This work was supported by the Ronald Peter Griggs Memorial Fellowship in ALS Research (to KP) and a Neuromuscular Research Partnership Program grant from the CIHR, the ALS Society of Canada, and Muscular Dystrophy Canada (JNM-69682) to CK and FMR. Additional support was also provided by the ALS Society of America (57969). We would like to thank Dr. R. Keith Humphries from the Terry Fox Laboratory/Department of Pathology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada and the staff at the Simon Fraser University Animal Care Unit.

NOT: Etik Beyanı: Bu protokol gözden ve Simon Fraser Üniversitesi Hayvan Bakım Komitesi tarafından onaylandı (UACC; izin numaraları 1037K-1060K-12 ve 03) ve Hayvan Bakımı, NIH Kılavuzu için Kanada Konseyi ile uyumlu olduğunu Bakım ve Laboratuvar Hayvanları Kullanım ve AET Konsey Direktifi. 1. Özel Hususlar NOT: Busulfan sitotoksik olduğunu. Kulp ve malzeme güvenlik bilgi formunda ve kurumsal kurallarına göre imha ediniz. <ol><li> Bir laminar akış başlığı içinde aseptik tüm teknikleri yapın. </li><li> Bu tür bir çekme paketi, ve bunun otoklavlama gibi uygun bir ambalaj malzemesi içinde sararak kullanımdan önce aletleri sterilize edin. </li><li> Enfeksiyon için risk ışınlama göre busülfan klima ile düşük olsa da, sadece nakli sonrası ilk 2 hafta boyunca bir laminer akış kaputu hayvanları anlaştım. </li></ol> 2. KlimaAlıcı Fareler <ol><li> Steril fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su (PBS) ile bir çözelti, 3 mg / busulfan seyreltin. NOT: Bu enjeksiyon her gün kullanımdan hemen önce busulfan taze seyreltme yapmak önemlidir. </li><li> Günlük olarak IP enjeksiyon yoluyla alıcı farelere seyreltildi busulfan, 20 mg / kg uygulayın. </li><li> 60-100 mg toplam doz kadar 20 mg / kg busulfan günlük olarak IP enjeksiyonları tekrar / kg (örneğin, bir 80 mg / kg toplam doz, birbirini takip eden 4 gün boyunca busulfan, 20 mg / kg, tatbik) teslim edilmiştir. </li></ol> Donör Kemik İliği Hücrelerinin İzolasyonu 3. NOT: Bu protokol, başarılı bir şekilde 5 donör farelerden yukarıdan BM hücrelerinin izole edilmesi ve hazırlanması için kullanılmıştır. Tipik fare başına hücre verimi 12-16 alıcı fareler nakli için yeterli yaklaşık 30-40.000.000 BMDCs vardır. Da daha fazla verici farenin gerekli ise protokol buna göre ayarlanması gerekebilir. <ol><li> Busülfan klima euth son gününde ardındanCO 2 kullanılarak (1-6 aylık) bir GFP donör fare anize (ya da kurumda kabul edilen diğer ötenazi prosedürü ile). Greft komplikasyonlar alıcı olarak aynı cinsiyetten olan singenik bağışçılara kullanmak önlemek için. </li><li> % 70 etanol ile fare püskürtün. Karın ve kullanma cerrahi makas lift cilt yukarı karın boşluğuna ayak bileği doğru bacak deri yoluyla bir kesi yapmak. Ayak Holding, sıkıca bacak dokusu açığa kalça doğru ayak bileği cildi çekin. </li><li> Kalça eklemi maruz femur kas ve yağ dokusu uzak Trim. </li><li> Yavaşça bacak uzatmak için yürüyerek çekerken, kalça eklemi karşı makas basın. Sadece femur kendisi kesmek için değil femur alma bakım başının üstünde kesin. </li><li> , Sterilite korumak yürüyerek bacak tutun ve otoklava dokuları ile kemik yüzeyi ovularak kemikleri kalan doku temizlemek yardımcı olmak için. </li><li> Diz eklemi ile keserek femur ve tibia ayırın vesteril PBS içeren bir kültür çanak femur yerleştirin. Buz üzerinde inkübe edin. </li><li> Çıkarın ve fibula, tibia bağlanır noktalarda keserek fibula atın. Femur ile kültür çanak tibia yerleştirin ve buz üzerinde kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. </li><li> Dier bacak için 3,2-3,7 adımları, ve gerekirse, ek donör fareler. Kemiklerin çıkarılmasının ardından, sıcak bir boncuk sterilizatör ile cerrahi aletleri sterilize veya sonraki adımlar için steril araçlar yeni bir dizi kullanın. </li><li> Femur için, forseps ile femur tutun ve dikkatli bir şekilde &#39;tıraş&#39; cerrahi makas kullanarak uzak kemik kapalı biter. BM boşluğu ortaya çıkarmak için gerekli kemik az çıkarın. </li><li> Steril PBS 3 ml olan bir şırınga doldurun ve bir 23 G iğne takılır. Dikkatle BM boşluğuna iğne deliği ve steril bir kültür kabına BM yıkayın. İstenen tüm hücrelerin çıkarılmasını sağlamak için iğne noktası ile medüller kavite kazımak için emin olun. Ekstraksiyon sonrasında,Kırmızı BM artık görünür ve kemik artık beyaz görünür emin olun. </li><li> Tekrar aynı kültür çanak BM tüm havuzu, sonraki femur için 3,9-3,10 adımları. </li><li> Tibia&#39;daki için, dikkatle forseps ile kaval ve &#39;tıraş&#39; tibia BM boşluğu açığa diz bağlı olduğu uç tutun. Görünür kırmızı BM biter kemik boyunca ikinci bir kesim olun. </li><li> Steril PBS 3 ml olan bir şırınga doldurun ve bir 25 G iğne takılır. Yavaşça (diz bağlı olan ucundan) BM boşluğuna iğne takın ve femur gelen BM içeren kültür çanak içine BM yıkayın. Tüm hücreleri çıkarmak için iğne ile BM boşluğun duvarları kazıyın. Çıkarma ardından, kırmızı BM artık görünür ve kemik artık beyaz görünür emin olun. </li><li> Tekrar aynı kültür çanak BM tüm havuzu, sonraki tibia&#39;daki için 3,12-3,13 adımları. </li><li> Yavaşça c ayırmak için 1 ml pipet ile BM çiğnemekarşın. </li><li> Steril bir 50 ml lik santrifüj tüpüne 40 uM sepete filtre içinden hücre süspansiyonu geçirin. Kalan hücreleri almak ve santrifüj tüpüne filtresi aracılığıyla bu aktarmak için PBS ile çanak durulayın. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 450 x g&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca santrifüje. Süpernatantı çıkarın ve atın. </li><li> Eritrosit yokedici tamponda 3 ml pelet yeniden askıya. 8.5 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde inkübe edilir. </li><li> Yokedici tampon sönmesi için steril PBS ile 30 ml ilave edilir. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 450 x g&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca santrifüje. Süpernatantı çıkarın ve atın. </li><li> Steril PBS içinde 1 ml pelet yeniden askıya. Buz üzerinde tutun. </li><li> Hücre homojenatının küçük bir kısım almak ve PBS ile seyreltilmiş (1: 100 1 fare, 1: 200 2 fareler için, vs.), bir hemositometre kullanılarak, hücre sayısını belirlemek için. </li><li> 8 x 10 6 hücre / ml hücre süspansiyonu seyreltin ve enjeksiyona kadar buz üzerinde inkübe edilir. </li></ol> 4. Kemik İliği Transplantasyonu <ol><li> FiLl her bir fare için seyreltilmiş hücre süspansiyonu 300 ul (28 G, insülin iğne ile) bir 0.5 mi şırınga enjekte edilecek. Şırınga mevcut herhangi bir hava kabarcıklarını çıkarmak için emin olun. </li><li> Bir ısıtma yastığı şartına alıcı fareler içeren fare kafes yerleştirin ve kuyruk damarları genişletmek için izin verir. </li><li> Frenleyici cihazda bir alıcı fare ve yerinizi alın. % 70 etanol ile ıslatılmış cerrahi gazlı bez ile silin kuyruk. </li><li> Sıkıca kuyruk tutun ve konik yukarı, nazikçe yanal kuyruk damarlarından birinin içine iğne takın ve hücre süspansiyonu enjekte. </li><li> Kanama, yeni bir temiz bir kafesin içine fare tanıtan önce durana kadar enjeksiyon yerinde cerrahi gazlı bez tutun. </li></ol> 5. BM Kimerizm Kapsamının tahmin NOT: Kimerizm seviyeleri 1 hafta sonrası BMT de periferik kanda tipik değişken, ve bu kimerizmi düzeyleri normal en az 2 hafta sonrası BMT tahmin gibidir. Chim Düzeylerierism sonrası BMT 3-4 hafta içinde periferik kan&gt;% 80 GFP + hücreler ulaşması gerekir. <ol><li> FACS tampon (PBS içinde 2 mM EDTA +% 2 fetal sığır serumu) hazırlayın. Not: FACS tamponda birkaç hafta boyunca 4 ° C&#39;de saklanabilir. </li><li> Bir yasaklama tüp fareyi yerleştirin ve yanal safen ven maruz arka bacak kürk tıraş. </li><li> Ince kat vazelin ve delme 25 G iğne ile safen ven ile bacak. </li><li> Bir heparin kaplı kılcal tüp ile kanın yaklaşık 50 ul toplayın. FACS tampon 1 ml ihtiva eden bir mikro santrifüj tüpüne kan ekleyin. Çevirerek tüp karıştırın ve buz üzerinde saklayın. </li><li> Geri kafesine fareyi dönmeden önce kanama durana kadar enjeksiyon yerinde cerrahi gazlı bez tutun. </li><li> X g&#39;de 900 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika için kan santrifüjleyin. Süpernatantı çıkarın ve atın. </li><li> Eritrosit yokedici tampon 500 ul pelet yeniden askıya. 8.5 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde inkübe edilir. </li><li> Yokedici tampon sönmesi için FACS tampon 1 ml ilave edilir. </li><li> X g 900 ° C&#39;da 5 dakika boyunca numune santrifüjleyin. Süpernatantı çıkarın ve atın. </li><li> Eritrosit yokedici tamponda 500 ul ikinci parçalama adımı gerçekleştirir. 8.5 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde inkübe edilir. </li><li> Yokedici tampon sönmesi için FACS tampon 1 ml ilave edilir. </li><li> X g 900 ° C&#39;da 5 dakika boyunca numune santrifüjleyin. Süpernatantı çıkarın ve atın. Pelet artık beyaz olup olmadığını kontrol edin. NOT: Pelet hala kırmızı görünüyorsa, ek bir parçalama aşaması bir sonraki adıma geçmeden önce gerekli olabilir. </li><li> FACS tampon 1 ml pelet yeniden askıya. X g 900 ° C&#39;da 5 dakika boyunca numune santrifüjleyin. Süpernatantı çıkarın ve atın. </li><li> FACS tampon 300 ul pelet yeniden askıya ve akış sitometri kullanılarak GFP + hücreleri ölçmek (NOT: Bu noktada hücrelerin istenilen immun standart teknikler kullanılarak, yapılabilir, önceki sitometri analizi akış). </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Busülfan condition kolaylıkla saptanabilen hematopoietik hücrelerin farelerde yüksek düzeyde BM kimerizmin üretimi sağlar. Bu koşullandırma ışınlama tesisleri için gerek kalmadan gerçekleştirilebilir. Üstelik, bu protokolde belirtilen busulfan dozlarda myelosupresyon iyi ışınlama miyeloablatif dozlarda neden toksik yan etkileri en aza indirerek, tolere edilir, ve böylece daha vardır, genç yaşlı, ya da hastalıklı farelerde BM şimerizmi üretmek için daha uygun bir teknik olabilir ışınlama miyeloablatif duyarlı. Busulfan ile elde daha düşük kimerizmi seviyelerinde neden olabilir Bazı RIC protokoller olumsuz yan etkileri en aza indirmek için total vücut ışınlaması düşük olmayan myleoablative dozlarda kullanımı, ancak bu protokoller hala ışınlama dozuna bağlı olarak, ışınlama tesisleri gerektirir ve Klima 13. Son zamanlarda, treosülfan BM klima 8,14 için kullanılır olmuştur. Busulfan gibi, treosülfan conditioning BMT BM 14 kimerizmin yüksek derecede fareler üretme yeteneğine sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, treosülfan Kuzey Amerika&#39;da kolayca ulaşılabilir değildir ve busülfan şartlandırmaya kimerizmin benzer seviyeleri elde etmek için gerekli olan treosülfan dozu busulfan (~ 5-10 kat) 14 daha yüksektir. Ayrıca, busulfan göre farelerde daha toksik yan etkileri (K. Peake, J. Manning, ve C. Krieger, yayınlanmamış gözlemler) var görünüyor treosülfan bu etkili dozlarda. Periferal kan kimerizmi da cerrahi, verici bir fare için bir alıcı farenin dolaşımı bağlama içerir Parabiyotik farelerin üretilmesi ile kurulabilir. Parabiosis sadece peri% 50 donör hücreleri ~ sonuçlanan bir teknik olarak oldukça zor bir işlemdir, ancak tüm BM nakli aksine, parabiosis, dolaşıma BM-kısıtlı progenitör hücreler tanıtan olmadan daha fizyolojik bir şekilde kurulacak periferik kan kimerizmin sağlarAlıcı fareler 15 pheral kan. Burada açıklanan protokol nakli reddi olasılığını en aza indirmek amacıyla, aynı cinsten olan alıcı ve verici fareler kullanılarak, hem de genetik olarak özdeş alıcı ve verici fare suşları kullanılarak dayanır. Birçok uygun verici ve alıcı suşları ticari olarak temin edilebilir, ancak, birbiri ile uyumsuz allojenik farelerde şimerizmi oluşturulması (örneğin, MHC haplotipi önemli ölçüde farklılık taşıyan) sorunlu olabilir. Allojenik fareler sadece uygun fareler kullanılabilir Bu gibi durumlarda, bir ön çalışma ilk busülfan condition sabit kimerizmin yüksek derecede önemli yeteneğine sahip olup olmadığını belirlemek için fareler küçük bir grup üzerinde yapılmalıdır. Tüm nakledilen fareler sürekli şimerizmi (~% 30) kurulan olsa, SJL alıcıları; Biz C57BL / 6 içine C57BL / 6-GFP farelerden izole donör BMDCs nakli, bazı başarı oldu. siklofosfamid ek olarak, genellikle, güçlü bir bağışıklık bastırıcı madde, Ubusulfan, klinik olarak 16 ile bağlantılı olarak sed allojenik nakillerinin başarı oranını artırmak için kullanılabilir. C57BL / 6-GFP hücreleri karışık C57BL / 6 Alzheimer hastalığının üçlü transjenik fare modeli içine transplante edildi, ancak, 129, genetik geçmişi, busülfan, siklofosfamid klima sabit engraftment ise sabit dengeleme kimeraları (Şekil 2B) üretilmesi için yetersiz olduğunu öldürücü irradyasyonu takiben mümkündü. Böylece, allojenik nakli gerekli durumlarda, ışınlama nedeniyle oluşur tam miyeloablasyon ve şiddetli immünsüpresyona daha uygun bir klima rejimi olabilir. Birkaç ek önlemler bu protokolün şimerizmi ve tutarlılık maksimize etmek amacıyla alınmalıdır. Bu busulfan gücü ile uzun süre azaltılabilir görünen busulfan taze seyreltileri, ideal olarak hemen önce busülfan tatbikat için, enjeksiyon için hazırlanan çok önemlidirDepolama. Hücreleri ayırmak için BM triturating Ayrıca, bu BM hücrelere zarar vermemek için bu kadar nazikçe yapmak önemlidir. Bu tamamen iyi olacaktır dolayısıyla ayrışmış hücrelerinin biraz daha düşük bir verim, genel sağlık ve kalite ayrıldı ve değildir dokusunun bir kısmı yığınlarda yol açabilir. Benzer şekilde, pelet yeniden süspansiyon gerektiren herhangi bir adım da yavaşça yapılması gerekmektedir. Kimerizmin yüksek düzeyde sürekli olarak elde edilebilir olan 60, 80 ve 100 mg / busulfan 7 kg doz (Şekil 1-3). Ayrıca, yabani tip 8,9 ALS fareler 7 CNS&#39;de GFP + hücrelerinin birikimi ile doza bağımlı bir artış vardır. Biz ve diğerleri, aynı zamanda, vahşi tip farelerden 7,8,10 göre nörodejenerasyon fare modelleri CNS içindeki GFP + hücreleri biriktirme sayısında bir artış gözlemledik. GFP + BM daha da büyük bir sayıda ölümcül ışınlama sonuçlarıDCler 60-100 mg / kg dozları busulfan 7 bir son çalışmada beyin GFP + hücreler daha yüksek bir sayıda busulfan (125 mg / kg) bir sonuç miyeloablatif dozun toplam vücut ışınlama 9 ile karşılaştırıldığında göstermesine rağmen göre. Kanıt öldürücü ışınlanmış farelerin CNS&#39;ye BMDC girişi kan-beyin bariyeri (BBB) ​​bozulması, en azından kısmen, olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Busülfan CNS 11 içinde serum proteinleri (albümin) yokluğunda dayalı BBB bozmak için görünmüyor olsa da, busulfan kolayca BBB 17,18 geçmek mümkün ve böylece busülfan klima içinde niş yer açabilir ileri sürülmüştür sonradan BMDCs 8 ile doldurulur MSS. İlginç bir şekilde, Wilkinson vd. Bulguları öldürücü ışınlanmış farelerde GFP + hücre birikimi iltihabik bağlı olduğu görünürken GFP + hücreler, bir kemokin alım mekanizması busülfan şartlandırılmış farelerin CNS&#39;lerinde birikir düşündürmektedirIşınlama kendisi 9 tarafından üretilen y mekanizmaları. Treosülfan MSS kondisyon görünmüyor ve dolayısıyla az GFP + hücreler treosülfan klimalı farelerin 8 CNS içinde bulundu. Busülfan, karaciğer, akciğer ve böbrekler 6 hedef bilinmektedir rağmen, merkezi sinir sistemi dışındaki dokularda olabilir busulfan etkisi farklı dozlarını tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. Yeni deneyler için busulfan bir doz seçerken diğer dokulara kondisyon olabilir busülfan dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu busülfan condition protokolü gerçekleştirmek için nispeten basit olmasına rağmen, kimerik BM ile farelerin üretimi hematopoietik hücrelerin araştırmak için kullanılan bir güçlü bir araçtır. genetik mühendisi fareler ve BMDCs yeteneği ile birlikte piyasada mevcut transgenik farelerin, geniş ölçüde bu protokolün potansiyelini arttırır. Örneğin, çeşitli fare modelleri GFP tanımı ile sınırlandırılmıştır burada ana kadarmyelomonositik soy hücreleri 19 ağırlıklı GFP ifade gibi CX3CR1-GFP fareler gibi özel hücre tipleri ve soy. Bu fareler, in vivo spesifik hematopoietik hücre popülasyonlarının araştırılması için izin verici olarak da kullanılabilir. Farklı flüoroforlar bir kısmı da, rekabet deneyleri 20 için kullanılabilecek bir teknik nakli ve iki (veya daha fazla) farklı vericilerden BMDCs izlemek amacıyla kullanılabilir GFP&#39;ye ilaveten, bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, hastalığın farklı transjenik fare modelleri sayısı, bu bozuklukların çeşitli BMDCs rolünü araştırmak için alıcılar olarak kullanılabilir mevcuttur. Transplantasyonu sonrasında donör hücreleri immünohistokimya kullanılarak analiz edilebilir, ya da FACS ile izole edilmiş ve biyokimyasal tekniklerle bir dizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, bu tür iki-fotonlu mikroskopi gibi gelişmiş görüntüleme teknolojileri gibi GFP 21 gibi florofor in vivo tespiti canlı için uygulanabilir. Sonuçta, oBMDCs genetik olarak ve busülfan klimalı alıcıları gibi merkezi sinir sistemi gibi hedef dokulara terapötik moleküller sağlamak için kullanılabilir öngörülmektedir.

Recently, there has been considerable interest in the roles of microglia and bone marrow (BM)-derived cells (BMDCs) in the central nervous system (CNS), both during disease as well as with normal aging. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, are now known to develop in the CNS following the entry of primitive myeloid progenitors during embryogenesis1. Microglia retain aspects of their myelomonocytic lineage well into adult life. While evidence suggests that the contribution of BMDCs to the microglial pool is minimal in healthy adult animals1, the role BMDCs play in the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases remains unclear. This uncertainty is compounded by the fact that it is difficult to distinguish BMDCs that accumulate within the CNS from endogenous resident microglia, as no universally accepted discriminating immunohistochemical marker has been identified. In order to monitor BMDCs in vivo, we employ a BM transplantation (BMT) protocol whereby endogenous BM cells of a recipient mouse are replaced with those of a donor mouse ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the &#946;-actin promoter. This protocol permits the determination of both the localization and morphology of GFP+ BMDCs within the recipient mouse using immunohistochemistry, and facilitates further characterization of these cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) followed by subsequent biochemical assays. 
For a successful BMT, recipient BM cells need to be ablated (termed myeloablation) in order to generate niche space within the recipient BM to allow for donor cell engraftment. Often, myeloablation is achieved using total body gamma irradiation which induces double strand breaks in DNA that leads to cell death, particularly in actively dividing cells such as hematopoietic progenitor cells2,3. The irradiation protocols are done to induce sufficient BM cell death such that animal lethality results if the recipient animal does not achieve adequate donor cell engraftment from BMT (so called &#8216;lethal irradiation&#8217;). However, irradiation requires a specialized facility and equipment, along with veterinary and animal husbandry resources not available to researchers at all institutions. Furthermore, myeloablative irradiation can cause potentially lethal damage to other tissues, and due to immunosuppresion, irradiated animals are more susceptible to secondary infections3. As such, reduced intensity conditioning (so called &#8216;RIC&#8217; protocols) regimens have been developed that are intended to minimize potentially toxic side effects of the conditioning protocol in patients, particularly for use in at risk populations such as children and the elderly4. 
Some RIC protocols rely upon chemotherapeutics such as busulfan in order to condition the BM compartment. Busulfan is a bifunctional DNA alkylating agent often used clinically as an alternative to irradiation5,6. Notably, busulfan can be safely administered to mice by intraperitoneal (IP) injection and does not require the specialized facilities and equipment necessary to irradiate mice. Busulfan conditioning has been used extensively in our lab7, as well as in several other recent publications8&#8211;11. When doses of 60-100 mg/kg are employed, high degrees of stable chimerism (>80% GFP+ cells) can be established in the peripheral blood and BM7. Importantly, at these doses myeloablation is not complete and as such mice are able to survive without receiving support BM cells (K. Peake, J. Manning, C. Lewis, and C. Krieger, unpublished observations). Moreover, with myelosuppressive busulfan conditioning there is rapid reconstitution of peripheral blood myelomonocytic cells by donor cells. However, the replacement of peripheral blood lymphocytes by donor cells is slower, highlighting the lack of immunosuppression that occurs with 60-100 mg/kg doses of busulfan compared to total body irradiation7. 
We have successfully used busulfan-induced chimerism to investigate BMDCs in wild-type mice, as well as in mouse models of the neurodegenerative disorders amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)7 and Alzheimer disease. It has been observed that under certain conditions significant numbers of GFP+ BMDCs accumulate within the CNS7,12. Importantly, like myeloablative conditioning with irradiation, busulfan conditioning followed by BMT is sufficient to allow for GFP+ BMDC accumulation within the CNS in both wild-type mice, and mice with neurological disorders7&#8211;11. As a major obstacle in treating neurodegenerative disorders is the ability to get therapeutic molecules from the circulation into the CNS where they can exert beneficial effects, this raises the possibility that BMDCs could be engineered to express therapeutic molecules, and subsequently used as a vehicle to deliver therapeutics to the CNS of busulfan conditioned recipients, a mechanism we are actively investigating. Although we have found that myeloablative conditioning with irradiation leads to greater accumulation of GFP+ BMDCs in the CNS compared to busulfan conditioning7, irradiation may have considerable toxicity in patients with neurodegenerative disorders and in murine models of CNS disease.
While we, and many others, have used BMT models to study BMDCs in neurodegenerative disorders, the ability to largely replace the BM compartment of a recipient mouse with a distinctly identifiable population of BM cells is an invaluable tool for studying various aspects of the hematopoietic system. This includes a wide array of research topics such as hematopoietic lineage development, leukemia, organ transplantation, graft-versus-host disease, and immunobiology.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Busulfex</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Otsuka Canada Pharmaceutical Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DIN 02240602</td>
			<td>Dilute busulfan to 3 mg/mL with sterile PBS just prior to use. Busulfan is cytotoxic. Handle and dispose according to the MSDS and institutional guidelines.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ACK Lysing Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A10492-01</td>
			<td>Other lysis buffer could be substituted but incubation times may need to be adjusted accordingly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12483-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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busulfan as a myelosuppressive agent for generating stable high-level bone marrow chimerism in mice

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often used to replace the bone marrow (BM) compartment of recipient mice with BM cells expressing a distinct biomarker isolated from donor mice. This technique allows for identification of donor-derived hematopoietic cells within the recipient mice, and can be used to isolate and characterize donor cells using various biochemical techniques. BMT typically relies on myeloablative conditioning with total body irradiation to generate niche space within the BM compartment of recipient mice for donor cell engraftment. The protocol we describe here uses myelosuppressive conditioning with the chemotherapeutic agent busulfan. Unlike irradiation, which requires the use of specialized facilities, busulfan conditioning is performed using intraperitoneal injections of 20 mg/kg busulfan until a total dose of 60-100 mg/kg has been administered. Moreover, myeloablative irradiation can have toxic side effects and requires successful engraftment of donor cells for survival of recipient mice. In contrast, busulfan conditioning using these doses is generally well tolerated and mice survive without donor cell support. Donor BM cells are isolated from the femurs and tibiae of mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), and injected into the lateral tail vein of conditioned recipient mice. BM chimerism is estimated by quantifying the number of GFP+ cells within the peripheral blood following BMT. Levels of chimerism&nbsp;>80% are typically observed in the peripheral blood 3-4 weeks post-transplant and remain established for at least 1 year. As with irradiation, conditioning with busulfan and BMT allows for the accumulation of donor BM-derived cells within the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in mouse models of neurodegeneration. This busulfan-mediated CNS accumulation may be more physiological than total body irradiation, as the busulfan treatment is less toxic and CNS inflammation appears to be less extensive. We hypothesize that these cells can be genetically engineered to deliver therapeutics to the CNS.

60-100 mg verilmesi / busulfan kg genellikle iyi tolere edilir fareler tarafından. Ancak, hayvanlar tipik olarak yeme teşvik etmek ışınlanmış ayçiçeği tohumu gibi davranır ile takviye gerekebilir Klima fazı (~% 5-10) ve dolayısıyla diyet sırasında kilo. Periferik kanda&gt;% 80 GFP + hücrelerinin kimerizmin ve BM Düzeyleri 60-100 mg / kg busulfan 7 kullanarak sürekli ulaşılabilir olmalıdır. Laboratuvarımız başarıyla periferik kan ve kemik iliğinde&gt;% 80 GFP + hücreler ile 100&#39;den fazla kimerik fareler oluşturmak için bu protokolü kullandı ve singenik donör ve alıcı kullanırken bizim BMTS hemen hemen tüm başarılı. Şekil 1 kimerizmin seviyeleri haftalık miktarı gösterir Başarılı bir singeneik BMT alıcı 100 mg / kg busulfan ile şartlandırılmış farelerin periferal kan (n = 3) ve başarısız allojenik kemik iliği nakli alan 80 mg / kg busulfan ile şartlandırılmış fareleri (n = 3). &gt;% 80 Kimerizm seviyeleri typicall olany 3-4 hafta tarafından kurulan sonrası BMT. Şekil 2 periferik kan başarılı ve başarısız BMT gösteren temsili FACS veridir. 3 Bu kimerizmi BM en az bir yıl süreyle kurulan kalır olduğunu göstermektedir (n = 3), ve Şekil araç ile bu condition BM şimerizmi oluşturmak için yeterli değildir (n = 3). Olsa da BM kimerizmin seviyelerinde önemli bir fark 60-100 mg / kg busulfan, GFP + hücreler, doza bağımlı bir şekilde merkezi sinir sistemi içinde birikir dozlarını kullanarak elde etti. Ayrıca, bu birikimi önemli ölçüde ALS 7 gibi nörodejeneratif hastalıklarda artar. 4, bir vahşi tip (n&gt; 20), ALS fare modelinde (n&gt; 20) &#39;de omuriliğin bel bölgesi içinde GFP + hücre birikimi göstermektedir Şekil. <img alt="Şekil 1," src="/files/ftp_upload/52553/52553fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1. Alıcı fareler klimalıbusulfan ve bir singeneik verici GFP + kemik iliği hücreleri ile transplante kan sürekli kimerizmin yüksek düzeyde elde. singeneik ardından busulfan, 100 mg / kg şartına başarılı bir şekilde nakledilen farelerin periferal kan GFP + şimerizmi gösteren haftalık akış sitometrik veriler Kemik iliği nakli (siyah) ve başarısız nakledilen fareler allojenik kemik iliği transplantasyonu (gri) izledi busulfan 80 mg / kg ile klimalı. Sonuçlar, n = 3 fare / grup anlamına gelir, hata çubukları SEM&#39;i temsil etmektedir. <img alt="Şekil 2," src="/files/ftp_upload/52553/52553fig2.jpg" /> Şekil 100 mg / busulfan kg (A). Saçılım gösteren yolluk strateji, (B) bir başarısız allogen ile şartlandırılmış farelerde 3 hafta, kemik iliği transplantasyonundan sonra, dış kanda GFP + hücreleri yok 2. Örnek akış sitometrik verilerABM kemik iliği nakli, ve (C) Başarılı bir singenik kemik iliği nakli. Sonuçlar n&gt; 3 fareden temsilcisi. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52553/52553fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> <img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/52553/52553fig3.jpg" /> Şekil kemik iliği 1 yıl sonra kemik iliği nakli GFP + hücreler gösteren 3. Temsilcisi akım sitometri verileri. (A), dağılım (B) araç şartlandırılmış fareleri strateji yolluk gösteren, ve (C), 100 mg / kg busulfan nin önemini belirtmişlerdir. Sonuçlar n = 3 fareden temsilcisi. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52553/52553fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a> Şekil 4. Kemik iliğinden elde edilen hücreler, bir kemik iliği nakli verilen busülfan şartlandırılmış farelerin CNS&#39;lerinde birikir. (A, C), vahşi tipli fare ve geç (B, D), izole omuriliğin bel bölgesi kesitlerinin immünohistokimyasal analizi hastalık evresi ALS fareler. GFP + hücreler yeşil gösterilmiştir. Sonuçlar, her model için n&gt; 20 fareden alınan temsili görüntüler. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52553/52553fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice at JoVE.com

Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice

We describe a protocol whereby busulfan conditioning permits the bone marrow of a recipient mouse to be replaced with bone marrow cells from donor mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein, in the absence of irradiation. This technique is useful to study bone marrow cell accumulation in the central nervous system.

Farelerde Kararlı Yüksek seviyeli Kemik İliği Kimerizm Yaratma için miyelosupresif Ajan olarak Busulfan

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often used to replace the bone marrow (BM) compartment of recipient mice with BM cells expressing a distinct ...

busulfan-as-myelosuppressive-agent-for-generating-stable-high-level

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.2K Görüntüleme.  Simon Fraser University. We describe a protocol whereby busulfan conditioning permits the bone marrow of a recipient mouse to be replaced with bone marrow cells from donor mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein, in the absence of irradiation. This technique is useful to study bone marrow cell accumulation in the central nervous system.

Video: Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are attractive druggable therapeutic targets. Here we describe an efficient four-step strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of acute leukemia. Initially, western blot analysis is used to confirm target inhibition in cultured leukemia cells. Functional activity is then evaluated using clonogenic assays in methylcellulose or soft agar cultures. Experimental compounds that demonstrate activity in cell culture assays are evaluated in vivo using NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice transplanted orthotopically with human leukemia cell lines. Initial in vivo pharmacodynamic studies evaluate target inhibition in leukemic blasts isolated from the bone marrow. This approach is used to determine the dose and schedule of administration required for effective target inhibition. Subsequent studies evaluate the efficacy of the TKIs in vivo using luciferase expressing leukemia cells, thereby allowing for non-invasive bioluminescent monitoring of leukemia burden and assessment of therapeutic response using an in vivo bioluminescence imaging system. This strategy has been effective for evaluation of TKIs in vitro and in vivo and can be applied for identification of molecularly-targeted agents with therapeutic potential or for direct comparison and prioritization of multiple compounds.

Receptor tyrosine kinases are ectopically expressed in many cancers and have been identified as therapeutic targets in acute leukemia. This manuscript describes an efficient strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of acute leukemia.

Akut lösemi tedavisi için Tirosin Kinaz İnhibitörleri klinik öncesi değerlendirilmesi

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are ...

Tıp

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension (UBD). In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response (VMR) and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized in part by pelvic pain. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, a physiological model of urinary bladder pain is used in mice and rats.

Farelerde Mesane Ağrı için bir model olarak Mesane Distansiyonunun Uyarılmış Visceromotor Cevapları

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

Femoral Bone Marrow Aspiration in Live Mice

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed step-by-step technical procedure for an analogous procedure in live mice which allows for serial characterization of cells present in the BM. This procedure facilitates studies aimed to detect the presence of exogenously administered cells within the BM of mice as would be done in xenograft studies for instance. Moreover, this procedure allows for the retrieval and characterization of cells enriched in the BM such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) without sacrifice of mice. Given that the cellular composition of peripheral blood is not necessarily reflective of proportions and types of stem and progenitor cells present in the marrow, procedures which provide access to this compartment without requiring termination of the mice are very helpful. The use of femoral bone marrow aspiration is illustrated here for cytological analysis of marrow cells, flow cytometric characterization of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment, and culture of sorted HSPCs obtained by femoral BM aspiration compared with conventional marrow harvest.

This protocol describes a procedure for serial sampling of femoral bone marrow (BM) without requiring the sacrifice of mice. This procedure facilitates longitudinal studies of the BM composition of mice over time and provides serial access to cells within the BM for ex vivo and transplantation studies.

Canlı Farelerde Femoral Kemik İliği Aspirasyon

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Farelerde Taksanlar Farmakokinetik ve Farmakodinamik Analiz Karotis Arter İnfüzyonlar

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant cells with their microenvironment, their rarity and the overwhelming excess of hematopoietic cells. Towards this end, we developed an in vitro 2D clonogenic model of dormancy of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells in the bone marrow. The model consists of a few key elements necessary for dormancy. These include 1) the use of estrogen sensitive breast cancer cells, which are the type likely to remain dormant for extended periods, 2) incubation of cells at clonogenic density, where the structural interaction of each cell is primarily with the substratum, 3) fibronectin, a key structural element of the marrow and 4) FGF-2, a growth factor abundantly synthesized by bone marrow stromal cells and heavily deposited in the extracellular matrix. Cells incubated with FGF-2 form dormant clones after 6 days, which consist of 12 or less cells that have a distinct flat appearance, are significantly larger and more spread out than growing cells and have large cytoplasm to nucleus ratios. In contrast, cells incubated without FGF-2 form primarily growing colonies consisting of >30 relatively small cells. Perturbations of the system with antibodies, inhibitors, peptides or nucleic acids on day 3 after incubation can significantly affect various phenotypic and molecular aspects of the dormant cells at 6 days and can be used to assess the roles of membrane-localized or intracellular molecules, factors or signaling pathways on the dormant state or survival of dormant cells. While recognizing the in vitro nature of the assay, it can function as a highly useful tool to glean significant information about the molecular mechanisms necessary for establishment and survival of dormant cells. This data can be used to generate hypotheses to be tested in vivo models.

An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation

We developed an in vitro model of dormancy in the bone marrow for estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate use of the model for the study of the molecular and cellular biology of dormancy and for generation of hypotheses for subsequent testing in vivo.

Bir<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Kemik İliği östrojen duyarlı Meme Kanseri Dormansi Model: Moleküler Mekanizması Çalışmaları ve Hipotez Üretimi için A Takım

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant ...

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest improved outcome measures in both experimental and clinical studies. Although the BMMSC are implanted into the tendon lesion in large numbers (usually 10 - 20 million cells), only a relatively small number survive (&#60;10%) although these can persist for up to 5 months after implantation. This appears to be a common observation in other species where BMMSC have been implanted into other tissues and it is important to understand when this loss occurs, how many survive the initial implantation process and whether the cells are cleared into other organs. Tracking the fate of the cells can be achieved by radiolabeling the BMMSC prior to implantation which allows non-invasive in vivo imaging of cell location and quantification of cell numbers.
This protocol describes a cell labeling procedure that uses Technetium-99m (Tc-99m), and tracking of these cells following implantation into injured flexor tendons in horses. Tc-99m is a short-lived (t1/2 of 6.01 hr) isotope that emits gamma rays and can be internalized by cells in the presence of the lipophilic compound hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO). These properties make it ideal for use in nuclear medicine clinics for the diagnosis of many different diseases. The fate of the labeled cells can be followed in the short term (up to 36 hr) by gamma scintigraphy to quantify both the number of cells retained in the lesion and distribution of the cells into lungs, thyroid and other organs. This technique is adapted from the labeling of blood leukocytes and could be utilized to image implanted BMMSC in other organs.

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

This protocol describes the radiolabeling of equine mesenchymal stem cells and their implantation into tendon injuries in the horse in order to determine cell survival and tissue distribution using gamma scintigraphy.

Atçılık tendinopatisinde Kemik İliği Mezenkimal Kök Hücreler Etiketli Teknesyum- 99m Vivo Görüntüleme ve Takip

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest ...

Database-guided Flow-cytometry for Evaluation of Bone Marrow Myeloid Cell Maturation

A working group initiated within the French Cytometry Association (AFC) was developed in order to harmonize the application of multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) for myeloid disease diagnosis in France. The protocol presented here was agreed-upon and applied between September 2013 and November 2015 in six French diagnostic laboratories (University Hospitals of Saint-Etienne, Grenoble, Clermont-Ferrand, Nice, and Lille and Institut Paoli-Calmettes in Marseille) and allowed the standardization of bone marrow sample preparation and data acquisition. Three maturation databases were developed for neutrophil, monocytic, and erythroid lineages with bone marrow from "healthy" donor individuals (individuals without any evidence of a hematopoietic disease). A robust method of analysis for each myeloid lineage should be applicable for routine diagnostic use. New cases can be analyzed in the same manner and compared against the usual databases. Thus, quantitative and qualitative phenotypic abnormalities can be identified and those above 2SD compared with data of normal bone marrow samples should be considered indicative of pathology. The major limitation is the higher variability between the data achieved using the monoclonal antibodies obtained with the methods based on hybridoma technologies and currently used in clinical diagnosis. Setting criteria for technical validation of the data acquired may help improve the utility of MFC for MDS diagnostics. The establishment of these criteria requires analysis against a database. The reduction of investigator subjectivity in data analysis is an important advantage of this method.

The MDS diagnosis is difficult in the absence of morphological criteria or non-informative cytogenetics. MFC could help refine the MDS diagnostic process. To become useful for clinical practice, the MFC analysis must be based on parameters with sufficient specificity and sensitivity, and data should be reproducible between different operators.

Veritabanı güdümlü akışı-sitometresi kemik iliği Myeloid hücre olgunlaşma değerlendirilmesi için

A working group initiated within the French Cytometry Association (AFC) was developed in order to harmonize the application of multiparameter flow ...

Corneal Epithelial Abrasion with Ocular Burr As a Model for Cornea Wound Healing

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to injury. In fact, the most common type of eye injury found in clinic is a corneal abrasion. Here, we utilize an ocular burr to induce an abrasion resulting in removal of the corneal epithelium in vivo on anesthetized mice. This method allows for targeted and reproducible epithelial disruption, leaving other areas intact. In addition, we describe the visualization of the abraded epithelium with fluorescein staining and provide concrete advice on how to visualize the abraded cornea. Then, we follow the timeline of wound healing 0, 18, and 72 h after abrasion, until the wound is re-epithelialized. The epithelial abrasion model of corneal injury is ideal for studies on epithelial cell proliferation, migration and re-epithelialization of the corneal layers. However, this method is not optimal to study stromal activation during wound healing, because the ocular burr does not penetrate to the stromal cell layers. This method is also suitable for clinical applications, for example, pre-clinical test of drug effectiveness.

This protocol describes a method to inflict an abrasion to the ocular surface of the mouse, and to follow the wound healing process thereafter. The protocol takes advantage of an ocular burr to partially remove the surface epithelium of the eye in anaesthetized mice.

Kornea epitel aşınma oküler Burr ile bir Model olarak kornea için yara iyileşme

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to ...

Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship

Tools to measure lung and airways volume are critical for pulmonary researchers interested in evaluating the impact of disease or novel therapies on the lung. Barometric plethysmography is a classic technique to evaluate the lung volume with a long history of clinical use. Volumetric capnography utilizes the profile of exhaled carbon dioxide to determine the volume of the conducting airways, or dead space, and provides an index of airways homogeneity. These techniques may be used independently, or in combination to evaluate the dependence of airways volume and homogeneity on lung volume. This paper provides detailed technical instructions to replicate these techniques and our representative data demonstrates that the airways volume and homogeneity are highly correlated to lung volume. We also provide a macro for the analysis of capnographic data, which can be modified or adapted to fit different experimental designs. The advantage of these measures is that their advantages and limitations are supported by decades of experimental data, and they can be made repeatedly in the same subject without expensive imaging equipment or technically advanced analysis algorithms. These methods may be particularly useful for investigators interested in perturbations that change both the functional residual capacity of the lung and airways volume.

Here, we describe two measures of pulmonary function &#8211; barometric plethysmography, which allows the measurement of lung volume, and volumetric capnography, a tool to measure the anatomic dead space and airways uniformity. These techniques may be used independently or combined to assess airways function at different lung volumes.

Hacimsel Capnography ve barometrik pletismografisi akciğer yapısı işlev ilişki ölçmek için birleştirme

Tools to measure lung and airways volume are critical for pulmonary researchers interested in evaluating the impact of disease or novel therapies on the ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent evidence indicates a potential inflammatory component of the disease, with both T-cells and monocytes/macrophages potentially associated with the pathogenesis of OA. Further studies postulated an important role for subsets of both inflammatory cell lineages, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-regulatory lymphocytes, and M1, M2, and synovium-tissue-resident macrophages. However, the interaction between the local synovial and systemic inflammatory cellular response and the structural changes in the joint is unknown. To fully understand how T-cells and monocytes/macrophages contribute towards OA, it is important to be able to quantitively identify these cells and their subsets simultaneously in synovial tissue, secondary lymphatic organs and systemically (the spleen and bone marrow). Nowadays, the different inflammatory cell subsets can be identified by a combination of cell-surface markers making multi-color flow cytometry a powerful technique in investigating these cellular processes. In this protocol, we describe detailed steps regarding the harvest of synovial tissue and secondary lymphatic organs as well as generation of single cell suspensions. Furthermore, we present both an extracellular staining assay to identify monocytes/macrophages and their subsets as well as an extra- and intra-cellular staining assay to identify T-cells and their subsets within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue. Each step of this protocol was optimized and tested, resulting in a highly reproducible assay that can be utilized for other surgical and non-surgical OA mouse models.

Here, we describe a detailed and reproducible flow cytometry protocol to identify monocyte/macrophage and T-cell subsets using both extra- and intracellular staining assays within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue, utilizing an established surgical model of murine osteoarthritis.