Bu çalışma, Hibe sayısı 5 Mükemmellik Batı Bölge Merkezi (WRCE) yoluyla U54 AI057156-07, 1 R01 AI08764301-A1 Ulusal Alerji ve Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Enstitüsü ve Üniversitesi&#39;nde bir iç finansman Sealy Aşı Geliştirme Merkezi tarafından finanse edildi Texas Medical Branch.

<ol>
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L. e. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TFIIH+transcription+factor,+a+target+for+the+Rift+Valley+hemorrhagic+fever+virus.">TFIIH transcription factor, a target for the Rift Valley hemorrhagic fever virus.</a> Cell. 116, 541-550 (2004).</li><li>Ikegami, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rift+Valley+fever+virus+NSs+protein+promotes+post-transcriptional+downregulation+of+protein+kinase+PKR+and+inhibits+eIF2alpha+phosphorylation.">Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein promotes post-transcriptional downregulation of protein kinase PKR and inhibits eIF2alpha phosphorylation.</a> PLoS Pathog. 5, e1000287-e1000287 (2009).</li><li>Habjan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NSs+protein+of+Rift+valley+fever+virus+induces+the+specific+degradation+of+the+double-stranded+RNA-dependent+protein+kinase.">NSs protein of Rift valley fever virus induces the specific degradation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase.</a> J. 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Biz ifşa etmek başka bir şey var.

RVFV için genetik sistemleri Ters T7 organizatörü 2,4,5 veya 3 fare veya insan 4 pol-I organizatörü kullanılarak çeşitli gruplar tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Bu yazıda, rekombinant RVFV MP-12 suşları, 15 stabil bir şekilde ifade T7 RNA polimeraz BHK/T7-9 hücreleri kullanarak oluşturmak için bir protokol açıklar. BHK/T7-9 hücrelerin durumuna göre farklılıklar viral geri kazanım verimliliği, plazmid miktarı, transfekte hücreleri ve benzeri numarası. Biz her zaman, deneyler için yüksek titresi virüs stoklarını elde etmek için Vero E6 hücreleri P0 virüs yükseltmek. NSS tip I IFN veya PKR de dahil olmak üzere inhibe antiviral faaliyetleri etkin bir viral replikasyon desteği sağlama fonksiyonu, insan akciğer diploid (MRC-5) hücreler olarak Tip-I IFN-yetkili hücrelerin viral amplifikasyonu için kullanılan olabilir. Plak testi MP-12 ve NSS mutantlar titre için oldukça yararlı bir yöntem. Için genel bir önlem olarakplak tahlil hücreler hemen viral inocula çıkarılmasından sonra uygun sıcaklıkta kaplama ile ilave edilmelidir. Kristal viyole boyama, C13type virüs Vero E6 hücreler 2 tek tabaka bozabilir çünkü C13type virüs plaklar tespit etmek için uygun değildir. Diğer taraftan, nötr kırmızı boyama başarıyla C13type virüs tarafından oluşan plaklar tespit olabilir. Nötr kırmızı hücre boyama gücü göreli olarak katılması, canlı hücrelerin içine nötr kırmızı boya ile belirlenir. Bu nedenle, büyük olasılıkla C13type enfekte olan hücreleri enfekte olmamış hücrelerdeki göre nötr kırmızı boya azalma dahil yol açan metabolik aktivite azalması ve zayıf bir boyanma odağı oluşturur. Neutral red gerekli miktarda nötral kırmızı çözüm çok değişir. Nötr kırmızı çözüm Uzun süreli depolama genellikle çökeltiler oluşturur. Ancak, bu ısı erime 55 nötral kırmızı çözüm ° C de 10 dakika ile önlenebilirhücre boyama etkiler. Deneylerde doğru viral titreye sahip virüsleri kullanmak önemlidir. Viral bir stok titresi vb viral stok sarımsı fenol kırmızı renkli, uzun süreli depolama, tekrarlanan donma-çözülme döngüsünden ve belirtilir pH 6.5 31 altında olan medya tarafından azalma olabilir. Böylece, taze hayvan aşılaması için viral stoğu kullanmak veya sadece deneyden önce tekrar stok titre önemlidir. NSS ve NSM; RVFV karakterize iki yapısal olmayan proteinleri kodlamak. RVFV eksik NSM hala son derece öldürücü sıçanlarda 33 iken RVFV eksik NSS, hayvanların 25,32 önemli ölçüde zayıflatılmış . Böylece, NSS patogenezinde virülans faktörü olarak önemli bir rol oynar. NSS) dsRNA-dep IFN-beta mRNA sentezini 26 ve 3 baskılanması) bozulması 1) ev sahibi genel transkripsiyon 8, 2 bastırma tetikleyen bir çok işlevli bir proteindirendent protein kinaz (PKR) 9,10. Ebeveyn MP-12 suşu kesilmesi veya mutasyonlar NSS haline getirerek daha da zayıflatılmış olabilir. Diğer taraftan, mutant MP-12 immünojenite korumak da önemlidir. Tip-I IFN, dendritik hücreler, T hücreleri ve B hücreleri 12-14 farklılaşmaları için önemlidir olgunlaşması için bir rol oynar . IFN-beta bastırma fonksiyonu olmayan, tam veya kısmi NSS fonksiyonları muhafaza Çeşitli NSS mutantlar, aşı adayların immünojenite ve güvenlik NSS-aracılı IFN-beta bastırma fonksiyonu etkisini analiz etmek için yararlıdır. RVFV wt ZH548 gerginlik aktive NF-kB, IRF-3 ve AP-1 (Şekil 6), ile enfekte olan hücreleri IFN-beta mRNA sentezi transkripsiyonel seviyesi 7 NSS tarafından bastırıldı ise bilinmektedir. Böylece, tamamen işlevsel NSS 3 ifade MP-12, transcri NF-kB/IRF-3/7-inducible SEAP muhabiri geni mRNA sentezini inhibeptional seviyesi, C13type olarak rekombinant MP-12 eksikliği NSS fonksiyonları SEAP mRNA sentezini (Şekil 7) neden olabilir. Bu mutant immünojenite sonucu doğru anlamak için, fenotipleri, daha ileri hücre kültür sistemi karakterize edilmelidir. Örneğin, viral replikasyon kinetiği, insan akciğer diploid MRC-5 hücre ya da fare embriyonik fibroblast (MEF) hücreleri gibi tip I IFN yetkili hücreleri test edilmelidir. PKR bozulma fonksiyonu, insan ya da fare PKR spesifik antikorların Western Blot ile test edilebilir. NSS mutasyon IFN-beta mRNA indüksiyon insan veya fare IFN-beta mRNA digoxigenin etiketli RNA prob özel Northern blot ile teyit edilmelidir. Host genel transkripsiyon bastırma, doğmakta olan mRNA üridin analog birleşme analiz ederek test edilebilir. Sonunda, aday MP-12 NSS mutantlar immünojenite ve güvenlik farelerde test edilmelidir. Tipik olarak, 1 x 10 5 pfu CandidaPBS içinde seyreltilmesi te aşı subkutan verilen ve sera, 30 (veya 42) gün ve günde 180 retro-orbital sinüs toplanan RVFV N karşı nötralize edici antikor testi nötralize plak azalma (PRNT 80) ve total IgG varlığı için test edilmektedir . IgG ELISA ile Gn / Gc saflaştırılmış Rekombinant viral proteinleri ile kaplı. ABD ters hayvan biyogüvenlik düzeyi (BSL) 4 tesis veya geliştirilmiş BSL3 + tesisi; (ip, 1 x 10 3 pfu örneğin) aşı adayı etkinliği yabani tip ZH501 ile 42 gün sonrası bağışıklama zorlu fareler tarafından test edilmiş olması. genetik yaklaşım, tasarım ve güvenli ve immunojenik canlı zayıflatılmış RVFV aşılar üretmek için güçlü bir araçtır.

<table border="1"><tr><td> Reaktifi Adı </td><td> Şirket </td><td> Katalog numarası </td><td> Yorumlar (isteğe bağlı) </td></tr><tr><td> Minimum Essential Medium (MEM)-alfa </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 32561037 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dulbecco&#39;nun değiştirilmiş asgari temel orta </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11965092 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Modifiye Kartal Orta (MEM 2x) </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11935046 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Penisilin-Streptomisin </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15140122 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hygromycin B </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 30-240-CR </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tryptose fosfat broth </td><td> MP Biomedicals </td><td> 1682149 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Noble Agar </td><td> VWR </td><td> 101170-362 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Transit LT1 </td><td> Mirus </td><td> MIR2300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Opti-MEM </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 31985070 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Aerosol sıkı kapak </td><td> Eppendorf </td><td> C-2223-25 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> % 0.33 nötral kırmızı çözüm </td><td> Sigma Aldrich </td><td> N2889-100ML </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> C57/WT MEF hücreleri </td><td> InvivoGen </td><td> MEF-c57wt </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Blasticidin G </td><td> InvivoGen </td><td> Ant-bl-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Zeocin </td><td> InvivoGen </td><td> ant-zn-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Quanti-Mavi </td><td> InvivoGen </td><td> rep-qb1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BHK/T7-9 hücreler 15 </td><td> Gifu Üniversitesi, Japonya </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vero E6 hücreleri </td><td> ATCC </td><td> CRL-1586 </td><td></td></tr></table>

using reverse genetics to manipulate the nss gene of the rift valley fever virus mp-12 strain to improve vaccine safety and efficacy

Hemorajik ateş, nörolojik bozukluklar veya insanlarda körlüğe ve yüksek oranda kürtaj ve geviş getiren hayvanların 1 fetal malformasyon neden Rift Vadisi ateşi virüsü (RVFV), bir HHS / USDA seçin ajan ve 3 patojen bir risk grubu örtüşüyor olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu, aile Bunyaviridae cinsi Phlebovirus ait ve bu ailenin en şiddetli üyelerinden biridir . 2006 yılından bu yana RVFV MP-12 aşı suşu 2,3 ZH548 ve ZH501 dahil olmak üzere yabani tip RVFV suşları 4-6, yanı sıra pek çok ters genetik sistemler geliştirilmiştir . MP-12 suşu (risk grubunda 2 patojen ve non-select ajan olan) birkaç kendi mutasyonlar M ve L-segmentleri oldukça zayıflatılmış, ancak hala fonksiyonel bir virülans kodlar öldürücü G-segment RNA 3 taşır faktörü, NSS. Effic çoğaltır rMP12 C13type (C13type) NSS ORF silme-kare% 69 taşıma, bilinen tüm NSS fonksiyonları yoksunient VeroE6 hücrelerinde MP-12 tip I IFN eksik yok. NSS, interferon (IFN)-beta mRNA 7,8 dahil olmak üzere, ev sahibi transkripsiyon kapatma indükler ve post-translasyon seviyesinde çift sarmallı RNA-bağımlı protein kinaz (PKR) bozulması teşvik 9,10 IFN-beta transkripsiyonel IFN-alfa interferon düzenleyici faktör 3 (IRF-3), NF-kB ve aktivatör protein-1 (AP-1), IFN-beta ve IFN-alpha/beta reseptör bağlayıcı (IFNAR) upregüle transkripsiyonu uyarır NSS IFN-beta gen dahil olmak üzere ana transkripsiyon bastırma viral replikasyon yanıt, bu ISGs gen upregulations engeller ise, ev sahibi antiviral aktivite gösteren genler veya diğer interferon uyarılan genlerin (ISGs) 11, rağmen IRF-3, NF-kB ve aktivatör protein-1 (AP-1) RVFV7 tarafından aktif hale getirilebilir. . Böylece, NSS, daha da azaltmak için MP-12 ve IFN-beta bastırma fonksiyonu kaldırılarak, doğuştan gelen bağışıklık yanıtlarını barındıran geliştirmek için mükemmel bir hedef. Burada, Rekombinant bir MP-12 kodlaması mutasyona uğramış NSS üretmek için bir protokol tanımlayan ve IFN-beta mRNA sentezini bastırmak için fonksiyonu olmayan NSS mutantlar tanımlamak için bir tarama yöntemi bir örnek oluşturmaktadır. Doğuştan gelen bağışıklık önemli rol ek olarak, tip I IFN, dendritik hücreler ve adaptif immün yanıt 12-14 indüksiyon olgunlaşması için çok önemlidir . Böylece, NSS mutantlar tip I IFN inducing daha da zayıflatılmış, ama aynı zamanda onları aşılama yaklaşımlar için ideal bir aday yapar yabani tip MP-12, daha teşvik edici bir konak bağışıklık yanıtlarını daha verimlidir.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy at JoVE.com

Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy

Rift Vadisi ateşi virüs MP-12 aşı suşu için ters genetik sistemi ek MP-12 mutantlar artan zayıflama ve immünojenite oluşturmak için yararlı bir araçtır. Biz NSS mutant suşlar oluşturmak ve karakterize etmek için protokol açıklar.

Rift Vadisi Ateşi Virüsü Aşı Güvenliği ve Etkinliği Artırmak İçin MP-12 Gerinim NSS Gen işleyin Ters Genetik kullanma

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which causes hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders or blindness in humans, and a high rate abortion and fetal ...

using-reverse-genetics-to-manipulate-nss-gene-rift-valley-fever-virus

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

17.3K Görüntüleme.  University of Texas Medical Branch. Rift Vadisi ateşi virüs MP-12 aşı suşu için ters genetik sistemi ek MP-12 mutantlar artan zayıflama ve immünojenite oluşturmak için yararlı bir araçtır. Biz NSS mutant suşlar oluşturmak ve karakterize etmek için protokol açıklar.

Video: Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy

Reverse Genetics Mediated Recovery of Infectious Murine Norovirus

Human noroviruses are responsible for most cases of human gastroenteritis (GE) worldwide and are recurrent problem in environments where close person-to-person contact cannot be avoided 1, 2. During the last few years an increase in the incidence of outbreaks in hospitals has been reported, causing significant disruptions to their operational capacity as well as large economic losses. The identification of new antiviral approaches has been limited due to the inability of human noroviruses to complete a productive infection in cell culture 3. The recent isolation of a murine norovirus (MNV), closely related to human norovirus 4 but which can be propagated in cells 5 has opened new avenues for the investigation of these pathogens 6, 7. 
MNV replication results in the synthesis of new positive sense genomic and subgenomic RNA molecules, the latter of which corresponds to the last third of the viral genome (Figure 1). MNV contains four different open reading frames (ORFs), of which ORF1 occupies most of the genome and encodes seven non-structural proteins (NS1-7) released from a polyprotein precursor. ORF2 and ORF3 are contained within the subgenomic RNA region and encode the capsid proteins (VP1 and VP2, respectively) (Figure 1). Recently, we have identified that additional ORF4 overlapping ORF2 but in a different reading frame is functional and encodes for a mitochondrial localised virulence factor (VF1) 8.
Replication for positive sense RNA viruses, including noroviruses, takes place in the cytoplasm resulting in the synthesis of new uncapped RNA genomes. To promote viral translation, viruses exploit different strategies aimed at recruiting the cellular protein synthesis machinery 9-11. Interestingly, norovirus translation is driven by the multifunctional viral protein-primer VPg covalently linked to the 5' end of both genomic and subgenomic RNAs 12-14. This sophisticated mechanism of translation is likely to be a major factor in the limited efficiency of viral recovery by conventional reverse genetics approaches. 
Here we report two different strategies based on the generation of murine norovirus-1 (referred to as MNV herewith) transcripts capped at the 5' end. One of the methods involves both in vitro synthesis and capping of viral RNA, whereas the second approach entails the transcription of MNV cDNA in cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase. The availability of these reverse genetics systems for the study of MNV and a small animal model has provided an unprecedented ability to dissect the role of viral sequences in replication and pathogenesis 15-17.

Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis yet molecular techniques for their characterisation are still relatively new. Here we report two different reverse genetics approaches for the efficient recovery of murine norovirus (MNV), the only member of this genus which can be propagated in cell culture.

Bulaşıcı Mürin Norovirüs Ters Genetik Aracılı Kurtarma

Human noroviruses are responsible for most cases of human gastroenteritis (GE) worldwide and are recurrent problem in environments where close ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Using Click Chemistry to Measure the Effect of Viral Infection on Host-Cell RNA Synthesis

Many RNA viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit host cell transcription as a means to circumvent cellular defenses. For the study of these viruses, it is therefore important to have a quick and reliable way of measuring transcriptional activity in infected cells. Traditionally, transcription has been measured either by incorporation of radioactive nucleosides such as 3H-uridine followed by detection via autoradiography or scintillation counting, or incorporation of halogenated uridine analogs such as 5-bromouridine (BrU) followed by detection via immunostaining. The use of radioactive isotopes, however, requires specialized equipment and is not feasible in a number of laboratory settings, while the detection of BrU can be cumbersome and may suffer from low sensitivity.
The recently developed click chemistry, which involves a copper-catalyzed triazole formation from an azide and an alkyne, now provides a rapid and highly sensitive alternative to these two methods. Click chemistry is a two step process in which nascent RNA is first labeled by incorporation of the uridine analog 5-ethynyluridine (EU), followed by detection of the label with a fluorescent azide. These azides are available as several different fluorophores, allowing for a wide range of options for visualization.
This protocol describes a method to measure transcriptional suppression in cells infected with the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) strain MP-12 using click chemistry. Concurrently, expression of viral proteins in these cells is determined by classical intracellular immunostaining. Steps 1 through 4 detail a method to visualize transcriptional suppression via fluorescence microscopy, while steps 5 through 8 detail a method to quantify transcriptional suppression via flow cytometry. This protocol is easily adaptable for use with other viruses.

This method describes the use of click chemistry to measure changes in host cell transcription after infection with the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) strain MP-12. Results can be visualized qualitatively via fluorescence microscopy or obtained quantitatively through flow cytometry. This method is adaptable for use with other viruses.

Ana-Hücre RNA sentezi üzerinde Viral Enfeksiyon Etkisi Tedbir tıklayın Kimya Kullanımı

Many RNA viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit host cell transcription as a means to circumvent cellular defenses. For the study of these viruses, ...

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to kill CD4+ T cells loaded with their cognate peptide. Target CD4+ T cells are divided into two populations, labeled with two different concentrations of CFSE. One population is pulsed with the peptide of interest (CFSE-low) while the other remains un-pulsed (CFSE-high). Pulsed and un-pulsed CD4+ T cells are mixed at an equal ratio and incubated with an increasing number of purified CD8+ T cells. The specific killing of autologous target CD4+ T cells is analyzed by flow cytometry after coculture with CD8+ T cells containing the antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells detected by peptide/MHCI tetramer staining. The specific lysis of target CD4+ T cells measured at different effector versus target ratios, allows for the calculation of lytic units, LU30/106 cells. This simple and straightforward assay allows for the accurate measurement of the intrinsic capacity of CD8+ T cells to kill target CD4+ T cells.

This protocol describes a sensitive, cell-based cytotoxicity assay. By enumerating the decrease in frequency of live target CD4+ T cells in the presence of an increasing number of effector CD8+ T cells, this assay allows for the direct assessment of cytolytic activity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in mice. Recently, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling was shown to be important for initial T cell priming and memory T cell development during WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection. In this study, two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and an intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) &#8211; were utilized to assess dendritic cells (DCs) and T cell functions. In the T cell priming assay, cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry following co-culture of DCs from both groups of mice with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) - labeled CD4+ T cells of OTII transgenic mice. This approach provided an accurate determination of the percentage of proliferating CD4+ T cells with significantly improved overall sensitivity than the traditional assays with radioactive reagents. A microcentrifuge tube system was used in both cell culture and cytokine staining procedures of the ICS protocol. Compared to the traditional tissue culture plate-based system, this modified procedure was easier to perform at biosafety level (BL) 3 facilities. Moreover, WNV- infected cells were treated with paraformaldehyde in both assays, which enabled further analysis outside BL3 facilities. Overall, these in vitro immunological assays can be used to efficiently assess cell-mediated immune responses during WNV infection.

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and intracellular cytokine staining were utilized to measure antigen presenting capacity of dendritic cells and antigen-specific T cell responses to a West Nile virus mutant infection in mice.

Batı Nil Virüsü Mutant Soy Enfeksiyon MyD88-aracılı Hücresel Bağışıklık Tepki Vitro Analizi

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential to be used as drug therapies for HIV-1 infection. Post-integration inhibitors include ribozymes, short hairpin (sh) RNAs, small interfering (si) RNAs, U1 interference (U1i) RNAs and RNA aptamers. Many of these have been identified using transient co-transfection assays with an HIV-1 expression plasmid and some have advanced to clinical trials. In addition to measures of efficacy, small RNAs have been evaluated for their potential to affect the expression of human RNAs, alter cell growth and/or differentiation, and elicit innate immune responses. In the protocols described here, a set of transient transfection assays designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. We have used these assays to identify new ribozymes and optimize the format of shRNAs and siRNAs targeting HIV-1 RNA. The methods provide a quick set of assays that are useful for screening new anti-HIV-1 RNAs and could be adapted to screen other post-integration inhibitors of HIV-1 replication.

Methods to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. These methods are useful for screening new molecules and optimizing the format of existing ones.

Bir gen ya da ilaç terapisinde kullanım için, HIV-1 üretim yapan RNA&#39;lar etkinlik ve toksisite Değerlendirilmesi

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential ...

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface glycoproteins of the virus. The generation of escape variants is a powerful method in elucidating how viruses escape immune detection and in identifying critical residues required for antibody binding. Here, we describe a protocol on how to generate influenza A virus escape variants by utilizing human or murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the viral hemagglutinin (HA). With the use of our technique, we previously characterized critical residues required for the binding of antibodies targeting either the head or stalk of the novel avian H7N9 HA. The protocol can be easily adapted for other virus systems. Analyses of escape variants are important for modeling antigenic drift, determining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) conferring resistance and virus fitness, and in the designing of vaccines and/or therapeutics.

We describe a method by which we identify critical residues required for the binding of human or murine monoclonal antibodies that target the viral hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. The protocol can be adapted to other virus surface glycoproteins and their corresponding neutralizing antibodies.

Grip virüsü monoklonal antikorları nötralize kaçış türevleri üretimi

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface ...

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple condensation reactions. DHDDS (dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase) is a eukaryotic long-chain cis-PT (forming cis double bonds from the condensation reaction) that catalyzes chain elongation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, an allylic diphosphate) via multiple condensations with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). DHDDS is of biomedical importance, as a non-conservative mutation (K42E) in the enzyme results in retinitis pigmentosa, ultimately leading to blindness. Therefore, the present protocol was developed in order to acquire large quantities of purified DHDDS, suitable for mechanistic studies. Here, the usage of protein fusion, optimized culture conditions and codon-optimization were used to allow the overexpression and purification of functionally active human DHDDS in E. coli. The described protocol is simple, cost-effective and time sparing. The homology of cis-PT among different species suggests that this protocol may be applied for other eukaryotic cis-PT as well, such as those involved in natural rubber synthesis.

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

A simple protocol for overexpression and purification of codon-optimized, human cis-prenyltransferase, under non-denaturing conditions, from Escherichia coli, is described, along with an enzymatic activity assay. This protocol can be generalized for production of other cis- prenyltransferase proteins in quantity and quality suitable for mechanistic studies.

Aşırı Ezme ve İnsanın Saflaştırılması<em&gt; Cis</em&gt; -prenıltransferaz in<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple ...

Using Phylogenetic Analysis to Investigate Eukaryotic Gene Origin

Phylogenetic analysis uses nucleotide or amino acid sequences or other parameters, such as domain sequences and three-dimensional structure, to construct a tree to show the evolutionary relationship among different taxa (classification units) at the molecular level. Phylogenetic analysis can also be used to investigate domain relationships within an individual taxon, particularly for organisms that have undergone substantial change in morphology and physiology, but for which researchers lack fossil evidence due to the organisms&#39; long evolutionary history or scarcity of fossilization.
In this text, a detailed protocol is described for using the phylogenetic method, including amino acid sequence alignment using Clustal Omega, and subsequent phylogenetic tree construction using both Maximum Likelihood (ML) of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) and Bayesian Inference via MrBayes. To investigate the origin of eukaryotic Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEET) genes, 228 SWEETs including 35 SWEET proteins from unicellular eukaryotes and 57 SemiSWEET proteins from prokaryotes were analyzed. Interestingly, SemiSWEETs were found in prokaryotes, but SWEETs were found in eukaryotes. Two phylogenetic trees constructed using theoretically distinct methods have consistently&#160;suggested that the first eukaryotic SWEET gene might stem from the fusion of a bacterial SemiSWEET gene and an archaeal SemiSWEET gene.&#160;It is worth noting that one should be cautious to draw a conclusion based only on phylogenetic analysis, although it is useful to explain the underlying relationship between different taxa, which is difficult or even impossible to discern through experimental means.

A method of constructing a phylogenetic tree based on sequence homology of SWEETs from eukaryotes and SemiSWEETs from prokaryotes is described. Phylogenetic analysis is a useful tool for explaining the evolutionary relatedness between homologous proteins or genes from different organism groups.

Ökaryotik gen kökenli araştırmaya filogenetik analizi kullanılarak

Phylogenetic analysis uses nucleotide or amino acid sequences or other parameters, such as domain sequences and three-dimensional structure, to construct ...

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and are a first-line anti-cancer immune defense; however, they are suppressed in the tumor microenvironment and the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. The lack of a consistent and reliable source of NK cells limits the research progress of NK cell immunity. Here, we report an in vitro system that can provide high quality and quantity of bone marrow-derived murine NK cells under a feeder-free condition. More importantly, we also demonstrate that siRNA-mediated gene silencing successfully inhibits the E4bp4-dependent NK cell maturation by using this system. Thus, this novel in vitro NK cell differentiating system is a biomaterial solution for immunity research.

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

Here, we present a protocol to mass-produce gene-silencing murine NK cells by using a feeder-free differentiation system for mechanistic study in vitro and in vivo.

Roman besleyici-Alerjik sistemi fare doğal katil hücreler Vitro seri üretim için

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and are a first-line anti-cancer immune defense; however, they are suppressed in the tumor ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a striking increase in life expectancy around the globe. Nonetheless, determining vaccine efficacy remains a challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that the current acellular vaccine (aPV) for Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) induces suboptimal immunity. Therefore, a major challenge is designing a next-generation vaccine that induces protective immunity without the adverse side effects of a whole-cell vaccine (wPV). Here we describe a protocol that we used to test the efficacy of a promising, novel adjuvant that skews immune responses to a protective Th1/Th17 phenotype and promotes a better clearance of a B. pertussis challenge from the murine respiratory tract. This article describes the protocol for mouse immunization, bacterial inoculation, tissue harvesting, and analysis of immune responses. Using this method, within our model, we have successfully elucidated crucial mechanisms elicited by a promising, next-generation acellular pertussis vaccine. This method can be applied to any infectious disease model in order to determine vaccine efficacy.

Here we present an elegant protocol for in vivo evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and host immune responses. This protocol can be adapted for vaccine models that study viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens.

Ana bilgisayar-patojen yanıt ve aşı etkinliği farelerde değerlendirilmesi

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...

Rift Vadisi Ateşi Virüsü Aşı Güvenliği ve Etkinliği Artırmak İçin MP-12 Gerinim NSS Gen işleyin Ters Genetik kullanma

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