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Chapter 28
Carbohydrates are a fundamental part of the human diet, primarily acquired from milk and edible plant sources. The primary sugars — ...
Proteins are essential macronutrients for the human body. They serve as vital structural materials, such as keratin and collagen, and functional proteins, ...
Dietary lipids, or fats, primarily comprising triglycerides, are essential to human nutrition. Saturated fats predominantly come from meat, dairy, and ...
Dietary vitamins are essential as they facilitate the utilization of various other nutrients. They predominantly act as coenzymes, assisting different ...
Minerals are elements that work with other nutrients to ensure healthy body function. The human body primarily requires seven minerals — calcium, ...
During digestion, polysaccharides are broken down into simple sugars. After their absorption in the GI tract, glucose is transported into other cells ...
During digestion, proteins are broken down into smaller peptides and amino acids, which are absorbed. The amino acids are not stored for later use. ...
Lipid metabolism includes lipolysis and lipogenesis. In lipolysis, dietary triglycerides are converted into fatty acids and glycerol, producing ATPs ...
The liver synthesizes most cholesterol from acetyl CoA and transports it to the blood through lipoproteins. These lipoproteins are of three types. VLDLs ...
Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that serve as the body's primary energy source. Their digestion begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase ...
Proteins in the gastrointestinal tract primarily come from food but can also originate from disintegrated cells or secreted enzymes. In the stomach, these ...
In the duodenum, dietary triglycerides in chyme are mixed with bile salts. This process breaks down large fat droplets into smaller ones. Once emulsified, ...
Essential elements, including iron, calcium, sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate, are primarily consumed as dietary minerals or ions. While most ...
The absorptive state is a well-fed period lasting approximately four hours after a meal when the body absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. ...
The postabsorptive state typically begins about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is consumed. During this period, the digestive ...
During the initial hours of fasting, the body depletes its glycogen stores for energy. As glycogen stores diminish, the body begins the breakdown of ...
Energy is released when the chemical bonds in organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, are broken down. Food energy is measured in ...
The body's metabolic rate refers to the overall rate at which metabolic reactions consume energy. It can be measured as the total metabolic rate or ...
The average body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. At rest, metabolically active organs like the liver, heart, brain, and endocrine organs are vital ...
Heat is transferred between the body and its surroundings in four ways. Conduction is the heat transfer between molecules of two materials in direct ...
The body regulates core temperature through negative feedback mechanisms. When the core temperature drops, thermoreceptors send signals to the ...
Hyperthermia is an umbrella term for elevated body temperature that occurs when heat production exceeds the body's ability to dissipate it. ...
The hypothalamus releases peptides influencing feeding behavior. Two hypothalamic neuronal groups participate in this process. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ...
Obesity is a clinical condition marked by excessive body fat, with a BMI of 30 or higher, while a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered healthy. Excess ...
Genetic anomalies that disrupt metabolic processes cause inborn errors of metabolism. Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive protein metabolism ...
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