MRS hibe Kısmi destek Doğa Bilimleri ve Mühendisliği Araştırma Konseyi (NSERC) Kanada, Nöroloji Araştırma, ARC Harry Botterell Vakfı ve Garfield Kara Kardiyovasküler Araştırma ve Geliştirme Fonu. SRA Kraliçe Üniversitesi Araştırma Ödülü ve Robert J. Wilson Bursu bir alıcı. PJ Kraliçe Lisansüstü Ödülü ve Robert J. Wilson Bursu, bir alıcı. AG ve SA Kraliçe Lisansüstü Ödülü alıcıları. SF Bilim ve Teknoloji (OGSST) Ontario Yüksek Lisans Bursu layık görüldü. AG Kraliçe Franklin Bracken Lisansüstü Bursu almıştır. SA Kraliçe RS McLaughlin Yüksek Lisans Bursu almıştır.

1. Dondurulmuş Makrofaj Hücreler kurtarılıyor <ol><li> -80 Donmuş hücreleri diriltmeyi önce ° C derin dondurucu, bir ihtiyacı% 10 fetal sığır serumu (FBS) ve 5 mg / plasmocin ml ile desteklenmiş filtrelenmiş steril Dulbecco&#39;nun Modifiye Kartal Orta (DMEM) ile kültür ortamı hazırlamak için. Plasmocin araştırma hücre kültürlerinin mycoplasma kirlenme ortadan kaldırmak ve önlemek için kullanılan bir antibiyotik çözümdür. </li><li> Donmuş hücreleri bir flakon için, bir 4 ml, 1 ml steril bir biyolojik tehlike altına kaput 25 cm 2 hücre kültürü şişesi kültürlü ortamın ekler. </li><li> -80 ° C derin dondurucu donmuş hücreleri flakon alındığında, çabuk, yaklaşık 2-3 dakika sürer steril davlumbaz, el ısınmanın çözdürülen. </li><li> Hücreleri kısa sürede çözülmüş gibi, onlar hızlı bir 1ml steril pipet kullanarak klimalı ortamda içeren balona aktarılır. </li><li> Bir doku kültürü inkübatör 37 ° C ve% 5 CO 2 içeren hücreler balon yerleştirilir. </li><li> Ters bir mikroskop kullanarak% 75 -% 90 konfluent olana kadar hücreleri günlük bazda büyüme ve bağlılık için kontrol edilmelidir. </li><li> Alkol hücre kültürü inkübasyon sırasında, 12 mm yuvarlak cam slaytlar, onları kapsayan biyolojik tehlike altına kabine 1 saat boyunca büyük bir cam petri% 70 etanol ile sterilize edilir, daha sonra kaldırıldı ve reusage için saklanan ve ıslak cam tarafı 24 saat veya kuru kadar, bir UV altında kabin içinde steril-filtreli hava akış maruz bırakılmıştır. </li></ol> 2. Sialidase Testi Kaplama Hücreler <ol><li> Hücreleri kaplama önce, tek bir steril yuvarlak cam slayt dikkatle paslanmaz çelik forsepsle, tırtıklı, &quot;4, steril bir alev tam kavisli kullanarak iyi bir BD Falcon 24-iyi kapaklı düz alt doku kültürü tedavi polistiren plaka yerleştirilir % 75 birleştiği noktada yer hücrelerinin bir şişesi için, genellikle kültür plaka 12 kuyu kullanır. </li><li> Yapışık makrofaj hücreleri için, DMEM klimalı ortamda, steril çevreleme kabin içinde 5 ml steril pipet kullanarak şişeden çıkarılır. Serum içeren herhangi bir ortamda çıkarın ve hücrelerin karşılamak için yeterli pH 7.4 &#39;de tamponlu tuz, kalsiyum-orta ücretsiz (CMF) fosfat 1 ml serum fizyolojik pH 7.4 tamponlu 1x steril Tris yapışık hücreler bir kez yıkayın. Hücrelerin balonuna kaldırın başlayana kadar hücreleri yaklaşık 10 dakika veya 37 ° C inkübatör yerleştirilir. Balon hafifçe sarsan veya kalan yapışık hücrelere gevşetmek için sarsılmış olabilir. </li><li> Balonuna asılı hücreleri 1 mL, 3 mL DMEM klimalı ortamda ekleyin. 0.5 mL askıya alınan hücrelerin alın ve onları sterilely 12 mm yuvarlak cam slaytlar içeren doku kültür plaka transfer. Yaklaşık 0.5 x 10 6 hücre yuvarlak cam slaytlara aktarılır. </li><li> Doku kültürü plakası içeren hücrelerin 37 inkübe ° C&#39;de% 5 CO 2 hücreleri yuvarlak cam slaytlar uymak için izin vermek için 24 saat. </li></ol> 3. Sialidase Testi 1. Denetim <ol><li> Çevreleme dolap ya da laboratuvar tezgah ve sırayla aşağıdaki bileşikler karıştırarak ekleyin: (1 sonunda, 1slide, 25 x 75 x 1 mm buzlu): Bir mikroskop lamı yerleştirin 4-MUNANA mcL DAKO 1 + 1 mcL ve son olarak + Tris, 3 mcL tamponlu salin pH 7.4 (TBS). </li><li> Hücreleri içeren bir medya çıkardıktan sonra, iyi köşesine 4 &quot;forsepsle ile dairesel cam slayt hafifçe kaldırın. Dikkatlice forsepsle cam slayt kaldırmak ve karışım çözümü üzerine bakan hücreleri ile slayt mikroskop lamı. </li><li> Derhal, UV filtresi ve floresan görüntü yakalamak için bir dijital kameraya sahip olan bir epi-floresan mikroskopi microcope slayt alır. </li><li> , Sonra floresan modunda geçmek hücrelere kadar, faz kontrast altında mikroskop odaklanın. 1 dakika, 2 dakika, 3 dakika floresan altında hücrelerin fotoğraflar çekin. Faz kontrast altındaki hücreleri tek bir fotoğraf çekin. </li></ol> 2. Pozitif test yapma <ol><li> 4-MUNANA 1 mcL DAKO + 1 mcL LPS + 2 mcL + 1 mcL TBS: başka bir mikroskop lamı üzerine sırayla aşağıdaki bileşikler Nokta. </li><li> Yukarıdaki adımları 3.1.2 3.1.4 tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 3. Nöraminidaz inhibitörü Tamiflu ile birlikte Pozitif test yapma <ol><li> Başka bir mikroskop lamı üzerine aşağıdaki sırayla aşağıdaki bileşikler Nokta: 4-MUNANA 1μL DAKO + 1μL + LPS 2 mcL + Tamiflu 1 mcL. </li><li> Dairesel cam slayt canlı hücreler ile temas halinde bileşiklerin nihai konsantrasyonu 5 seyreltme faktörü olacaktır; Tamiflu konsantrasyonları 1x Tris tamponlu salin pH 7.4 önceden hazırlanmış.. </li><li> Yukarıdaki adımları 3.1.2 3.1.4 tekrarlayın. </li></ol> 4. İnhibitörü Konsantrasyon belirlenmesi Sialidase Faaliyet% 50 (IC 50) Engelleme için gerekli <ol><li> Hücreleri çevreleyen floresan ölçmek için, görüntüleri RBG ölçmek için analiz eklentisi ile ImageJ 1.38x kullanılarak analiz edilmektedir. Hücreleri çevreleyen floresan rasgele 50 spot okuma alın ve toplam floresan ortalama hesaplamak. </li><li> IC 50, doğrusal olmayan regresyon kullanarak y ekseni üzerinde x-ekseni üzerinde ortalama floresan karşı (örneğin, log ng / ml), günlük birimleri olarak dönüştürülür inhibitör konsantrasyon bir komplo oluşturulur. </li></ol> 5. Başarı sırları <ol><li> Kültür hücreleri mycoplasma gelen kirlenme olduğundan emin olun. Biz bunun için rutin kontrol etmek için bir kültür ortamında Plasmocin kullanabilirsiniz. </li><li> Yapay nöraminidaz substrat, 4-MUNANA, taze hazırlanmış olmalıdır. Hazırlanan zemin sialidase tayini için bir hafta içinde kullanılabilir. </li><li> Hücre hattı hücre yüzeyinde düşük reseptör ifade varsa, bir stimülasyon için daha yüksek bir doz ligand kullanabilirsiniz. </li><li> Biz de 6 kat fazla geçişli hücreler reseptör fenotip kaybedebilirsiniz yaşadım. Taze, dirilen hücrelerin kültür olmalıdır. </li></ol> 6. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Ekli temsilcisi sonuçları ile sialidase testinin animasyonlu protokol <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/2142/szewczuk_JoVE_sialidase_assay.pptx">Powerpoint dosyası</a> .

<ol>
	<li>Amith, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neu1+desialylation+of+sialyl+alpha-2,3-linked+beta-galactosyl+residues+of+TOLL-like+receptor+4+is+essential+for+receptor+activation+and+cellular+signaling.">Neu1 desialylation of sialyl alpha-2,3-linked beta-galactosyl residues of TOLL-like receptor 4 is essential for receptor activation and cellular signaling.</a> Cell Signal. 22, 314-324 (2010).</li><li>Amith, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dependence+of+pathogen+molecule-induced+Toll-like+receptor+activation+and+cell+function+on+Neu1+sialidase.">Dependence of pathogen molecule-induced Toll-like receptor activation and cell function on Neu1 sialidase.</a> Glycoconjugate Journal. 26, 1197-1212 (2009).</li><li>Woronowicz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dependence+of+neurotrophic+factor+activation+of+Trk+tyrosine+kinase+receptors+on+cellular+sialidase.">Dependence of neurotrophic factor activation of Trk tyrosine kinase receptors on cellular sialidase.</a> Glycobiology. 17, 10-24 (2007).</li><li>Jayanth, P., Amith, S. R., Gee, K., Szewczuk, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neu1+Sialidase+and+Matrix+Metalloproteinase-9+Cross-talk+is+Essential+for+Neurotrophin+Activation+of+Trk+Receptors+and+Cellular+Signaling.">Neu1 Sialidase and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Cross-talk is Essential for Neurotrophin Activation of Trk Receptors and Cellular Signaling.</a> Cell. Signal. 22, 1193-1205 (2010).</li><li>Finlay, T. M., Jayanth, P., Amith, S. R., Glimour, A., Guzzo, C., Gee, K., Beyaert, R., Szewczuk, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thymoquinone+from+nutraceutical+black+cumin+oil+activates+Neu4+sialidase+in+live+macrophage,+dendritic,+and+normal+and+type+I+sialidosis+human+fibroblast+cells+via+GPCR+G&#945;i+proteins+and+matrix+metalloproteinase-9.">Thymoquinone from nutraceutical black cumin oil activates Neu4 sialidase in live macrophage, dendritic, and normal and type I sialidosis human fibroblast cells via GPCR G&#945;i proteins and matrix metalloproteinase-9.</a> Glycoconj J. 27, 329-348 (2010).</li><li>Seyrantepe, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+Phagocytosis+in+Macrophages+by+Neuraminidase+1.">Regulation of Phagocytosis in Macrophages by Neuraminidase 1.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285, 206-215 (2010).</li></ol>

SRA ve PJ eşit ilk yazar olarak katkıda bulunmuştur.

Canlı makrofaj hücreleri 2 sialidase faaliyet algılamak için yeni geliştirilen testi kullanılarak, BMC-2 de canlı doza bağlı olarak makrofaj hücreleri DC-2.4 dendritik hücreler canlı ligand bağlı sialidase faaliyet sialidase aktivite tespit etmek için bu teknolojiyi kullandı HEK-TLR4/MD2, HEK293 SP1 meme adenokarsinom hücreleri, insan WT ve 1140F01 ve WG0544 tip I sialidosis fibroblast hücreleri. Tamiflu gibi nöraminidaz inhibitörleri (oseltamivir fosfat) bir IC 50 0,0194 mcM BMC-2 hücreleri için 19,17 mcM nöraminidaz inhibitörü DANA (2-deoksi-2 ,3-dehidro-IC 50 ile karşılaştırıldığında canlı thymoquinone indüklenen sialidase aktivite inhibe DN-acetylneuraminic asit) 5. Ayrıca gibi spesifik anti-Neu1, -2 ve 3 antikorlar gibi diğer uygulamalara canlı BMC-2 ve insan TQ-kaynaklı sialidase aktivite inhibisyonu THP-1 makrofaj hücreleri rapor etmişlerdir ancak anti-Neu4 antikorlar tamamen bu aktiviteyi engellemek. Canlı birincil kemik iliği (BM) ikincil Neu1 eksikliği (NeuI KD) ile bir fareler değil Neu4 nakavt (WT ve hypomorphic katepsin türetilen makrofaj hücreleri tedavi TQ ile ilişkili güçlü bir sialidase aktivite tespit etmek için, sialidase faaliyet bir uygulama yoktur Neu4 KO) farelerde 1,2,5. Buna ek olarak, boğmaca toksini (PTX), G-protein kenetli reseptör (GPCR) ve matriks metalloproteinaz (MMP) galardin ve piperazin geniş inhibitörleri Gαi proteinlerinin spesifik bir inhibitörüdür THP-1 ve birincil, BMC-2 canlı uygulanan BM makrofaj hücreleri tamamen TQ-kaynaklı sialidase aktivite 5 blok. Bu aynı inhibitör etkisi GM1 gangliozid özel kolera toksin altbirim B (CTXB) yanı sıra, CTX, tirozin kinaz inhibitörü K252a ve geniş GPCR inhibitörü suramin gözlenmez. MMP-9 spesifik inhibitörü olan anti-MMP-9 antikor ve Neu4 anti-antikor değil, canlı tamamen MMP-3 blok TQ-kaynaklı sialidase faaliyet spesifik bir inhibitörüdür THP-1 Neu4 ve MMP-9 ifade hücreleri hücre yüzeyi 5. Birlikte ele alındığında, sialidase tahlil moleküler mekanizmaları, ligand niteliğine bağlı olarak Neu1 veya Neu4 gibi sialidases içeren ligand bağlı reseptör aktivasyonu için güçlü bir anlayış sağlamak için kullanılabilir. Ligand bağlı reseptör aracılı ligand bağlı sialidase aktivite hızla, NGF TrkA, BDNF TrkB ve Toll-benzeri reseptörler gibi glikozile reseptörler, ligand bağlı reseptör moleküler örgütsel platformu içeren hücre yüzey membran sinyal paradigması formu olduğunu göstermektedir Gαi proteinleri, MMP-9 ve Neu1 veya Neu4 sialidase. Ligand bağlayıcı ilgili reseptörler membran Gαi proteinleri ve MMP-9 aktivasyonu ile GPCR sinyal aracılığıyla sialidase faaliyet neden olur. Neu1 veya Neu4 ve MMP-9 hücre yüzeyinde reseptör kompleksi içinde çapraz tartışma sialidase fonksiyonel bir reseptör üreten reseptör derneğe sialik asit-sterik hinderance kaldırmak için hızlı bir aktivasyon sağlar.

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		<th>Comment</th>
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<td>DMEM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco, Rockville, MD</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>4-MUNANA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Biosynth International Inc., Itasca, IL, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fetal calf serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>HyClone, Logan, Utah, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DakoCytomation, Fluorescent Mounting Media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>DAKO North America, Inc., Carpintenia, CA</td>
<td>S3023</td>
<td>15 mL</td>
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<tr>
<td>Tamiflu (Oseltamivir Phosphate)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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detection of  neu1 sialidase activity in regulating toll-like receptor activation

Memeli Toll-like reseptörler (TLR), patojen ilişkili moleküler desenleri tanımaya reseptörlerinin bir aile. Sadece TLR mikrobiyal önemli sensörler (örneğin, virüs, bakteri ve parazit) enfeksiyonları, onlar da muhtemelen otoimmün hastalıklar, bulaşıcı hastalıklar, enfeksiyon hastalıkları, patofizyolojisinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Böylece, şiddeti ve süresi, bulaşıcı hastalıklara karşı TLR tepkilerin sıkı kontrol edilmelidir. Bu sensör reseptörler, ligand etkileşimleri ve sinyal bileşenleri yapısal bütünlüğünü anlamak sonraki immünolojik korunması için gerekli olduğunu izler. Ayrıca sensör manipülasyon yoluyla hastalık modifikasyonu için önemli fırsatlar sağlayacaktır. TLR sensörleri sinyal yolakları iyi karakterize olmasına rağmen, parametreler sensörleri ve ligandlar hala yetersiz tanımlanmış kalır arasındaki etkileşimleri kontrol. Biz son zamanlarda, daha önce 1,2 görülmemiştir, doğal ligand TLR aktivasyonu yeni bir mekanizma tespit ettik. Bu ligand bağlı TLR aktivasyon Neu1 sialidase aktivasyonu ile sıkıca kontrol edildiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca Neu1 sıkıca Neu1 ve matriks metalloproteinaz-9 (MMP-9) reseptörleri 4 karmaşık çapraz konuşma içeren TrkA ve TrkB 3 gibi nörotrofin reseptörleri düzenleyen bildirdin. Sialidase tahlil başlangıçta GPCR Gαi proteinleri ve MMP-9 5 üzerinden makrofajlar, dendritik hücreler ve fibroblast hücreleri hücre yüzeyinde Neu4 sialidase aktivasyonu, bir roman ligand, thymoquinone bulmak için kullanabileceğiniz olmuştur. TLR reseptörleri için, bizim veri Neu1 sialidase zaten, TLR-2, -3 ve -4 reseptörleri ile kompleks ve iki reseptör bağlayıcı ligand üzerine indüklenir göstermektedir. Aktive Neu1 sialidase hidroliz sialyl α-2 TLR-4 dimerization, MyD88/TLR4 karmaşık işe alım, NFkB aktivasyonu ve pro-inflamatuar hücre yanıtlarını sterik hinderance kaldırmak için bağlayıcı ligand uzak ,3-bağlantılı β-galactosyl artıkları. Ortak bir raporda, Neu1 sialidase 6 makrofaj hücreleri fagositoz düzenleyen gösterilmiştir. Birlikte ele alındığında, sialidase testi ligand bağlı reseptör aktivasyonu moleküler mekanizmaları güçlü yorumlarla bize sağlamıştır. Neu1 sialidase ve TLR aktivasyonu arasında kesin bir ilişki, Trk reseptörlerinin henüz tam olarak açıklanamamış olmasına rağmen, hücre düzenleme yollar öncü ya da yeni bir yaklaşımı temsil eder.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of  Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation at JoVE.com

Detection of  Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Sialidase testi canlı makrofaj hücre yüzeyinde reseptör düzeyinde iltihabi hastalıklar mikrobik enfeksiyonlar ve katılımı TLR sensörleri yeni moleküler mekanizma (lar) aydınlatmak basit bir teknik yaklaşım.

Toll-like reseptör Etkinleştirme Düzenlenmesi Neu1 Sialidase Faaliyet Algılama

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Not only are TLRs crucial sensors of ...

detection-neu1-sialidase-activity-regulating-toll-like-receptor

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.5K Görüntüleme.  Queen's University - Kingston, Ontario. Sialidase testi canlı makrofaj hücre yüzeyinde reseptör düzeyinde iltihabi hastalıklar mikrobik enfeksiyonlar ve katılımı TLR sensörleri yeni moleküler mekanizma (lar) aydınlatmak basit bir teknik yaklaşım.

Video: Detection of  Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L), human B cells can be expanded without difficulties from small amounts of peripheral blood within 14 days to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients1-4. CD40-B cells express important lymph node homing molecules and can attract T cells in vitro5. Furthermore they efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells6,7. CD40-B cells were shown to not only prime na&iacute;ve, but also expand memory T cells8,9. Therefore CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been studied as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cell-based immunotherapy1,5,10. In order to further study whether CD40-B cells induce effective T cell responses in vivo and to study the underlying mechanism we established a cell culture system for the generation of murine CD40-activated B cells. Using splenocytes or purified B cells from C57BL/6 mice for CD40-activation, optimal conditions were identified as follows: Starting from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) lymphocytes are purified by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured with HeLa cells expressing recombinant murine CD40 ligand (tmuCD40L HeLa)11. Cells are recultured every 3-4 days and key components such as CD40L, interleukin-4, -Mercaptoethanol and cyclosporin A are replenished. In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated murine CD40-B cells (mCD40B) with similar APC-phenotype to human CD40-B cells (Fig 1a,b). CD40-stimulation leads to a rapid outgrowth and expansion of highly pure (&gt;90%) CD19+ B cells within 14 days of cell culture (Fig 1c,d). To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the murine CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be controlled regularly (Fig 2). Murine CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation and differentiation as well as to investigate their potential to function as APC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for establishing therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors and will help to answer questions regarding safety and immunogenicity of this approach12.

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure of CD40-activation and expansion of murine B cells from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, which can be used as a model antigen-presenting cell (APC) to study induction of immunity.

Murin Model B hücreleri CD40 aktivasyonu

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid culture-independent detection of Salmonella spp. Cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. Alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, followed by FISH and analysis via flow cytometry. To begin, sterile adhesive tape is brought into contact with fresh produce, gentle pressure is applied, and the tape is removed, physically extracting microbes present on these surfaces. Tapes are mounted sticky-side up onto glass microscope slides and the sampled cells are fixed with 10% formalin (30 min) and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series (50, 80, and 95%; 3 min each concentration). Next, cell-charged tapes are spotted with buffer containing a Salmonella-targeted DNA probe cocktail and hybridized for 15 - 30 min at 55&deg;C, followed by a brief rinse in a washing buffer to remove unbound probe. Adherent, FISH-labeled cells are then counterstained with the DNA dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and results are viewed using fluorescence microscopy. For solid-phase enrichment, cell-charged tapes are placed face-down on a suitable selective agar surface and incubated to allow in situ growth of Salmonella microcolonies, followed by FISH and microscopy as described above. For liquid surface miniculture, cell-charged tapes are placed sticky side up and a silicone perfusion chamber is applied so that the tape and microscope slide form the bottom of a water-tight chamber into which a small volume (&le; 500 &mu;L) of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) is introduced. The inlet ports are sealed and the chambers are incubated at 35 - 37&deg;C, allowing growth-based amplification of tape-extracted microbes. Following incubation, inlet ports are unsealed, cells are detached and mixed with vigorous back and forth pipetting, harvested via centrifugation and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Finally, samples are hybridized and examined via flow cytometry to reveal the presence of Salmonella spp. As described here, our "tape-FISH" approach can provide simple and rapid sampling and detection of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. We have also used this approach for sampling other types of fresh produce, including spinach and jalape&ntilde;o peppers.

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple adhesive-tape-based approach for sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by rapid whole cell detection of Salmonella using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Yapışkan bant tabanlı Örnekleme ve Floresans kombinasyonu In situ</emHızlı Algılama> Hibridizasyon Salmonella Taze üretin

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity reactions against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like propyphenazone (PP) and diclofenac (DF) can manifest as Type I-like allergic reactions 1. In clinical practice, diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity is mainly performed by patient history, as skin testing is not reliable and oral provocation testing bears life-threatening risks for the patient 2. Hence, evidence for an underlying IgE-mediated pathomechanism is hard to obtain. 
Here, we present an in vitro method based on the use of human basophils derived from drug-hypersensitive patients that mimics the allergic effector reaction in vivo. As basophils of drug-allergic patients carry IgE molecules specific for the culprit drug, they become activated upon IgE receptor crosslinking and release allergic effector molecules. The activation of basophils can be monitored by the determination of the upregulation of CD63 surface expression using flow cytometry 3. 
In the case of low molecular weight drugs, conjugates are designed to enable IgE receptor crosslinking on basophils. As depicted in Figure 1, two representatives of NSAIDs, PP and DF, are covalently bound to human serum albumin (HSA) via a carboxyl group reacting with the primary amino group of lysine residues. DF carries an intrinsic carboxyl group and, thus, can be used directly 4, whereas a carboxyl group-containing derivative of PP had to be organochemically synthesized prior to the study 1.
The coupling degree of the low molecular weight compounds on the protein carrier molecule and their spatial distribution is important to guarantee crosslinking of two IgE receptor molecules. The here described protocol applies high performance-size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) equipped with a sequential refractive index (RI) and ultra violet (UV) detection system for determination of the coupling degree.
As the described methodology may be applied for other drugs, the basophil activation test (BAT) bears the potential to be used for the determination of IgE-mediated mechanisms in drug hypersensitivity. Here, we determine PP hypersensitivity as IgE-mediated and DF hypersensitivity as non-IgE-mediated by BAT.

Basophil activation test is a potent tool for the detection of IgE-dependent allergies in vitro. Here, an optimized protocol for basophil activation test is used to investigate drug hypersensitivity. A method for the efficient production of covalent drug-protein conjugates and their physicochemical characterization is described.

İlaç Aşırı duyarlılık IgE aracılığı ile Mekanizmalarının Araştırılması bazofil Etkinleştirme Test

Hypersensitivity reactions against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like propyphenazone (PP) and diclofenac (DF) can manifest as Type I-like ...

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome. Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections and decreased responsiveness to vaccines with a well-documented decline in humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses1,2. We have recently assessed the effects of aging on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key components of the innate immune system that detect microbial infection and trigger antimicrobial host defense responses3. In a large cohort of healthy human donors, we showed that peripheral blood monocytes from the elderly have decreased expression and function of certain TLRs4 and similar reduced TLR levels and signaling responses in dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells that are pivotal in the linkage between innate and adaptive immunity5. We have shown dysregulation of TLR3 in macrophages and lower production of IFN by DCs from elderly donors in response to infection with West Nile virus6,7. 
Paramount to our understanding of immunosenescence and to therapeutic intervention is a detailed understanding of specific cell types responding and the mechanism(s) of signal transduction. Traditional studies of immune responses through imaging of primary cells and surveying cell markers by FACS or immunoblot have advanced our understanding significantly, however, these studies are generally limited technically by the small sample volume available from patients and the inability to conduct complex laboratory techniques on multiple human samples. ImageStream combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging and thus facilitates investigation in multiple cell populations contemporaneously for an efficient capture of patient susceptibility. Here we demonstrate the use of ImageStream in DCs to assess TLR7/8 activation-mediated increases in phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of a key transcription factor, NF-&kappa;B, which initiates transcription of numerous genes that are critical for immune responses8. Using this technology, we have also recently demonstrated a previously unrecognized alteration of TLR5 signaling and the NF-&kappa;B pathway in monocytes from older donors that may contribute to altered immune responsiveness in aging9.

We describe use of ImageStream technology (<a href="http://www.amnis.com/" target="_blank">www.amnis.com</a>), which combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging, to quantify cellular mechanisms of primary immune cells from well-defined patient cohorts. Our studies provide a blueprint for translational investigations to quantify lineage specific cellular responses in small samples from subject cohorts.

Monositler ve İnsan Kan Küçük Örneklerden Dendritik Hücrelerde Lineage özgü Toll-like reseptör-aracılı Sinyali Kantitatif Görüntüleme

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome.  Aging is associated with an ...

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia spp.), Rocky Mountain Spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. equi), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis virus), babesiosis (Babesia spp.), Colorado tick fever (Coltivirus), and tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 1-8. To be properly transmitted into the host these infectious agents differentially regulate gene expression, interact with tick proteins, and migrate through the tick 3,9-13. For example, the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, adapts through differential gene expression to the feast and famine stages of the tick's enzootic cycle 14,15. Furthermore, as an Ixodes tick consumes a bloodmeal Borrelia replicate and migrate from the midgut into the hemocoel, where they travel to the salivary glands and are transmitted into the host with the expelled saliva 9,16-19.
As a tick feeds the host typically responds with a strong hemostatic and innate immune response 11,13,20-22. Despite these host responses, I. scapularis can feed for several days because tick saliva contains proteins that are immunomodulatory, lytic agents, anticoagulants, and fibrinolysins to aid the tick feeding 3,11,20,21,23. The immunomodulatory activities possessed by tick saliva or salivary gland extract (SGE) facilitate transmission, proliferation, and dissemination of numerous tick-borne pathogens 3,20,24-27. To further understand how tick-borne infectious agents cause disease it is essential to dissect actively feeding ticks and collect tick saliva. This video protocol demonstrates dissection techniques for the collection of hemolymph and the removal of salivary glands from actively feeding I. scapularis nymphs after 48 and 72 hours post mouse placement. We also demonstrate saliva collection from an adult female I. scapularis tick.

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

The collection of infected tick hemolymph, salivary glands, and saliva is important to study how tick-borne pathogens cause disease. In this protocol we demonstrate how to collect hemolymph and salivary glands from feeding Ixodes scapularis nymphs. We also demonstrate saliva collection from female I. scapularis adults.

Ixodes scapularis Keneler gelen tükürük, Tükürük Bezi ve hemolimf Koleksiyonu

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne ...

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver (extravascular hemolysis) or leading to intravascular lysis of RBCs. Alloantibodies (e.g. ABO) or autoantibodies to RBC antigens (as seen in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, AIHA) leading to complement activation are potentially harmful and can be - especially when leading to intravascular lysis - fatal1. Currently, complement activation due to (auto)-antibodies on RBCs is assessed in vitro by using the Coombs test reflecting complement deposition on RBC or by a nonquantitative hemolytic assay reflecting RBC lysis1-4. However, to assess the efficacy of complement inhibitors, it is mandatory to have quantitative techniques. Here we describe two such techniques. First, an assay to detect C3 and C4 deposition on red blood cells that is induced by antibodies in patient serum is presented. For this, FACS analysis is used with fluorescently labeled anti-C3 or anti-C4 antibodies. Next, a quantitative hemolytic assay is described. In this assay, complement-mediated hemolysis induced by patient serum is measured making use of spectrophotometric&#160;detection of the released hemoglobin. Both of these assays are very reproducible and quantitative, facilitating studies of antibody-induced complement activation.

Here we describe two assays for measuring complement activation induced by antibodies against red blood cells. The major advantage over the current assays is their quantitative and easy-to-interpret nature.

Kırmızı kan hücreleri üzerinde antikor kaynaklı kompleman aktivasyon sayısal tespiti için Yöntemler

Antibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) can lead to complement activation resulting in an accelerated clearance via complement receptors in the liver ...

Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1&#946; in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines by immune cells lead to local or systemic inflammation, tissue remodeling and repair, and virologic control1,2 . Interleukin-1&#946; is an essential element of the innate immune response and contributes to eliminate invading pathogens while preventing the establishment of persistent infection1-5.
Inflammasomes are the key signaling platform for the activation of interleukin 1 converting enzyme (ICE or Caspase-1). The NLRP3 inflammasome requires at least two signals in DCs to cause IL-1&#946; secretion6. Pro-IL-1&#946; protein expression is limited in resting cells; therefore a priming signal is required for IL-1&#946; transcription and protein expression. A second signal sensed by NLRP3 results in the formation of the multi-protein NLRP3 inflammasome. The ability of dendritic cells to respond to the signals required for IL-1&#946; secretion can be tested using a synthetic purine, R848, which is sensed by TLR8 in human monocyte derived dendritic cells&#160;(moDCs) to prime cells, followed by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome with the bacterial toxin and potassium ionophore, nigericin.
Monocyte derived DCs&#160;are easily produced in culture and provide significantly more cells than purified human myeloid DCs. The method presented here differs from other inflammasome assays in that it uses in vitro human, instead of mouse derived, DCs thus allowing for the study of the inflammasome in human disease and infection.

Dendritic cells (DCs)&#160;secrete IL-1&#946; in response to TLR8 recognition of synthetic purine, R848, followed by NLRP3 inflammasome activation with nigericin, therefore, IL-1&#946; can be used to measure NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Intracellular cytokine staining, immunoblotting, and ELISA are used to accurately measure NLRP3 inflammasome priming and activation via IL-1&#946; expression.

Aktivasyon ve İnsan monosit türevli dendritik hücreler, IL-1β kullanarak NLRP3 Inflammasome Aktivitenin Ölçümü

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines by immune cells lead to local or systemic inflammation, tissue ...

Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation

During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages express surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize molecular patterns conserved through evolution in a wide range of microorganisms. TLRs play a central role in macrophage activation which is usually associated with gene expression alteration. Macrophages are critical in many diseases and have emerged as attractive targets for therapy. In the following protocol, we describe a procedure to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages using Brewer&#8217;s thioglycollate medium. The latter will boost monocyte migration into the peritoneum, accordingly this will raise macrophage yield by 10-fold. Several studies have been carried out using bone marrow, spleen or peritoneal derived macrophages. However, peritoneal macrophages were shown to be more mature upon isolation and are more stable in their functionality and phenotype. Thus, macrophages isolated from murine peritoneal cavity present an important cell population that can serve in different immunological and metabolic studies. Once isolated, macrophages were stimulated with different TLR ligands and consequently&#160;gene expression was evaluated.

We describe here a simple protocol to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages. This procedure is followed by RNA extraction to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation.

Fare Periton Makrofagların izolasyonu Toll-benzeri reseptörler Uyarım üzerine Gen İfadesi Analizi Yapacak

During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. ...

Isolation and Activation of Murine Lymphocytes

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading pathogen1,2. Understandably, such intricate abilities are controlled by a large number of molecules involved in various cellular processes to ensure timely and spatially regulated immune responses3. Here, we describe experimental procedures that allow rapid isolation of highly purified murine lymphocytes using magnetic cell sorting technology. The resulting purified lymphocytes can then be subjected to various in vitro or in vivo functional assays, such as the determination of lymphocyte signaling capacity upon stimulation by immunoblotting4 and the investigation of proliferative abilities by 3H-thymidine incorporation or carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling5-7. In addition to comparing the functional capacities of control and genetically modified lymphocytes, we can also determine the T cell stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vivo, as shown in our representative results using transplanted CFSE-labeled OT-I T cells.

Lymphocytes are the major players in adaptive immune responses. Here, we present a lymphocyte purification protocol to determine the physiological functions of the desired molecules in lymphocyte activation in vitro and in vivo. The described experimental procedures are suitable for comparing functional capacities between control and genetically modified lymphocytes.

İzolasyon ve murin lenfositlerin aktivasyonu

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of this assay can be considered unstable, either because of user&#39;s errors or because of the sensitivity of NK cells to experimental manipulation. To eliminate these issues, a workflow that reduces them to a minimum was established and is presented here. To illustrate, we obtained blood samples, at various time points, from runners (n = 4) that were submitted to an intense bout of exercise. First, NK cells are simultaneously identified and isolated through CD56 tagging and magnetic-based sorting, directly from whole blood and from as little as one milliliter. The sorted NK cells are removed of any reagent or capping antibodies. They can be counted in order to establish an accurate NK cell count per milliliter of blood. Secondly, the sorted NK cells (effectors cells or E) can be mixed with 3,3&#39;-Diotadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiO) tagged K562 cells (target cells or T) at an assay-optimal 1:5 T:E ratio, and analyzed using an imaging flow-cytometer that allows for the visualization of each event and the elimination of any false positive or false negatives (such as doublets or effector cells). This workflow can be completed in about 4 h, and allows for very stable results even when working with human samples. When available, research teams can test several experimental interventions in human subjects, and compare measurements across several time points without compromising the data&#39;s integrity.

This work describes an advanced workflow for the accurate and fast determination of NK (Natural Killer) cell count and NK cell cytotoxicity in human blood samples.

Toll-like reseptör Etkinleştirme Düzenlenmesi Neu1 Sialidase Faaliyet Algılama

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