Este trabalho foi parcialmente apoiado por KAKENHI (25708020, 15K13812, 15H00860, 15H00986, 16H02081) do JSPS / MEXT Japan, a Asahi Glass Foundation e a iniciativa pré-estratégica da Universidade de Tsukuba, &quot;Ensemble of light with matters and life&quot;.

1. Protocolos de Fabricação de Microsferas de Polímeros <ol><li> Método de difusão de vapor <ol><li> Dissolver 2 mg de polímeros conjugados, tais como P1 (poli [(9,9-dioctilfluoreno-2,7-diil) - alt - (5-octiltieno [3,4- c ] pirrole-4,6-diona-1, 3-diil)]) 28 e P2 (poli [(N- (2-heptildecil) carbazole-2,7-diil) - alt - (4,8-bis [(dodecil) carbonil] benzo [1,2- b : 4,5- b &#39;] ditiofeno-2,6-diil)]) 28 , em 2 mL de clorofórmio (um bom solvente) num frasco de 5 mL. </li><li> Coloque 5 mL de metanol (um solvente pobre) em um frasco de 50 mL. </li><li> Coloque o frasco de 5 mL contendo a solução de clorofórmio do polímero no frasco para injectáveis ​​contendo 50 mL de metanol. </li><li> Coloque o frasco de 50 mL e mantenha-o durante 3 dias a 25 ° C para permitir a precipitação das microesferas de polímero. </li></ol></li><li> Método de mini-emulsão <ol><li> Dissolver 5 mg de polímeros conjugados, tais como polY [9,9-di-n-octilfluorenil-2,7-diil] (PFO) e poli [2-metoxi-5- (3 &#39;, 7&#39;-dimetiloctiloxi) -1,4-fenilenovinileno] (MDMOPPV) Em 1 mL de clorofórmio. </li><li> Dissolver 30 mg (~ 50 mM) de dodecilsulfato de sódio (SDS) em 2 mL de água desionizada. </li><li> Adicionar 100 μL da solução de clorofórmio do polímero a 2 mL de água contendo SDS. </li><li> Agite vigorosamente a mistura de clorofórmio / água usando um homogeneizador de ultra-alta velocidade a 30.000 rpm durante 2 minutos para emulsionar a solução. </li><li> Mantenha-o por 1 dia sem tapar o frasco para evaporar o clorofórmio. </li><li> Centrifugar a dispersão em um tubo de microcentrífuga de 1,5 mL por 5 minutos a 2.200 x g. Remova a solução aquosa sobrenadante contendo SDS. </li><li> Adicione 2 mL de água desionizada e agite vigorosamente. </li><li> Repita o passo 1.2.6 e 1.2.7 três vezes para lavar o SDS residual. </li></ol></li><li> Método de precipitação da interface </li><li> Dissolver 200 μg de poliestireno (PS) e 10 μG de corante fluorescente (boro dipirrina, BODIPY) a 0,2 mL de tetrahidrofurano (THF). </li><li> Leve suavemente a solução de THF em 1 mL da camada de água. </li><li> Mantenha o THF / água separado de duas camadas durante 6 h sem tampar o frasco para permitir a precipitação das microesferas de polímero. </li></ol> 2. Medição de micro-fotoluminescência (μ-PL) <ol><li> Preparação de amostra <ol><li> Diluir uma suspensão das microesferas preparadas na secção 1 num não solvente ( isto é, metanol ou água desionizada). </li><li> Soltou uma gota (20-30 μL) da suspensão diluída das microesferas sobre um substrato de quartzo usando um revestidor de espuma (tipicamente, 2.000 rpm por 50 s). </li><li> Secar ao ar a película fundida resultante até que os solventes tenham evaporado completamente (~ 5 min). </li></ol></li><li> Configuração Experimental <ol><li> Coloque o substrato de quartzo (15 x 15 x 0,5 mm 3 ) no estágio da amostra de um micr ópticoOscope. </li><li> Encontre microesferas bem definidas que sejam isoladas de outras esferas e apropriadas para a medição μ-PL. </li><li> Selecione um laser ( ie, comprimento de onda, onda contínua ou pulso, tempo de irradiação, integração, etc. ). </li><li> Selecione a ampliação da lente. </li></ol></li><li> Medidas <ol><li> Use um feixe laser focado para irradiar a microesfera. Use a seguinte condição laser: laser cw ou pulsado com comprimentos de onda de excitação ( λ ex ) de 405 nm (cw), 450 nm (cw), 355 nm (pulso laser, freqüência, 1 kHz, duração do pulso, 7 ns) e 470 Nm (pulso laser, freqüência, 2,5 MHz, duração do pulso, 70 ps). </li><li> Registre o espectro PL no ponto excitado usando um espectrômetro com uma grade de 300 ou 1.200 ranhuras mm -1 . </li><li> Tire uma imagem fluorescente. </li><li> Mude o ponto de excitação movendo o estágio da amostra. </li><li> Mude o ponto de detecção, inclinando o colimador(se necessário). </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Técnica de Micromanipulação <ol><li> Manipulação de Microsferas <ol><li> Defina um substrato de quartzo sobre o qual as microesferas são imobilizadas no estágio da amostra de um microscópio óptico. </li><li> Encontre uma microesfera bem definida apropriada para a medição μ-PL. </li><li> Coloque uma micro-agulha de plástico em um aparelho de micro-manipulação. </li><li> Mova a micro-agulha usando um joystick controlado pelo computador para pegar uma microesfera. </li><li> Mova a microesfera e conecte-a a outra microesfera. </li><li> Meça o μ-PL da microesfera conectada. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The selection of a good solvent and non-solvent is very important for the self-assembly of well-defined microspheres. If the solubility of a polymer is too high, precipitation will not occur. Also, in general, &#960;-conjugated polymers are hydrophobic, so polar non-solvents, such as MeOH, acetonitrile, and acetone, are often used in the vapor diffusion method to minimize the surface energy required to form a spherical shape. The interface precipitation method is often adopted for the preparation of dye-doped polymer mic...

As partículas de nano / micro-tamanho de polímero são amplamente utilizadas para uma variedade de aplicações, incluindo como suporte de catalisador, enchimentos de cromatografia em coluna, agentes de administração de fármaco, sondas fluorescentes para rastreamento celular, mídia ótica e assim por diante 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . Em particular, os polímeros conjugados com π têm propriedades inerentes luminescentes e de carga que são benéficas para aplicações ópticas, eletrônicas e optoeletrônicas usando esferas de polímero 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , especialmente aplicações de laser usando soft orgMateriais anímicos 15 , 16 , 17 . Por exemplo, a integração tridimensional de esferas com diâmetros de vários centenas de nanômetros forma cristais coloidais, que mostram aberturas da banda fotônica com um certo comprimento de onda 18 , 19 . Quando a luz é confinada na estrutura periódica da intersfera, a ação de laser aparece no meio da banda de parada. Por outro lado, quando o tamanho das esferas aumenta para a escala de vários micrômetros, a luz é confinada dentro de uma única microesfera através da reflexão interna total na interface polímero / ar 20 . A propagação da onda de luz na circunferência máxima resulta em interferência, levando ao aparecimento de um modo ressonante com linhas de emissão afiadas e periódicas. Estes modos ópticos são os chamados &quot;modos de galeria de sussurros&quot; (WGMs). O termo &quot;galeria sussurrante&quot; originou-se deA Catedral de São Paulo em Londres, onde as ondas de som se propagam ao longo da circunferência da parede, permitindo que os sussurros sejam ouvidos por uma pessoa do outro lado da galeria. Como o comprimento de onda da luz está na escala submicrométrica, que é muito menor do que as ondas sonoras, uma grande cúpula não é necessária para o WGM da luz: pequena, escala micrométrica, vasos bem definidos, como microesferas, microdiscs , E microcristais, cumprem as condições do WGM. A Equação 1 é uma forma simples da condição de ressonância de WGM 21 : Nπd = lλ (1) Onde n é o índice de refração do ressonador, d é o diâmetro, l é o número inteiro, e λ é o comprimento de onda da luz. A parte esquerda de (1) é o comprimento do caminho óptico através de uma propagação de círculo. Quando o caminho óptico coincide com oMúltiplo inteiro do comprimento de onda, a ressonância ocorre, enquanto no outro comprimento de onda, a onda de luz é diminuída após o arredondamento. Este artigo apresenta vários métodos experimentais para preparar microesferas para ressonadores WGM a partir de polímeros conjugados em solução: difusão de vapor 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , mini-emulsão 31 e precipitação de interface 32 . Cada método possui características únicas; Por exemplo, o método de difusão de vapor proporciona microesferas bem definidas com esfericidade muito alta e superfícies lisas, mas apenas os polímeros de baixa cristalinidade podem formar essas microesferas. Por outro lado, para a mini emulsãoMétodo, vários tipos de polímeros conjugados, incluindo polímeros de alto cristalino, podem formar esferas, mas a morfologia da superfície é inferior à obtida a partir do método de difusão de vapor. O método de precipitação de interface é preferível para a criação de microesferas a partir de polímeros não conjugados dopados com corantes. Em todos os casos, a seleção do solvente e do não solvente desempenha um papel importante na formação da morfologia esférica. Na segunda metade deste artigo, são apresentadas técnicas de μ-PL e micro-manipulação. Para a técnica μ-PL, as microesferas são dispersas em um substrato, e um feixe laser focado, através de uma lente de microscópio, é usado para irradiar uma única microesfera isolada 24 . O PL gerado de uma esfera é detectado por um espectrômetro através da lente do microscópio. Mover o estágio da amostra pode variar a posição do ponto de excitação. O ponto de detecção também é variável pela inclinação da optica colimadora da excEm relação ao eixo óptico do percurso de detecção 28 , 32 . Para investigar a propagação da luz interesternal e a conversão do comprimento de onda, a técnica de micro-manipulação pode ser usada 32 . Para conectar várias microesferas com diferentes propriedades ópticas, é possível pegar uma esfera usando uma micro-agulha e colocá-la em outra esfera. Em conjunto com as técnicas de micromanipulação e o método μ-PL, várias medições ópticas podem ser realizadas utilizando esferas de polímero conjugadas, que são preparadas por um simples método de auto-montagem. Este documento de vídeo será útil para os leitores que desejam usar materiais poliméricos macios para aplicações ópticas.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>polystyrene</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>132427-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium dodecylsulfate</td>
			<td>Kanto Kagaku</td>
			<td>372035-31</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>206-08744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chloroform</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>038-18495</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methanol</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>139-13995</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>571652-500MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly[2-methoxy-5-(3&#8242;,7&#8242;-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMOPPV)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>546461-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(5-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-1,3-diyl)] (P1)</td>
			<td>synthesized</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>reference 28</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>poly[(N-(2-heptylundecyl)carbazole-2,7-diyl)-alt-(4,8-bis[(dodecyl)carbonyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&#8242;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)] (P2)</td>
			<td>synthesized</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>reference 28</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fluorescent dye (boron dipyrrin; BODIPY)</td>
			<td>synthesized</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>reference 32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Microscope</td>
			<td>Nicon</td>
			<td>Eclipse LV-N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser_405 nm</td>
			<td>Hutech</td>
			<td>DH405-10-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laser_355 nm</td>
			<td>CNI</td>
			<td>MPL-F-355-10&#65357;W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Lambda Vision</td>
			<td>LV-MC3/T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homogenizer</td>
			<td>Microtech Nichion</td>
			<td>Physcotron NS-360D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulation</td>
			<td>Microsupport</td>
			<td>Quick Pro QP-3RH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of polymer microspheres for optical resonator and laser applications

Este artigo descreve três métodos de preparação de microesferas fluorescentes compreendendo polímeros conjugados ou não conjugados π: difusão de vapor, precipitação de interface e mini-emulsão. Em todos os métodos, as esferas bem definidas, de tamanho micrométrico, são obtidas a partir de um processo de auto-montagem em solução. O método de difusão de vapor pode resultar em esferas com maior esfericidade e suavidade da superfície, mas os tipos de polímeros capazes de formar essas esferas são limitados. Por outro lado, no método de mini emulsão, as microesferas podem ser feitas a partir de vários tipos de polímeros, mesmo de polímeros altamente cristalinos com backbones coplanares, π conjugados. As propriedades fotoluminescentes (PL) a partir de microesferas isoladas isoladas são incomuns: a PL é confinada dentro das esferas, se propaga na circunferência das esferas através da reflexão interna total na interface polímero / ar, e auto-interfere para mostrar ressonância afiada e periódica Linhas PL. Essa ressonânciaOs modos g são os chamados &quot;modos de galeria de sussurros&quot; (WGMs). Este trabalho demonstra como medir WGM PL a partir de esferas isoladas isoladas usando a técnica de micro-fotoluminescência (μ-PL). Nesta técnica, um raio laser focado irradia uma única microesfera, e a luminescência é detectada por um espectrômetro. Uma técnica de micromanipulação é então usada para conectar as microesferas uma a uma e para demonstrar a propagação de PL e a conversão de cores entre microesferas acopladas após excitação no perímetro de uma esfera e detecção de PL a partir da outra microesfera. Estas técnicas, μ-PL e micromanipulação, são úteis para experiências em aplicações de micro-ótica usando materiais poliméricos.

A Figura 1 mostra representações esquemáticas do método de difusão de vapor (a), método de mini-emulsão (b) e método de precipitação de interface (c). Para o método de difusão de vapor ( Figura 1a ), colocou-se um frasco de 5 mL contendo uma solução de polímeros de CHCl3 (0,5 mg mL -1 , 2 mL) num frasco de 50 mL contendo 5 mL de um não solvente, tal como MeOH . O frasco exterior foi tampado e depois de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

São apresentados protocolos para a síntese de microesferas a partir de polímeros, manipulação de microesferas e medições de micro-fotoluminescência.

Fabricação de Microsferas de Polímeros para Resonadores Ópticos e Aplicações Laser

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

fabrication-polymer-microspheres-for-optical-resonator-laser

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

13.9K visualizações.  University of Tsukuba.  São apresentados protocolos para a síntese de microesferas a partir de polímeros, manipulação de microesferas e medições de micro-fotoluminescência. 

Vídeo: Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

Construção e Teste de Pilhas da moeda de baterias de lítio

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Engenharia

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

Fabricação de Nano-engenharia transparentes Óxidos Realização por deposição por laser pulsado

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed polymer optical fiber is composed of 80,000 strands of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) that are randomly mixed and drawn into a square cross section optical fiber with a side width of 250 &mu;m. Initially, each strand is 200 &mu;m in diameter and 8-inches long. During the mixing process of the original fiber strands, the fibers cross over each other; however, a large draw ratio guarantees that the refractive index profile is invariant along the length of the fiber for several tens of centimeters. The large refractive index difference of 0.1 between the disordered sites results in a small localized beam radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers. The input light is launched from a standard single mode optical fiber using the butt-coupling method and the near-field output beam from the disordered fiber is imaged using a 40X objective and a CCD camera. The output beam diameter agrees well with the expected results from the numerical simulations. The disordered optical fiber presented in this work is the first device-level implementation of 2D Anderson localization, and can potentially be used for image transport and short-haul optical communication systems.

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. This microstructured fiber can transport a small localized beam with a radius that is comparable to the beam radius of conventional optical fibers.

Fabricação e caracterização de polímeros desordenados fibras ópticas para Transverse Anderson localização da Luz

We develop and characterize a disordered polymer optical fiber that uses transverse Anderson localization as a novel waveguiding mechanism. The developed ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

Patterning via ópticos de saturação Transitions - Fabricação e caracterização

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

Fabricação e operação de uma Correia Transportadora Nano-óptica

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope de Inspeção MEMS e Caracterização

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

Impressão Fabricação de massa Heterojunction células solares e<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Morfologia Caracterização

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using femtosecond laser-induced ablation. We show that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on an optical nanofiber by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. For a typical sample, periodic nano-craters with a period of 350 nm and with diameter gradually varying from 50 - 250 nm over a length of 1 mm are fabricated on a nanofiber with diameter around 450 - 550 nm. A key aspect of such a nanofabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. Moreover, the single-shot fabrication makes it immune to mechanical instabilities and other fabrication imperfections. Such periodic nano-craters on nanofiber, act as a 1-D PhC and enable strong and broadband reflection while maintaining the high transmission out of the stopband. We also present a method to control the profile of the nano-crater array to fabricate apodized and defect-induced PhC cavities on the nanofiber. The strong confinement of the field, both transverse and longitudinal, in the nanofiber-based PhC cavities and the efficient integration to the fiber networks, may open new possibilities for nanophotonic applications and quantum information science.

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D photonic crystal cavities on subwavelength diameter silica fibers (optical nanofibers) using femtosecond laser-induced ablation.

Fabricação de 1-D cristal fotônico cavidade em um nanofibras com ablação induzida por laser femtosegundo

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in industry. The wettability of the produced surface was analyzed by bouncing drop experiments and the topography was analyzed by confocal microscopy. In addition, we show various methodologies to measure its durability and anti-icing properties. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold a special texture that must be preserved to keep their water-repellency. To fabricate durable surfaces, we followed two strategies to incorporate a resistant texture. The first strategy is a direct incorporation of roughness to the metal substrate by acid etching. After this surface texturization, the surface energy was decreased by silanization or fluoropolymer deposition. The second strategy is the growth of a ceria layer (after surface texturization) that should enhance the surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The surface energy was decreased with a stearic acid film.
The durability of the superhydrophobic surfaces was examined by a particle impact test, mechanical wear by lateral abrasion, and UV-ozone resistance. The anti-icing properties were explored by studying the ability to repeal subcooled water, freezing delay, and ice adhesion.

We illustrate several methodologies to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces and to explore their durability and anti-icing properties.

Fabricação de superfícies de Metal Superhydrophobic para aplicações antigelo

Several ways to produce superhydrophobic metal surfaces are presented in this work. Aluminum was chosen as the metal substrate due to its wide use in ...

Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) of Metal-Ceramic Components

Technical ceramics are widely used for industrial and research applications, as well as for consumer goods. Today, the demand for complex geometries with diverse customization options and favorable production methods is increasing continuously. With fused filament fabrication (FFF), it is possible to produce large and complex components quickly with high material efficiency. In FFF, a continuous thermoplastic filament is melted in a heated nozzle and deposited below. The computer-controlled print head is moved in order to build up the desired shape layer by layer. Investigations regarding printing of metals or ceramics are increasing more and more in research and industry. This study focuses on additive manufacturing (AM) with a multi-material approach to combine a metal (stainless steel) with a technical ceramic (zirconia: ZrO2). Combining these materials offers a broad variety of applications due to their different electrical and mechanical properties. The paper shows the main issues in preparation of the material and feedstock, device development, and printing of these composites.

Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components

This study shows multi-material additive manufacturing (AM) using fused filament fabrication (FFF) of stainless steel and zirconia.

Fabricação de fundidos de filamento (FFF) de componentes de Metal-cerâmica

Technical ceramics are widely used for industrial and research applications, as well as for consumer goods. Today, the demand for complex geometries with ...