Bu araştırma, Epilepsi (CURE) SLB Araştırma için Amerika Birleşik Vatandaş bir hibe ile desteklenmiştir.

<p class="jove_title"&gt; 1. Construct için Malzemeler</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; Juguler ven kateteri, bir ucunda eğimli PE-50 polietilen borular bir parça (100 mm), inşa ve sonra heparin serum fizyolojik (50 U heparin / ml serum fizyolojik) ile doldurulur.</li&gt;<li&gt; EKG kayıt elektrotları yalıtımlı gümüş tel (30AWG) iki adet 100 mm uzunluğunda inşa edilmiştir. Hem tellerin bir ucu elimden bir microconnector lehimlenmiştir ve yalıtım, zemin olarak kullanılan üçüncü bir tel form bükülmüş. Beş mm yalıtım tellerin distal ucu çıkarılır ve atılır.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 2. Juguler Ven Kateter implantasyon</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; Üretan idaresi tarafından hayvan, ip (1.2 g / kg) anestezisi.</li&gt;<li&gt; Rutin pedal geri çekilmesi yanıt ve / veya göz refleksleri değerlendirmek (10 dakika aralıklarla) anestezi derinliğini kontrol edin. Gerekirse, anestezi tamamlar.</li&gt;<liHayvan anestezi uygun düzlemine&gt; sonra, klavikula çene, boyun sağ tarafında tıraş.</li&gt;<li&gt; Karotis arter üzerindeki deride uzunlamasına bir kesi (10-15 mm) ve kesi açık.</li&gt;<li&gt; Künt diseksiyon teknikleri kullanarak, sağ juguler ven bulun ve izole etmek için altta yatan kas yayıldı.</li&gt;<li&gt; Juguler ven altında Yeri (# 2) iki adet cerrahi ipek ve kesi rostral ve kaudal en bölümlerini konumu sütür. Damar yoluyla akışını durdurma rostral ligatür bağlayın.</li&gt;<li&gt; Altta yatan doku kapalı asansör ve gemi küçük bir kesim yapmak için kaudal ligatür geri çekin. Sonra dolu heparin (50 U / ml serum fizyolojik) PE-50 polietilen kateter (uzunluğu 100 mm) kesik ucunu, sağ atrium seviyesine ucu yaklaşık 8 mm ilerlemek.</li&gt;<li&gt; Kateter güvenli, hem damar ve kateter etrafında kaudal ligatür bağlar. Son olarak, ya da yara klipleri veya dikiş ile yarayı kapatmak.</li&gt;<li&gt; Kateter implantasyonu sırasında maruz sonunda bir hemostat ile sıkışmış veya ek bir infüzyon pompası önce kanın geri akışı önlemek için takılmış.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 3. CG Elektrotlar implantasyon</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; Sırtında hayvan yerleştirin ve göğüs tıraş.</li&gt;<li&gt; Elektrot yerleştirilmesi için, iki uzunlamasına insizyonlar (≈ 10 mm), sağ üst ve göğsünün sol alt kadran ve torasik kasları ortaya çıkarmak için ücretsiz örten cilt olun.</li&gt;<li&gt; Dikiş torasik kas içine maruz kalan alanların her biri, gümüş tel elektrotlar maruz kalan 5 mm ipuçları ve subkutan toprak elektrot yerleştirmek.</li&gt;<li&gt; Yara klipler ile kesiler kapatın ve kayıt cihazının içine microconnector takın.</li&gt;<li&gt; Gevşek hayvan işlem sırasında vücut ısısını korumak için bir havlu sarın.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 4. Kayıt EKG</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; Kayıt Powerlab Veri Toplama Sistemi ve Macintosh bilgisayar veya benzeri donanım / yazılım (filtrelenmiş 1-1000 Hz, 50X amplifiye) kullanılarak yapılır.</li&gt;<li&gt; 20 dakika için, 20-30 dakika dengeleme dönemde, kayıt EKG sonra.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 5. Ventriküler aritmiler neden</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; Programlanabilir infüzyon pompası yerleştirilen uzaktan şırıngaya juguler ven kateteri takın.</li&gt;<li&gt; 5 ug / kg / dk 7 dakika sabit bir doz teslim etmek için bir hızda akonitin infüzyon başlatın.</li&gt;<li&gt; Takiben ventriküler fibrilasyon veya infüzyon dönemi sonunda, onaylanmış bir prosedür kullanılarak hayvan euthanize.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 6. EKG analizi</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; QT aralığı ventriküler elektriksel aktivitenin toplam süresi temsil eder. Şekil 1 model EKG kaydı ve QT aralığının süresi gösterir. 20 dakika kayıt döneminde elde edilen beş dakikalık zaman aralığı boyunca kaydedilen tüm kalp atışları için T-dalgası, S-dalga ve sonlandırma başlaması arasındaki süre ortalama hesaplayın.</li&gt;<li&gt; QT interval kalp atım hızı (QTc) farklılıkları düzeltmek için, Bazett formülü kullanabilirsiniz QTc = QT / (RR)<sup&gt; ½</sup&gt; RR kalp atışları arasındaki ortalama süre. RR interval analiz dönemi boyunca elde edilen ardışık Q dalgaları arasında geçen süre olarak hesaplandı.</li&gt;<li&gt; QT dispersiyonu (QTd), her bir hayvan için kaydedilen maksimum QT, minimum QT düşülmesi suretiyle hesaplanır.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 7. Kalp Hızı Değişkenliği Analizi</p&gt;<ol<liAnaliz dönemi boyunca elde edilen RR aralıklarla değişkenliği analiz&gt; Yazılım programları (yani LabChart 7, ADInstruments, Inc.) Zamansal ve / veya spektral varyans kalp hızı otomatik hesaplanması için kullanılır.</li</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 8. Ventriküler aritmi Duyarlılık Analizi</p&gt;<ol<li&gt; Ilk prematüre ventriküler kontraksiyon (PVC, Şekil 2, Panel 1), ventriküler taşikardi (VT, İncir, 2, Panel 2) ve ventriküler fibrilasyon (VF, Şekil 2 Panel 3 akonitin infüzyon başlangıcından itibaren gecikme hesaplayın .)</li</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 9. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"&gt; Şekil. 3 kontrol sıçanlarda ve bir hafta önce test GD yapıldı hayvanlarda (kök, RR aralığı, standart sapma kareli ortalama, RMSSD) spektral HRV bir ölçü göstermektedir. Parasempatik kontrol kalp fonksiyon değişiklikleri temsil HRV Bu önlem,<sup&gt; 26</sup&gt; Status epileptikus aşağıdaki hayvanların önemli ölçüde azalmıştır. Şekil Hem de düzeltilmiş QT aralığı (QTc, Panel A) ve QT dispersiyonu (QTd, Panel B) iki hafta önemli ölçüde artış olduğunu 4 gösterileri aşağıdaki GD<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;. Birlikte ele alındığında, bu verilerin, GD ventriküler aritmi riski arttığı tahmin ediliyor. Bu öngörü, bu çalışmalarda gözlenen deneysel aritmiler (PVC, VT, VF) ikna etmek için gerekli akonitin infüzyon süreleri GD hayvanlarda önemli ölçüde küçük olduğu bulguları ile teyit edilir (Şekil 5)<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig1.jpg" alt="figure 1" /<br /<strong&gt; Şekil 1.</strong&gt; P, QRS ve T dalgaları gösteren normal bir kalp atışı Model EKG kaydı. QT aralığı kesik çizgiler arasındaki süre olarak hesaplanır.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig2.jpg" alt="figure 2" /<br /<strong&gt; Şekil 2. Panel 1)</strong&gt; Prematüre ventriküler kontraksiyonlar (PVC) izole ventriküllerin normal kalp atışları arasında oluşan kasılmalar (B) (A). PVC P ve T dalgalarının yokluğu ile karakterize edilirler.<strong&gt; Panel 2</strong&gt; Ventriküler taşikardi (VT), birden fazla ventriküler kontraksiyonlar arada normal kalp atışları (A) ile meydana gelen bir dizi (C).<strong&gt; Panel 3</strong&gt; Ventriküler fibrilasyon (VF) ayırt edilebilir ritim ve QRS ve P dalgaları (D) arasında hiçbir ilişki olmamasıdır.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig3.jpg" alt="figure 3" /<br /<strong&gt; Şekil 3.</strongAralıklarla kontrol sıçanlarda ve Test öncesinde status epileptikus (SE) 1 hafta geçiyor hayvanlarda görülen kalp atışları arasında;&gt; kök standart sapma (msn RMSSD) kare demek. ** P &lt;0.01 Kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig4.jpg" alt="figure 4" /<br /<strong&gt; Şekil 4.</strong&gt; QT aralığı (Panel A) ve düzeltilmiş QT dispersiyonu (Panel B) kontrol hayvanlar (Devam) ve test öncesinde status epileptikus (SE) iki hafta geçiren sıçanlarda elde EKG kayıtları hesaplanan ortalama. * P &lt;0.05 Devam kıyasla. (Metcalf, et al. Am J. Physiol Kalp ve Circ, 2009, Am izni ile kullanılan Physiol Soc<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;).</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig5.jpg" alt="figure 5" /<br /<strong&gt; Şekil 5.</strong&gt; Akonitin infüzyon başlatılması ve status epileptikus (SE) iki hafta önce yapılan 1. prematüre ventriküler kontraksiyon (PVC), ventriküler taşikardi (VT) ve ventriküler fibrilasyon (VF) kontrol hayvanlarda (Devam) ve sıçanlarda arasındaki Gecikme (sn) test. * P &lt;0.05, ** p &lt;0.01 Devam kıyasla. (Metcalf, et al. Am J. Physiol Kalp ve Circ, 2009, Am izni ile kullanılan Physiol Soc<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;).</p&gt;

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Belirtilen prosedürleri iki açıdan kritik önem taşımaktadır. İlk olarak, kalp akonitin yönetiminin oranı hayvanlar karşısında eşit olmalıdır. Bu kalp göre juguler ven kateteri ipuçları tutarlı yerleştirme ve infüzyon hızının dikkatli ayarlanması gereklidir. Kalpleri akonitin teslim oranı değişmiş duyarlılık göre ventriküler aritmiler başlangıç ​​uygun bir şekilde değerlendirmek için eşit olmalıdır. Akonitin teslim değişiyorsa, aritmiler için gecikme nedeniyle kalp fonksiyonu ilaç konsantrasyonu farklılıklar ve değişiklikler olabilir. İkincisi, açıkça ayırt edilebilir P, QRS ve T dalgaları ile EKG kayıt elektrot hazırlama ve yerleştirme artifakt olmadan kayıtları verim gerekir. Ventriküler aritmiler kalp hızı, HRV ve oluşum yalnız QRS dalgaları tespit edilebilir olsa da, QTc ve QTd Q dalgası başlangıcı, açık ve T-dalgası fesih içeren kayıtları hesaplanması gerekir. Bu tekniklerin biri açık sınırlama vanlarda yapılmaktadır. Ancak, bu iki nedenden dolayı gereklidir. 1) EKG elektrotları, iskelet kas dokusunun implante olduğundan, bilinçli sıçanlarda hareketi sırasında üretilen eserler tabidir. Bu non-kardiyak sinyaller sık ​​kalp fonksiyonlarının uygun bir analiz için gerekli olan EKG faaliyet belirsiz. 2) akonitin uyarılan aritmiler zaman bilinçli hayvanlarda uyarılmış potansiyel bir etik bir konuyu gündeme. Bu prosedürler aynı hayvan ventriküler aritmiler duyarlılık doğrudan analizi ile birlikte, SCD çok iyi kabul gören prognostik göstergeleri ölçümü izin verir. Bu teknikler, nöbet bozuklukları, kalbi koruyucu tedavilerin yanı sıra etkinliği göreceli kardiyak riski belirlemek için değerli ve kemirgen modellenebilir ölümcül ventriküler aritmiler ile ilgili herhangi bir patoloji.

methods for ecg evaluation of indicators of cardiac risk, and susceptibility to aconitine-induced arrhythmias in rats following status epilepticus

Cehennem kardiyak aritmiler, patolojik bir dizi ölüm katkıda bulunur. Non-invaziv, kolay elde edilen elektrokardiyogram (EKG) elde edilen çeşitli parametreleri kurulan kardiyomiyopatiler bir dizi muzdarip hastalarda kardiyak risk prognostik göstergeler iyi doğrulanmış. Artan kalp hızı, kalp hızı değişkenliği (HRV) azalma ve kardiyak ventriküler elektriksel aktivitenin süresi ve değişkenliği (QT aralığı) artış tüm gelişmiş kardiyak risk 1-4 göstergesidir. Hayvan modellerinde deneysel aritmiler bu EKG elde edilen değişkenler ve duyarlılık karşılaştırmak için değerlidir. Aritmojenik ajan akonitin İntravenöz infüzyon egzersiz 7 ve hava kirleticileri 8 maruz kalmanın yanı sıra, antiaritmik belirlenmesi, deneysel koşullar, depresyon 5 ve hipertansiyon 6 hayvan modelleri dahil olmak üzere bir dizi aritmilere duyarlılığı değerlendirmek yaygın kullanılan farmakolojik ajanların 9,10 etkinliği. Bu insanlarda QT dispersiyonu, QT aralığı varyasyon standart 12-lead EKG yol açar tam set boyunca bir önlem olduğunu belirtmek gerekir. Sonuç olarak, bu protokol açıklanan sıçan 2-lead EKG QT dispersiyonu ölçüsü insan EKG kayıtları hesaplanan farklı. Bu çeviri, kemirgenler, insan klinik tıp elde edilen verilerin bir sınırlama temsil eder. Status epileptikus (SE), sürekli tekrarlayan nöbetler durumlarda 13% 20 mortalite fazla 30 dakika 11,12 11,12 ve sonuçlar süren tek bir nöbet veya seri . Birçok kişi SE hayatta ancak 30 gün 14,15 içinde ölürler. Bu geç mortalite (ler) mekanizması tam olarak anlaşılmış değildir. Bu ölümcül ventriküler aritmiler, bu ölümlerin 14-17 pek çok katkıda bulunduğunu öne sürülmüştür . SE ek olarak, yaşayan hastaların kendiliğinden tekrarlayan nöbetler, epilepsi, epilepsi (SUDEP) 18 ile ilişkili erken ani ve beklenmeyen ölüm riski altındadır. GD olduğu gibi, SUDEP aracılık kesin mekanizmalar bilinmemektedir. Ventriküler anormallikler ve çıkan aritmiler, önemli bir katkı 18-22 yaptığı ileri sürülmüştür . Mekanizmaları nöbet ilgili kardiyak ölüm ve kalbi koruyucu tedavilerin etkinliğini araştırmak için, risk EKG elde edilen göstergeler almak ve nöbet bozuklukları 23-25 ​​hayvan modellerinde kardiyak aritmiler duyarlılığı değerlendirmek için gereklidir. Burada, GD, toplama ve analizi, EKG kayıtları ve akonitin iv infüzyon sırasında aritmi indüksiyon Laboratuvar Sprague-Dawley sıçan (Rattus norvegicus) EKG elektrot implante için, aşağıdaki yöntemleri açıklanmaktadır. Bu prosedürler doğrudan arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek için kullanılır EKG elde edilen nöbet bozuklukları sıçan modellerinde kardiyak elektriksel aktivite ve duyarlılık ölçümleri, ventriküler aritmiler veya ani kardiyak ölüm riski ile ilişkili herhangi bir patoloji.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus at JoVE.com

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Elektrokardiyogram (EKG) kalbin elektriksel aktivitesinin ölçümü ve sıçan status epileptikus (SE) kardiyak aritmiler için risk faktörleri ve duyarlılık analizi teknikleri açıklanmıştır.

Status epileptikus ardından EKG, Kardiyak Risk Göstergeleri Değerlendirme ve Sıçanlarda akonitin indüklenen Aritmiler Duyarlılık Yöntemleri

Lethal cardiac arrhythmias contribute to mortality in a number of pathological conditions. Several parameters obtained from a 
non-invasive, easily ...

methods-for-ecg-evaluation-indicators-cardiac-risk-susceptibility-to

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.7K Görüntüleme.  University of Utah. Elektrokardiyogram (EKG) kalbin elektriksel aktivitesinin ölçümü ve sıçan status epileptikus (SE) kardiyak aritmiler için risk faktörleri ve duyarlılık analizi teknikleri açıklanmıştır.

Video: Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) pathogenesis are less understood. Gene-environment interaction models have utility in unmasking the impact of specific cellular pathways in toxicity that may not be observed using a solely genetic or toxicant disease model alone.&#160;To evaluate if distinct LOX isozymes selectively contribute to PD-related neurodegeneration, transgenic (i.e. 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX deficient) mice can be challenged with a toxin that mimics cell injury and death in the disorder.&#160;Here we describe the use of a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which produces a nigrostriatal lesion to elucidate the distinct contributions of LOX isozymes to neurodegeneration related to PD. The use of MPTP in mouse, and nonhuman primate, is well-established to recapitulate the nigrostriatal damage in PD.&#160;The extent of MPTP-induced lesioning is measured by HPLC analysis of dopamine and its metabolites and semi-quantitative Western blot analysis of striatum for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of dopamine. To assess inflammatory markers, which may demonstrate LOX isozyme-selective sensitivity, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry are performed on brain sections containing substantia nigra, and GFAP Western blot analysis is performed on striatal homogenates.&#160;This experimental approach can provide novel insights into gene-environment interactions underlying nigrostriatal degeneration and PD.

Lipoxygenase (LOX) isozymes can generate products that may increase or decrease neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.&#160;A gene-environment interaction study could identify LOX isozyme-specific effects. Using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of nigrostriatal damage in two LOX isozyme-deficient transgenic lines allows for comparison of the contribution of LOX isozymes on dopaminergic integrity and inflammation.

Parkinson Hastalığında Maskeyi Düşürme Duyarlılık Mekanizmalarına Gen-Çevre Etkileşim Modelleri

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease ...

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Ascending Aortic Constriction in Rats for Creation of Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Model

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Here, we describe a detailed surgical procedure for creating pressure overload and cardiac hypertrophy in rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. After anesthesia, the trachea is intubated by inserting a cannula through a half way incision made between two cartilage rings of trachea. Then a skin incision is made at the level of the second intercostal space on the left chest wall and muscle layers are cleared to locate the ascending portion of aorta. The ascending aorta is constricted to 50&#8211;60% of its original diameter by application of a small sized titanium clip. Following aortic constriction, the second and third ribs are approximated with prolene sutures. The tracheal cannula is removed once spontaneous breathing was re-established. The animal is allowed to recover on the heating pad by gradually lowering anesthesia. The intensity of pressure overload created by constriction of the ascending aorta is determined by recording the pressure gradient using trans-thoracic two dimensional Doppler-echocardiography. Overall this protocol is useful to study the remodeling events and contractile properties of the heart during the gradual onset and progression from compensated cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure stage.

We describe a stepwise procedure for creating pressure overload and left ventricular hypertrophy in Wistar rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. This model is extensively used for studying remodeling changes during cardiac hypertrophy and for identifying and evaluating strategies for regression of such changes.

Basınç Aşırı Kardiyak hipertrofi Modeli Oluşturma Ratlarda Aort daralma, Artan

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Early Detection of Drug-Induced Renal Hemodynamic Dysfunction Using Sonographic Technology in Rats

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is estimated to contribute to 19- 25% of all clinical cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. AKI detection has historically relied on metrics such as serum creatinine (sCr) or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) which are demonstrably inadequate in full assessment of nephrotoxicity in the early phase of renal dysfunction. Currently, there is no robust diagnostic method to accurately detect hemodynamic alteration in the early phase of AKI while such alterations might actually precede the rise in serum biomarker levels. Such early detection can help clinicians make an accurate diagnosis and help in in decision making for therapeutic strategy. Rats were treated with Cisplatin to induce AKI. Nephrotoxicity was assessed for six days using high-frequency sonography, sCr measurement and upon histopathology of kidney. Hemodynamic evaluation using 2D and Color-Doppler images were used to serially study nephrotoxicity in rats, using the sonography. Our data showed successful drug-induced kidney injury in adult rats by histological examination. Color-Doppler based sonographic assessment of AKI indicated that resistive-index (RI) and pulsatile-index (PI) were increased in the treatment group; and peak-systolic velocity (mm/s), end-diastolic velocity (mm/s) and velocity-time integral (VTI, mm) were decreased in renal arteries in the same group. Importantly, these hemodynamic changes evaluated by sonography preceded the rise of sCr levels. Sonography-based indices such as RI or PI can thus be useful predictive markers of declining renal function in rodents. From our sonography-based observations in the kidneys of rats that underwent AKI, we showed that these noninvasive hemodynamic measurements may consider as an accurate, sensitive and robust method in detecting early stage kidney dysfunction. This study also underscores the importance of ethical issues associated with animal use in research.

Early stage hemodynamic dysfunction is critical to the development of kidney disease. Yet, detection methodologies are limited. Recent advances in sonography provide a noninvasive, accurate option for early detection of kidney injury. This study outlines a step-by-step, sonographic methodology for detecting kidney dysfunction using a drug-induced nephrotoxicity rat model.

Sıçanlarda sonografik Teknoloji Kullanımı İlaç Kaynaklı Böbrek Hemodinamik Bozukluğu Erken Tespiti

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is ...

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention. Changes in myocardial structure, electrical conduction, and energy metabolism develop with heart failure, leading to contractile dysfunction, increased risk of arrhythmias, and sudden death. Hypertensive heart disease is one of the key contributing factors of cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. The most commonly-used animal model mimicking hypertensive heart disease is created via surgical interventions, such as by narrowing the aorta. Abdominal aortic constriction is a useful experimental technique to induce a pressure overload, which leads to heart failure. The surgery can be easily performed, without the need for chest opening or mechanical ventilation. Abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac pathology progresses gradually, making this model relevant to clinical hypertensive heart failure. Cardiac injury and remodeling can be observed 10 weeks after the surgery. The method described here provides a simple and effective approach to produce a hypertensive heart disease animal model that is suitable for studying disease mechanisms and for testing novel therapeutics.

A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

Sıçanlarda Karın Aort Konstrüksiyon sayesinde Kardiyak Yaptırma Bir Model

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

Şüpheli kardiyak Trombülerin değerlendirilmesi için kardiyak manyetik rezonans: konvansiyonel ve gelişmekte olan teknikler

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional imaging to study the cardiac anatomy of the left ventricle and M-mode echo to assess its dimensions. However, this could limit a comprehensive study. Herein, we describe a protocol that allows an assessment of the heart chamber size, left ventricular function (systolic and diastolic) and valvular function. A conventional medical ultrasound machine was used in this protocol and different echo views were obtained through left parasternal, apical and suprasternal windows. In the left parasternal window, the long and short axis were acquired to analyze left chamber dimensions, right ventricle and pulmonary artery dimensions, and mitral, pulmonary and aortic valve function. The apical window allows the measurement of heart chamber dimensions and evaluation of systolic and diastolic parameters. It also allows Doppler assessment with detection and quantification of heart valve disturbances (regurgitation or stenosis). Different segments and walls of the left ventricle are visualized throughout all views. Finally, the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta can be imaged through the suprasternal window. A combination of ultrasound imaging, Doppler flow and tissue Doppler assessment have been obtained to study cardiac morphology and function. This represents an important contribution to improve the assessment of cardiac function in adult rats with impact for research using these animal models.

A non-invasive protocol for transthoracic echocardiography assessment of cardiac anatomy and function for adult rats is presented in the current study. The heart valves, all four cardiac chambers and the ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta are studied in detail.

Erişkin Sıçanlarda Kardiyak Anatomi ve Fonksiyonun Ekokardiyografik Değerlendirilmesi

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional ...

Semi-Minimal Invasive Method to Induce Myocardial Infarction in Rats and the Assessment of Cardiac Function by an Isolated Working Heart System

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily and highly reproducible MI induction procedure is required to obtain further insight and better understanding of the underlying pathological changes. This procedure can also be used to evaluate the effects or potency of new and promising treatments (as drugs or interventions) in acute MI, subsequent remodeling and heart failure (HF). After intubation and pre-operative preparation of the animal, an anesthetic protocol with isoflurane was performed, and the surgical procedure was conducted&#160;quickly. Using a minimally invasive approach, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was located and occluded by a ligature. The occlusion can be performed acutely for subsequent reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion injury). Alternatively, the vessel can be ligated permanently to investigate the development of chronic MI, remodeling or HF. Despite common pitfalls, the drop-out rates are minimal. Various treatments such as remote ischemic conditioning can be examined for their cardioprotective potential pre-, peri- and post-operatively. The post-operative recovery was quick as the anesthesia was precisely controlled and the duration of the operation was short. Post-operative analgesia was administered for three days. The minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of infection and inflammation. Furthermore, it facilitates rapid recovery. The &#8220;working heart&#8221; measurements were performed ex vivo and enabled precise control of preload, afterload and flow. This procedure requires specific equipment and training for adequate performance. This manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step introduction for conducting these measurements.

This article presents an efficient method to perform myocardial ischemia and subsequent chronic reperfusion in rats using a minimally invasive approach. In addition, left ventricular hemodynamic function of rats is assessed by echocardiography and isolated working heart methods.&#160;

Sıçanlarda Miyokard İnfarktüsü İndükleyen Yarı-Minimal İnvaziv Yöntem ve İzole Çalışan Kalp Sistemi Ile Kardiyak Fonksiyonun Değerlendirilmesi

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily ...

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training

Catheter-based interventions are standard treatment options for cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, patient-specific models could help training physicians&#39; wire-skills as well as improving planning of interventional procedures. The aim of this study was to develop a manufacturing process of patient-specific 3D-printed models for cardiovascular interventions.
To create a 3D-printed elastic phantom, different 3D-printing materials were compared to porcine biological tissues (i.e., aortic tissue) in terms of mechanical characteristics. A fitting material was selected based on comparative tensile tests and specific material thicknesses were defined. Anonymized contrast-enhanced CT-datasets were collected retrospectively. Patient-specific volumetric models were extracted from these datasets and subsequently 3D-printed. A pulsatile flow loop was constructed to simulate the intraluminal blood flow during interventions. Models&#39; suitability for clinical imaging was assessed by x-ray imaging, CT, 4D-MRI and (Doppler) ultrasonography. Contrast medium was used to enhance visibility in x-ray-based imaging. Different catheterization techniques were applied to evaluate the 3D-printed phantoms in physicians&#39; training as well as for pre-interventional therapy planning.
Printed models showed a high printing resolution (~30 &#181;m) and mechanical properties of the chosen material were comparable to physiological biomechanics. Physical and digital models showed high anatomical accuracy when compared to the underlying radiological dataset. Printed models were suitable for ultrasonic imaging as well as standard x-rays. Doppler ultrasonography and 4D-MRI displayed flow patterns and landmark characteristics (i.e., turbulence, wall shear stress) matching native data. In a catheter-based laboratory setting, patient-specific phantoms were easy to catheterize. Therapy planning and training of interventional procedures on challenging anatomies (e.g., congenital heart disease (CHD)) was possible.
Flexible patient-specific cardiovascular phantoms were 3D-printed, and the application of common clinical imaging techniques was possible. This new process is ideal as a training tool for catheter-based (electrophysiological) interventions and can be used in patient-specific therapy planning.

Here we present development of a mock circulation setup for multimodal therapy evaluation, pre-interventional planning, and physician-training on cardiovascular anatomies. With the application of patient-specific tomographic scans, this setup is ideal for therapeutic approaches, training, and education in individualized medicine.

Girişimsel Planlama ve Eğitim için 3D Baskılı Kardiyovasküler Fantomların Geliştirilmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi

Catheter-based interventions are standard treatment options for cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, patient-specific models could help training ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

Farelerde Aritmileri Tespit Etmek için Uzun Süreli Elektrokardiyografi Kayıtlarının Analizi

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...

Analysis of Raw and Processed Cyperi Rhizoma Samples Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Rats with Primary Dysmenorrhea

Cyperi rhizoma (CR) is widely used in gynecology and is a general medicine for treating women's diseases in China. Since the analgesic effect of CR is enhanced after processing with vinegar, CR processed with vinegar (CRV) is generally used clinically. However, the mechanism by which the analgesic effect is enhanced by vinegar processing is unclear. In this study, the ultra-high pressure liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique was used to examine changes in the blood levels of the exogenous constituents and metabolites between CR-treated and CRV-treated rats with dysmenorrhea. The results revealed differing levels of 15 constituents and two metabolites in the blood of these rats. Among them, the levels of (-)-myrtenol and [(1R,2S,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-1,4,7,7-tetramethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]acetic acid in the CRV group were considerably higher than in the CR group. CRV reduced the level of 2-series prostanoids and 4-series leukotrienes with proinflammatory, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction activities and provided analgesic effects by modulating arachidonic acid and linoleic acid metabolism and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. This study revealed that vinegar processing enhances the analgesic effect of CR and contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of action of CRV.

Here, a comparative analysis of raw and processed Cyperi rhizoma (CR) samples is presented using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in rats with primary dysmenorrhea. The changes in blood levels of the metabolites and the sample constituents were examined between rats treated with CR and CR processed with vinegar (CRV).

Primer Dismenore Olan Sıçanlarda Sıvı Kromatografi-Tandem Kütle Spektrometrisi Kullanılarak Ham ve İşlenmiş Siperi Rizom Örneklerinin Analizi

Cyperi rhizoma (CR) is widely used in gynecology and is a general medicine for treating women's diseases in China. Since the analgesic effect of CR is ...