban edilmiştir. total lökosit, monosit ve nötrofil sayıları belirlendi. Veriler sunulmuşturolarak ortalama ± SEM. n = / grup 4 fare. * Tuzlu su ile tedavi edilen farelere kıyasla p &lt;0.05 gösterir. (B) BAL sıvısında bulunan hücreler, anti-Gr1 antikoru ile boyandı ve FACS ile analiz edilir. (C) H &amp; lökosit süzülmesini ve inflamasyonu gösteren akciğer bölümleri e-lekeli. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53964/53964fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <img alt="şekil 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53964/53964fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 2: WT ve kaşıntı akciğerlerinde diferansiyel gen ekspresyonu - / - içi trakeal NTHi aşılama NTHi aşılanmasmdan 24 saat sonra, RNA, iki WT akciğerinden izole edilmiştir farelerde (1, 2) ve iki kaşıntı - / -. (1, 2) fare. (A) RNA kalitesi Bioanalyzer kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. (B) Isı haritası uzak sd bir ölçüsü olarak yorumlanır (Z-skorları gösterenmilyonda Günlük 2 saymak için ortalama) (Itch içinde edger kullanılarak tanımlanır 172 farklı ifade genlerin 2 CPM) log - / -. WT farelere kıyasla <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53964/53964fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">bu rakamın daha büyük bir versiyonunu görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation at JoVE.com

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

We demonstrate the procedure for intra-tracheal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. This is a very useful tool to study signaling pathways that regulate airway inflammation in mouse models.

intra-trakeal İdaresi<em&gt; Haemophilus influenza</em&gt; Fare Modelleri Havayolu inflamasyonu Eğitim için

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We ...

intra-tracheal-administration-haemophilus-influenzae-mouse-models-to

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

10.1K Görüntüleme.  Baylor Research Institute. We demonstrate the procedure for intra-tracheal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. This is a very useful tool to study signaling pathways that regulate airway inflammation in mouse models. 

Video: Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living surfaces. In this paper, we describe protocols for forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on human airway epithelial cells (CFBE cells) grown in culture. In the first method (termed the Static Co-culture Biofilm Model), P. aeruginosa is incubated with CFBE cells grown as confluent monolayers on standard tissue culture plates. Although the bacterium is quite toxic to epithelial cells, the addition of arginine delays the destruction of the monolayer long enough for biofilms to form on the CFBE cells. The second method (termed the Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm Model), involves adaptation of a biofilm flow cell apparatus, which is often used in biofilm research, to accommodate a glass coverslip supporting a confluent monolayer of CFBE cells. This monolayer is inoculated with P. aeruginosa and a peristaltic pump then flows fresh medium across the cells. In both systems, bacterial biofilms form within 6-8 hours after inoculation. Visualization of the biofilm is enhanced by the use of P. aeruginosa strains constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The Static and Flow Cell Co-culture Biofilm assays are model systems for early P. aeruginosa infection of the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung, and these techniques allow different aspects of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence to be studied, including biofilm cytotoxicity, measurement of biofilm CFU, and staining and visualizing the biofilm.

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

This paper describes different methods of growing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on cultured human airway epithelial cells. These protocols can be adapted to study different aspects of biofilm formation, including visualization of the biofilm, staining of the biofilm, measuring the colony forming units (CFU) of the biofilm, and studying biofilm cytotoxicity.

Co-kültür Modelleri Pseudomonas aeruginosa</emCanlı İnsan Havayolu Hücreler Yetiştirilen> Biyofilmler

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Analysis of Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Maturation and Migration during Allergic Airway Inflammation

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key players involved in initiation of adaptive immune response by activating antigen-specific T cells. DCs are present in peripheral tissues in steady state; however in response to antigen stimulation, DCs take up the antigen and rapidly migrate to the draining lymph nodes where they initiate T cell response against the antigen1,2. Additionally, DCs also play a key role in initiating autoimmune as well as allergic immune response3.
DCs play an essential role in both initiation of immune response and induction of tolerance in the setting of lung environment4. Lung environment is largely tolerogenic, owing to the exposure to vast array of environmental antigens5. However, in some individuals there is a break in tolerance, which leads to induction of allergy and asthma. In this study, we describe a strategy, which can be used to monitor airway DC maturation and migration in response to the antigen used for sensitization. The measurement of airway DC maturation and migration allows for assessment of the kinetics of immune response during airway allergic inflammation and also assists in understanding the magnitude of the subsequent immune response along with the underlying mechanisms.
Our strategy is based on the use of ovalbumin as a sensitizing agent. Ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma is a widely used model to reproduce the airway eosinophilia, pulmonary inflammation and elevated IgE levels found during asthma6,7. After sensitization, mice are challenged by intranasal delivery of FITC labeled ovalbumin, which allows for specific labeling of airway DCs which uptake ovalbumin. Next, using several DC specific markers, we can assess the maturation of these DCs and can also assess their migration to the draining lymph nodes by employing flow cytometry.

We describe a strategy to monitor maturation and migration of pulmonary dendritic cells in response to ovalbumin in the setting of ovalbumin induced allergic airway inflammation. This strategy can be modified to assess migration of pulmonary dendritic cells in settings of infection.

Alerjik Havayolu Enflamasyon sırasındaki solunum Dendritik Hücre olgunlaşması ve Göç Analizi

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key players involved in initiation of adaptive immune response by activating antigen-specific T cells. DCs are present in ...

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate directional responses to pathogen exposure in vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro models for examining cellular responses to respiratory pathogens polarize, forming apical and basolateral surfaces. One such model is differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). However, this system requires lung tissue samples, expertise isolating and culturing epithelial cells from tissue, and time to generate an air-liquid interface culture.
Calu-3 cells, derived from a human bronchial adenocarcinoma, are an alternative model for examining the response of proximal airway epithelial cells to respiratory insult1, pharmacological compounds2-6, and bacterial7-9 and viral pathogens, including influenza virus, rhinovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome - associated coronavirus10-14. Recently, we demonstrated that Calu-3 cells are susceptible to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a manner consistent with NHBE15,16 . Here, we detail the establishment of a polarized, liquid-covered culture (LCC) of Calu-3 cells, focusing on the technical details of growing and culturing Calu-3 cells, maintaining cells that have been cultured into LCC, and we present the method for performing respiratory virus infection of polarized Calu-3 cells.
To consistently obtain polarized Calu-3 LCC, Calu-3 cells must be carefully subcultured before culturing in Transwell inserts. Calu-3 monolayer cultures should remain below 90% confluence, should be subcultured fewer than 10 times from frozen stock, and should regularly be supplied with fresh medium. Once cultured in Transwells, Calu-3 LCC must be handled with care. Irregular media changes and mechanical or physical disruption of the cell layers or plates negatively impact polarization for several hours or days. Polarization is monitored by evaluating trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and is verified by evaluating the passive equilibration of sodium fluorescein between the apical and basolateral compartments17,18 . Once TEER plateaus at or above 1,000 &Omega;&times;cm2, Calu-3 LCC are ready to use to examine cellular responses to respiratory pathogens.

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Polarize İnsan Havayolu bir sıvı kaplı Kültürünün Oluşturulması Solunum Patojenler için Host Hücre Yanıtı Okumak Epitel Calu-3 Hücreler<em&gt; In vitro</em

The  apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate  directional responses to pathogen exposure in  vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro ...

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that distinguish acute and chronic inflammation in mouse models. With tissue damage or pathogen invasion, neutrophils are the first line of defense, playing a major role in mediating the acute inflammatory response. As the inflammatory reaction progresses, circulating monocytes gradually migrate into the site of injury and differentiate into mature macrophages, which mediate chronic inflammation and promote tissue repair by removing tissue debris and producing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Intraperitoneal injection of luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, sodium salt) enables detection of acute inflammation largely mediated by tissue-infiltrating neutrophils. Luminol specifically reacts with the superoxide generated within the phagosomes of neutrophils since bioluminescence results from a myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated reaction. Lucigenin (bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate) also reacts with superoxide in order to generate bioluminescence. However, lucigenin bioluminescence is independent of MPO and it solely relies on phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Phox) in macrophages during chronic inflammation. Together, luminol and lucigenin allow non-invasive visualization and longitudinal assessment of different phagocyte populations across both acute and chronic inflammatory phases. Given the important role of inflammation in a variety of human diseases, we believe this non-invasive imaging method can help investigate the differential roles of neutrophils and macrophages in a variety of pathological conditions.

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

We describe a non-invasive imaging method for distinguishing inflammatory stages. Systemic delivery of luminol reveals areas of acute inflammation dependent upon MPO activity in neutrophils. In contrast, injection of lucigenin allows for visualization of chronic inflammation dependent upon Phox activity in macrophages.

In vivo Görüntüleme Yöntemi Akut ve Kronik İltihap ayırt

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that ...

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of mankind, and have saved millions of lives over the last century. Paradoxically, little is known about the physiological mechanisms that mediate immune responses to vaccines perhaps due to the overall success of vaccination, which has reduced interest into the molecular and physiological mechanisms of vaccine immunity. However, several important human pathogens including influenza virus still pose a challenge for vaccination, and may benefit from immune-based strategies. 
Although influenza reverse genetics has been successfully applied to the generation of live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs), the addition of molecular tools in vaccine preparations such as tracer components to follow up the kinetics of vaccination in vivo, has not been addressed. In addition, the recent generation of mouse models that allow specific depletion of leukocytes during kinetic studies has opened a window of opportunity to understand the basic immune mechanisms underlying vaccine-elicited protection. Here, we describe how the combination of reverse genetics and chimeric mouse models may help to provide new insights into how vaccines work at physiological and molecular levels, using as example a recombinant, cold-adapted, live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). We utilized laboratory-generated LAIVs harboring cell tracers as well as competitive bone marrow chimeras (BMCs) to determine the early kinetics of vaccine immunity and the main physiological mechanisms responsible for the initiation of vaccine-specific adaptive immunity. In addition, we show how this technique may facilitate gene function studies in single animals during immune responses to vaccines. We propose that this technique can be applied to improve current prophylactic strategies against pathogens for which urgent medical countermeasures are needed, for example influenza, HIV, Plasmodium, and hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola virus.

There is an overall lack of knowledge about how vaccines work. Here we propose the combined use of reverse genetics and bone marrow chimeric mice to gain insight into the early host immune responses to vaccines with a special focus on dendritic cells and T cell immunity.

Kimerik fare modellerinde Rekombinant Grip aşıların burun içinde yoluyla mukozal bağışıklık Okumak

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of mankind, and have saved millions of lives over the last century. Paradoxically, little is known about the ...

Co-immunoprecipitation of the Mouse Mx1 Protein with the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions of proteins with other macromolecules in a complex sample is called co-immunoprecipitation. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to demonstrate and further investigate the interaction between the antiviral myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) and one of its viral targets, the influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP). The protocol starts with transfected mammalian cells, but it is also possible to use influenza A virus infected cells as starting material. After cell lysis, the viral NP protein is pulled-down with a specific antibody and the resulting immune-complexes are precipitated with protein G beads. The successful pull-down of NP and the co-immunoprecipitation of the antiviral Mx1 protein are subsequently revealed by western blotting. A prerequisite for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 with NP is the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in the cell lysis buffer. NEM alkylates free thiol groups. Presumably this reaction stabilizes the weak and/or transient NP&#8211;Mx1 interaction by preserving a specific conformation of Mx1, its viral target or an unknown third component. An important limitation of co-immunoprecipitation experiments is the inadvertent pull-down of contaminating proteins, caused by nonspecific binding of proteins to the protein G beads or antibodies. Therefore, it is very important to include control settings to exclude false positive results. The described co-immunoprecipitation protocol can be used to study the interaction of Mx proteins from different vertebrate species with viral proteins, any pair of proteins, or of a protein with other macromolecules. The beneficial role of NEM to stabilize weak and/or transient interactions needs to be tested for each interaction pair individually.

This co-immunoprecipitation protocol allows to study the interaction between the influenza A virus nucleoprotein and the antiviral Mx1 protein in human cells. The protocol emphasizes the importance of N-ethylmaleimide for successful co-immunoprecipitation of Mx1 and influenza A virus nucleoprotein.

İnfluenza A virüsü nükleoproteini Fare MX1 Protein Co-immunopresipitasyonu

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions ...

An Optimized Method for Isolating and Expanding Invariant Natural Killer T Cells from Mouse Spleen

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells are therefore characterized as an innate T cell population capable of activating and steering adaptive immune responses. The development of improved techniques for the culture and expansion of murine iNKT cells facilitates the study of iNKT cell biology in in vitro and in vivo model systems. Here we describe an optimized procedure for the isolation and expansion of murine splenic iNKT cells.
Spleens from C57Bl/6 mice are removed, dissected and strained and the resulting cellular suspension is layered over density gradient media. Following centrifugation, splenic mononuclear cells (MNCs) are collected and CD5-positive (CD5+) lymphocytes are enriched for using magnetic beads. iNKT cells within the CD5+ fraction are subsequently stained with &#945;GalCer-loaded CD1d tetramer and purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS sorted iNKT cells are then initially cultured in vitro using a combination of recombinant murine cytokines and plate-bound T cell receptor (TCR) stimuli before being expanded in the presence of murine recombinant IL-7. Using this technique, approximately 108 iNKT cells can be generated within 18-20 days of culture, after which they can be used for functional assays in vitro, or for in vivo transfer experiments in mice.

Here we present an adapted protocol that can be used to generate a large number of murine invariant natural killer T cells from mouse spleen. The protocol outlines an approach by which splenic iNKT cells can be enriched for, isolated and expanded in vitro using a limited number of animals and reagents.

Fare Dalak Değişmeyen Doğal Öldürücü T Hücreleri İzolasyon ve Yaygınlaştırılması için optimize Yöntemi

The ability to rapidly secrete cytokines upon stimulation is a functional characteristic of the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell lineage. iNKT cells ...

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses

Inflammation is a local response to infection and tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages, monocytes, and other immune cells that release cytokines and other mediators of inflammation. For a long time, humoral and cellular mechanisms have been studied for their role in regulating the immune response, but recent advances in the field of immunology and neuroscience have also unraveled specific neural mechanisms with interesting therapeutic potential. The so-called cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) has been described to control innate immune responses and inflammation in a very potent manner. In the early 2000s, Tracey and collaborators developed a technique that stimulates the vagus nerve and mimics the effect of the pathway. The methodology is based on the electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve at low voltage and frequency, in order to avoid any side effects of overstimulation, such as deregulation of heart rate variability. Electrical devices for stimulation are now available, making it easy to set up the methodology in the laboratory. The goal of this research was to investigate the potential involvement of prostaglandins in the CAP. Unfortunately, based on earlier attempts, we failed to use the original protocol, as the induced inflammatory response either was too high or was not suitable for enzymatic metabolism properties. The different settings of the original surgery protocol remained mostly unchanged, but the conditions regarding inflammatory induction and the time point before sacrifice were improved to fit our purposes (i.e., to investigate the involvement of the CAP in more limited inflammatory responses). 
The modified version of the original protocol, presented here, includes a longer time range between vagus nerve stimulation and analysis, which is associated with a lower induction of inflammatory responses. Additionally, while decreasing the level of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to inject, we also came across new observations regarding mechanistic properties in the spleen.

Vagus nerve stimulation has proven to have a strong efficacy for decreasing peripheral inflammation. Here, we present a modified vagus nerve stimulation protocol that allows for further examinations of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory mechanisms in limited inflammatory responses.

Kurtarma Zamanı Artan ve Sınırlı Enflamatuar Yanıtları içinde Vagus sinir stimülasyonu Mekanizmaları Eğitim için LPS İdaresi Azalmış

Inflammation is a local response to infection and tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages, monocytes, and other immune cells that release ...

Precision-cut Mouse Lung Slices to Visualize Live Pulmonary Dendritic Cells

Inhalation of allergens and pathogens elicits multiple changes in a variety of immune cell types in the lung. Flow cytometry is a powerful technique for quantitative analysis of cell surface proteins on immune cells, but it provides no information on the localization and migration patterns of these cells within the lung. Similarly,&#160;chemotaxis assays can be performed to study the potential of cells to respond to chemotactic factors in vitro, but these assays do not reproduce the complex environment of the intact lung. In contrast to these aforementioned techniques, the location of individual cell types within the lung can be readily visualized by generating Precision-cut Lung Slices (PCLS), staining them with commercially available, fluorescently tagged antibodies, and visualizing the sections by confocal microscopy. PCLS can be used for both live and fixed lung tissue, and the slices can encompass areas as large as a cross section of an entire lobe. We have used this protocol to successfully visualize the location of a wide variety of cell types in the lung, including distinct types of dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, T cells and B cells, as well as structural cells such as lymphatic, endothelial, and epithelial cells. The ability to visualize cellular interactions, such as those between dendritic cells and T cells, in live, three-dimensional lung tissue, can reveal how cells move within the lung and interact with one another at steady state and during inflammation. Thus, when used in combination with other procedures, such as flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, PCLS can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of cellular events that underlie allergic and inflammatory diseases of the lung.

We describe a method for generating Precision-cut Lung Slices (PCLS) and immunostaining them to visualize the localization of various immune cell types in the lung. Our protocol can be extended to visualize the location and function of many different cell types under a variety of conditions.

Hassas kesimli Canlı Pulmoner Dendritik Hücreler Visualize&#39;a Fare Akciğer Dilimleri

Inhalation of allergens and pathogens elicits multiple changes in a variety of immune cell types in the lung. Flow cytometry is a powerful technique for ...

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

The investigation of the immunogenic potential of commensal bacteria on the host immune system is one essential component when studying intestinal host-microbe interactions. It is well established that different commensals exhibit a different potential to stimulate the host intestinal immune system. Such investigations involve vertebrate animals, especially rodents. Since increasing ethical concerns are linked with experiments involving vertebrates, there is a high demand for invertebrate replacements models. 
Here, we provide a Galleria mellonella oral administration model using commensal non-pathogenic bacteria and the possible assessment of the immunogenic potential of commensals on the G. mellonella immune system. We demonstrate that G. mellonella is a useful alternative invertebrate replacement model that allows the analysis of commensals with different immunogenic potential such as Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli. Interestingly, the bacteria exhibited no killing effect on the larvae, which is similar to mammals. The immune responses of G. mellonella were comparable with vertebrate innate immune responses and involve recognition of the bacteria and production of antimicrobial molecules. We propose that G. mellonella was able to restore previous microbiota balance, which is well known from healthy mammalian individuals. Although providing comparable innate immune responses in both G. mellonella and vertebrates, G. mellonella does not harbor an adaptive immune system. Since the investigated components of the innate immune system are evolutionary conserved, the model allows a prescreening and first analysis of bacterial immunogenic properties.

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

Here, we provide a detailed protocol for an oral administration model using Galleria mellonella larvae and how to characterize induced innate immune responses. Using this protocol, researchers without practical experience will be able to use the G. mellonella force-feeding method.