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Core - Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

    Chapter 6

    Pharmacokinetics: Drug Excretion and Clearance

    6.1 : Drug Elimination: Overview01:18

    6.1 : Drug Elimination: Overview

    When drugs enter the body, they eventually undergo irreversible elimination. Drug elimination primarily involves excretion and metabolism or ...

    1.1K views
    6.2 : Elimination Kinetics: First-Order and Zero-Order01:05

    6.2 : Elimination Kinetics: First-Order and Zero-Order

    Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial ...

    485 views
    6.3 : Renal Drug Excretion: Overview01:15

    6.3 : Renal Drug Excretion: Overview

    The kidneys are primary excretory organs, filtering waste products from the bloodstream and excreting them into urine. The kidneys efficiently eliminate ...

    125 views
    6.4 : Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration01:02

    6.4 : Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration

    The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, ...

    180 views
    6.5 : Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Reabsorption01:25

    6.5 : Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Reabsorption

    After glomerular filtration, substances in the tubular lumen transport back into the bloodstream via tubular reabsorption. Nutrients are actively ...

    115 views
    6.6 : Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion01:28

    6.6 : Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion

    Blood exits glomeruli via efferent arterioles, reaching the capillary plexus surrounding the proximal tubule. Here, unfiltered drugs are secreted into the ...

    144 views
    6.7 : Renal Drug Excretion: Effect of Urine pH, Flow Rate, and Drug p<em>K</em>a01:22

    6.7 : Renal Drug Excretion: Effect of Urine pH, Flow Rate, and Drug pKa

    Urine pH and a drug's pKa determine its percentage ionization, which influences renal reabsorption and elimination. Urine pH depends on diet, drug ...

    140 views
    6.8 : Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

    6.8 : Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling

    The hepatic biliary system expels drugs and metabolites via bile secretions. Hepatocytes lining bile canaliculi produce bile that contains water, ...

    1.1K views
    6.9 : Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

    6.9 : Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors

    Bile, produced by hepatocytes, primarily comprises water, bile salts, and pigments. Membrane transporters in hepatocytes transfer the drug into bile. ...

    94 views
    6.10 : Drug Excretion: Pulmonary and Glandular Routes01:22

    6.10 : Drug Excretion: Pulmonary and Glandular Routes

    Drugs are excreted through various unconventional routes, including the lungs, breast milk, and saliva. In the lungs, volatile drugs diffuse into the ...

    85 views
    6.11 : Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes01:10

    6.11 : Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes

    Various bodily processes, including sweating, tears, and the digestive system, contribute to drug excretion. Nonionized lipophilic drugs passively diffuse ...

    48 views
    6.12 : Drug Clearance: Overview01:06

    6.12 : Drug Clearance: Overview

    A drug that enters the body gets eliminated by the kidneys and liver through urine or bile, respectively. A pharmacokinetic parameter, drug clearance, ...

    57 views
    6.13 : Clearance Models: Physiological Models01:09

    6.13 : Clearance Models: Physiological Models

    Drug clearance features irreversible drug removal from any organ in the body. Physiological models determine clearance through an individual organ, ...

    52 views
    6.14 : Clearance Models: Compartment Models01:25

    6.14 : Clearance Models: Compartment Models

    Clearance directly measures drug elimination from the central compartment, which comprises plasma and highly perfused organs like kidneys and liver. ...

    53 views
    6.15 : Clearance Models: Noncompartmental Models01:17

    6.15 : Clearance Models: Noncompartmental Models

    Typically, clearance describes the drug elimination from the body using compartment models. An alternative, the noncompartmental approach, estimates ...

    44 views
    6.16 : Renal Drug Clearance: Overview01:06

    6.16 : Renal Drug Clearance: Overview

    Renal clearance is defined as a constant fraction of the central volume of distribution containing the drug excreted by the kidney per unit of time. It is ...

    142 views
    6.17 : Renal Drug Clearance: Comparison Between Renal Excretion Methods01:08

    6.17 : Renal Drug Clearance: Comparison Between Renal Excretion Methods

    Renal clearance is the summation of kidney filtration, secretion, and reabsorption calculated by a specific equation. It is typically associated with the ...

    81 views
    6.18 : Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Drug's Physicochemical Properties and Plasma Levels01:31

    6.18 : Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Drug's Physicochemical Properties and Plasma Levels

    Various factors impact a drug's renal clearance, including its physical-chemical properties and plasma levels. Molecular size, lipid solubility, and ...

    182 views
    6.19 : Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Drug Distribution and Drug Interactions01:09

    6.19 : Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Drug Distribution and Drug Interactions

    Renal clearance, pivotal in drug elimination, can be affected by drug distribution and interactions. Drugs with a large distribution volume or bound to ...

    103 views
    6.20 : Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

    6.20 : Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment

    Renal dysfunction significantly impairs renal drug clearance. Renal failure can be caused by various factors. Uremia, characterized by impaired glomerular ...

    58 views
    6.21 : Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments01:11

    6.21 : Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

    In patients with renal impairment, drugs exhibit altered pharmacokinetics. Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate result in prolonged elimination ...

    67 views
    6.22 : Determination of Renal Drug Clearance: Graphical and Midpoint Methods01:07

    6.22 : Determination of Renal Drug Clearance: Graphical and Midpoint Methods

    Renal clearance can be determined using graphical and midpoint methods. In the graphical method, clearance can be calculated and obtained by plotting the ...

    80 views
    6.23 : Hepatic Drug Clearance: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clearance01:09

    6.23 : Hepatic Drug Clearance: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clearance

    Hepatic clearance is the volume of blood cleared of a drug by the liver per unit of time. It equals total body clearance minus renal clearance. Most ...

    83 views
    6.24 : Hepatic Drug Clearance: Effect of Protein Binding01:09

    6.24 : Hepatic Drug Clearance: Effect of Protein Binding

    Hepatic clearance can be affected by protein binding based on the extraction ratio of the drug. Drugs with high extraction ratios are flow-limited and ...

    161 views
    6.25 : Hepatic Drug Clearance: Role of Transporters01:14

    6.25 : Hepatic Drug Clearance: Role of Transporters

    In the liver's bile canaliculi, modification of influx and efflux transporters can influence intrinsic clearance. Transporters play a major role in ...

    41 views
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