O apoio técnico de L. Rinaldi, S. Schäffer, D. Reitz, H. Thomas e A. Weber é reconhecido com gratidão. Os autores também desejam agradecer Dr. E. Martinson para extensa leitura de prova e edição de linguagem do manuscrito. O estudo foi apoiado pela Universidade de Giessen Anschubsfinanzierung concessão a M. Aslam e D. Gündüz.

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Os autores não têm nada a declarar.

Neste artigo, descreve-se um protocolo reprodutível para o isolamento e cultura de miócitos cardíacos, células endoteliais e fibroblastos. Este protocolo descreve o isolamento simultâneo e de alta qualidade dos principais tipos celulares de tecido cardíaco, isto é , cardiomiócitos, células endoteliais e fibroblastos em oposição a apenas um tipo de célula. Um passo crítico no procedimento de isolamento é a digestão adequada do tecido cardíaco. Se a digestão estiver incompleta, ainda pode ser obtido um grande número de miócitos, mas a sua qualidade é muito fraca e são em grande parte hipercontratados e redondos ( Figura 2B ) e sem valor em experiências. Além disso, o rendimento de células endoteliais e fibroblastos também será reduzido. Este problema pode ser resolvido controlando o tempo de digestão. Antes de remover o coração do sistema de perfusão, a suavidade do coração pode ser verificada com a ajuda de fórceps e pontas dos dedos. Se o tecido ainda nãoFrequentemente, o coração pode ser perfundido durante mais 5-10 minutos. Um segundo passo crítico no isolamento saudável de cardiomiócitos é a restauração incremental de Ca2 + nos tampões de isolamento. Uma rápida restauração de altas concentrações de Ca2 + nos meios resultará em cardiomiócitos arredondados. A qualidade da água utilizada para a preparação de tampões é outro factor importante que afecta a qualidade dos cardiomiócitos. Portanto, o uso de água de boa qualidade é recomendado. A pureza das células endoteliais é altamente dependente dos passos de lavagem. O EDTA deve estar presente no tampão de lavagem para evitar a ligação não específica de células não endoteliais às pérolas magnéticas. A presença de células sanguíneas na suspensão celular irá reduzir grandemente o rendimento das células endoteliais; Portanto, lavagem adequada do coração é muito crítico após a montagem do coração no sistema de perfusão e antes da adição de colagenase. Os componentes sanguíneos residuais tambémAtividade da colagenase e, portanto, dificultar a digestão do coração. A contaminação mais comum na cultura de células de fibroblastos é o aparecimento de colónias satélites de células epiteliais ( Figura 4C ). Esta contaminação pode ser evitada através da cultura em dois passos de fibroblastos. No primeiro passo, a concentração de FCS no meio de cultura de células de fibroblasto é reduzida para 5% e a suspensão de células é deixada aderir ao prato de cultura de células durante 30 min na incubadora. As células epiteliais aderem rapidamente, mas o tempo de adesão das células fibroblastos aumenta na presença de uma baixa concentração de soro. Após 30 min de incubação, a suspensão celular contendo fibroblastos não aderentes é cuidadosamente removida para um novo prato de cultura celular. Deste modo, o rendimento de fibroblastos pode ser reduzido mas a sua pureza é grandemente aumentada.

Os modelos de roedores têm sido usados ​​há muito tempo como ferramentas para ampliar nossa compreensão da fisiologia cardiovascular na saúde e na doença. 1 Embora estes modelos animais nos permitam compreender a fisiopatologia de uma doença a nível de órgãos e analisar a farmacocinética e a farmacodinâmica de vários agentes farmacológicos utilizados no tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares, a compreensão dos mecanismos moleculares do desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares ea contribuição de uma determinada doença Tipo celular requer o uso de modelos de cultura celular in vitro . Para este fim foram desenvolvidas diferentes linhas celulares imortalizadas do sistema cardiovascular; 2 , 3 contudo, as células primárias recentemente isoladas são fisiológica e funcionalmente mais relevantes para os tecidos e organismos vivos. O coração é um órgão versátil que contém todos os principais tipos de células do sistema cardiovascular.Ystem, eo rato coração ainda é um modelo comumente usado para a compreensão da fisiologia cardiovascular. Durante as últimas décadas, foram descritos métodos diferentes para o isolamento de tipos de células individuais a partir de tecido cardíaco; 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 no entanto, estes métodos centram-se apenas no isolamento de um tipo de célula específico resultando na perda de outros tipos de células que não podem mais ser utilizadas para análise celular. Descreve-se aqui um protocolo otimizado que permite o isolamento simultâneo e de alta qualidade dos principais tipos celulares de tecido cardíaco, isto é, cardiomiócitos, células endoteliais e fibroblastos. Todos estes tipos de células podem ser utilizados em diferentes configurações experimentais 8 , 9 , 10 e para a análise de interacções célula-célula a partir do mesmo animal.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="717">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">anti-vWF</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Santa Cruz Biotech.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SC-14014</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">102378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Carnitin</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Collagenase type II</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Worthington</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LS004176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Creatin</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">D-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">108342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Dil-Ac-LDL</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L3484</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">EDTA Solution (0.2 M)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Biochrome AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L2113</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Embeding solution</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Citiflour</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AF1-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Endothelial cell medium MV2</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">PromoCell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-22022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Foetal calf serum (FCS)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Biochrome AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Serva Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">47991</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H0887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Abbott</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TU 061219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Laminin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Roche/Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11243217001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">M199 medium</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11150059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">M199 medium (Powder)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Biochrome AG</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Magnesium sulphate</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">63138</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Mouse anti-rat CD31 antibody (TLD-3A12)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MA1-81051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">NaCl solution (0.9%), Sterile</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30820080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Pan mouse IgG beads (Dynabeads)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA) 4% Solution</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Santa Cruz Biotech.</td>
			<td>sc-281692</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15070-063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) 1x&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">PAN-Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P04-36500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Plastic consumables</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4933</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Potassium dihydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7873</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Sodium Hydroxide Solution (2 N)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">109136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Sterile filtration system</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5660020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Taurine</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T8691</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">TO-PRO</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T3605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Trypsin-EDTA Solution (10X)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T4174</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Water, Sterile</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simultaneous isolation of high quality cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts from an adult rat heart

O rato é um modelo animal importante utilizado na investigação cardiovascular e as células cardíacas de rato são utilizadas rotineiramente para a análise in vitro dos mecanismos moleculares da progressão da doença cardiovascular, tais como hipertrofia cardíaca, fibrose e aterosclerose. Embora tenham sido feitas várias tentativas com sucesso variável para desenvolver linhas celulares imortalizadas a partir do sistema cardiovascular para compreender estes mecanismos celulares, as células primárias oferecem um ambiente mais natural e próximo ao ambiente in vivo para tais estudos. Por conseguinte, diferentes laboratórios que trabalham num tipo de célula particular desenvolveram protocolos para isolar tipos individuais de células cardíacas de ratos de interesse. Um protocolo que permite o isolamento de mais de um tipo de célula, no entanto, está faltando. Aqui é descrito um protocolo otimizado que permite o isolamento de tipos de células cardíacas principais de alta qualidade (cardiomiócitos, células endoteliais e fibroblastos) a partir de uma única preparação e permiteR para análises celulares. Isso permite o uso mais eficiente dos recursos disponíveis, o que pode economizar tempo e reduzir os custos de pesquisa.

<html> O procedimento de isolamento resulta num rendimento de 70 a 80% de cardiomiócitos estriados viáveis, em forma de bastonete ( Figuras 2A e 2C ) que podem ser utilizados para experiências planeadas. No nosso laboratório, os cardiomiócitos são rotineiramente utilizados para análise da sinalização de Ca 2+ . A Figura 5A ilustra as oscilações intracelulares de cálcio [Ca2 + ] i em resposta à isquemia / reperfusão em cardiomiócitos carregados com Fura-AM (5 μM). A Figura 5B mostra alterações em [Ca2 + ] i em células endoteliais e fibroblastos após adição de ATP (100 μM). As alterações em [Ca2 + ] i em diferentes tipos de células cardíacas foram analisadas como descrito anteriormente. 6 , 11 , 12 Re 1 &quot;src =&quot; / files / ftp_upload / 55601 / 55601fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; Figura 1: Sistema de perfusão de Langendorff modificado. ( A ) Todo o sistema de perfusão de Langendorff utilizado para o isolamento de células cardíacas ( B ) Vista ampliada do coração pendurado na &quot;câmara cardíaca&quot; também usado para a coleta de tampão de perfusão para recirculação. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55601/55601fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55601/55601fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2: Cardiomiócitos de ratos adultos. ( A ) Cardiomiócitos típicos em forma de bastonete saudáveis ​​2 h após plaqueamento em placas de cultura de células revestidas com laminina ( B ) Um exemplo típico de uma má preparação devido a digestão incompleta do tecido. 2 h após plaqueamento em placas de cultura de células revestidas com laminina, moSt das células são hipercontratadas e parecem arredondadas, e há poucos cardiomiócitos em forma de bastonete. Barra de escala = 10 μm ( C ) Micrografia confocal de um cardiomiócito único corado para visualização de actina como descrito anteriormente. 13 Barra de escala = 50 μm. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55601/55601fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55601/55601fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3: Células endoteliais cardíacas de rato. ( A ) Micrografia de contraste de fase de monocamada de células endoteliais não confluentes 3 dias após isolamento. Os pontos escuros são os grânulos magnéticos que ainda estão ligados às células endoteliais precursoras. Barra de escala = 10 μm ( B ) Micrografia de contraste de fase da monocamada de células endoteliais confluentes 7 dias após o isolamento ( C) Imunomarcação de células endoteliais mostrando manuseamento de vWF (Vermelho) e coloração nuclear (Azul) ( E ) As células incubadas apenas com anticorpo secundário E mancha nuclear (Azul) (Barra de escala = 50 μm) <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55601/55601fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Clique aqui para ver uma versão ampliada desta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55601/55601fig4.jpg" /> Figura 4: Fibroblastos cardíacos de ratos. ( A ) Fibroblastos cardíacos típicos fusiformes no segundo dia de isolamento. ( B ) Fibroblastos puros confluentes após 7 dias de cultura. ( C ) Um exemplo típico de uma preparação pobre contaminada com células epiteliais. As células indicadas por pontas de seta são as células epiteliais cardíacas<html> . Barra de escala = 10 μm. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55601/55601fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55601/55601fig5.jpg" /> Figura 5: Alterações em [Ca2 + ] i em Células Cardíacas. ( A ) Traçados representativos de alterações no cálcio intracelular [Ca2 + ] i medidos pela relação Fura-2 em cardiomiócitos de ratos expostos a isquemia química (cianato de Na, 2 mM) seguida de reperfusão ( B ) Traçados representativos de alterações no cálcio intracelular [Ca2 + ] i medido pela relação Fura-2 em células endoteliais cardíacas de ratos e fibroblastos, tratados com ATP (100 μM) como indicado. &gt; Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Isolation of High Quality Cardiomyocytes, Endothelial Cells, and Fibroblasts from an Adult Rat Heart at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Isolation of High Quality Cardiomyocytes, Endothelial Cells, and Fibroblasts from an Adult Rat Heart

Vários protocolos foram desenvolvidos e descritos para o isolamento de diferentes tipos de células cardíacas a partir de um coração de rato. Aqui, descreve-se um protocolo otimizado que permite o isolamento de tipos de células cardíacas maiores (cardiomiócitos, células endoteliais e fibroblastos) de alta qualidade de uma única preparação, reduzindo os custos experimentais.

Isolamento Simultâneo de Cardiomiócitos de Alta Qualidade, Células Endoteliais e Fibroblastos de um Coração de Rato Adulto

The rat is an important animal model used in cardiovascular research, and rat cardiac cells are used routinely for in vitro analysis of the molecular ...

simultaneous-isolation-high-quality-cardiomyocytes-endothelial-cells

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.2K visualizações.  University Hospital Giessen.  Vários protocolos foram desenvolvidos e descritos para o isolamento de diferentes tipos de células cardíacas a partir de um coração de rato. Aqui, descreve-se um protocolo otimizado que permite o isolamento de tipos de células cardíacas maiores (cardiomiócitos, células endoteliais e fibroblastos) de alta qualidade de uma única preparação, reduzindo os custos experimentais. 

Vídeo: Simultaneous Isolation of High Quality Cardiomyocytes, Endothelial Cells, and Fibroblasts from an Adult Rat Heart

Primary Culture of Adult Rat Heart Myocytes

Cultured primary adult rodent heart cells are an important model system for cardiovascular research. Nevertheless, establishment of robust, viable cultured adult myocytes can be a technically challenging, rate-limiting step for many researchers. Here we described a protocol to obtain a high yield of adult rat heart myocytes that remain viable in culture for several days. The heart is isolated and perfused with collagenase and protease under low Ca2+ conditions to recover single myocytes. Ca2+-tolerant cells are obtained by stepwise increases in extracellular Ca2+ concentration in three subsequent wash steps. Cells are filtered, resuspended in culture medium, and plated on laminin coated slips. Cultured myocytes obtained using this protocol are viable for up to four days and are suitable for most experiments including electrophysiology, biochemistry, imaging and molecular biology.

In this paper, we described a typical way to isolate and culture adult rat heart myocytes. Collagenase and protease are used to digest and isolate single myocytes. Myocytes cultured follow this protocol meet most experiment requirements.

Cultura primária de Miócitos Coração Adulto Rat

Cultured primary adult rodent heart cells are an important model system for cardiovascular research.  Nevertheless, establishment of robust, viable ...

Biologia

Isolation and Large Scale Expansion of Adult Human Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult human peripheral blood within a mean of 12 days. After large scale expansion &gt;1x108 ECFCs can be obtained for further tests. Advantageously by using pHPL the contact of human cells with bovine serum antigens can be excluded. By flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry the isolated cells can be characterized as ECFC and their in vitro functionality to form vascular like structures can be tested in a matrigel assay. Further these cells can be subcutaneously injected in a mouse model to form functional, perfused vessels in vivo. After long term expansion and cryopreservation proliferation, function and genomic stability appear to be preserved. 3,4
This animal-protein free isolation and expansion method is easily applicable to generate a large quantity of ECFCs.

Endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) are a promising tool to study vascular homeostasis and repair.1,2 This paper introduces a novel animal-serum free method for isolation and expansion of ECFC from heparinised adult human peripheral blood with pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) diminishing the risk of anti-bovine immunisation.

Isolamento e expansão em grande escala de Adulto Humanos endotelial Colony Células Progenitoras Forming

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

Isolamento e cultura de células endoteliais pulmonares de camundongos Neonatal

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

Seleção e isolamento de colônias de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas a partir de fibroblastos adultos reprogramado

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

Isolation of Embryonic Ventricular Endothelial Cells

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines offer significant advantages for their ease of use, these cell lines are unavailable for all potential cell types. By isolating primary cells from a specific region of interest, particularly from a transgenic mouse, more nuanced studies can be performed. The basic technique involves dissecting the organ or partial organ of interest (e.g. the heart or a specific region of the heart) and dissociating the organ to single cells. These cells are then incubated with magnetic beads conjugated to an antibody that recognizes the cell type of interest. The cells of interest can then be isolated with the use of a magnet, with a short trypsin incubation dissociating the cells from the beads. These isolated cells can then be cultured and analyzed as desired. This technique was originally designed for adult mouse organs but can be easily scaled down for use with embryonic organs, as demonstrated herein. Because our interest is in the developing coronary vasculature, we wanted to study this population of cells during specific embryonic stages. Thus, the original protocol had to be modified to be compatible with the small size of the embryonic ventricles and the low potential yield of endothelial cells at these developmental stages. Utilizing this scaled-down approach, we have assessed coronary plexus remodeling in transgenic embryonic ventricular endothelial cells.

Primary cell culture is a useful technique for analyzing specific populations of cells, particularly from transgenic mouse embryos at specific developmental stages. Herein, embryonic ventricles are dissected and dissociated, and antibody-conjugated beads recognize and separate out the endothelial cells for further analysis.

Isolamento de Células Embrionárias ventriculares endoteliais

Cell culture has greatly enhanced our ability to assess individual populations of cells under myriad culture conditions. While immortalized cell lines ...

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

O isolamento de células endoteliais de Murino Válvula

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...

Isolation, Culture and Transduction of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured cardiomyocytes can be used to study cardiomyocyte biology using techniques that are complementary to in vivo systems. For example, the purity and accessibility of in vitro culture enables fine control over biochemical analyses, live imaging, and electrophysiology. Long-term culture of cardiomyocytes offers access to additional experimental approaches that cannot be completed in short term cultures. For example, the in vitro investigation of dedifferentiation, cell cycle re-entry, and cell division has thus far largely been restricted to rat cardiomyocytes, which appear to be more robust in long-term culture. However, the availability of a rich toolset of transgenic mouse lines and well-developed disease models make mouse systems attractive for cardiac research. Although several reports exist of adult mouse cardiomyocyte isolation, few studies demonstrate their long-term culture. Presented here, is a step-by-step method for the isolation and long-term culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes. First, retrograde Langendorff perfusion is used to efficiently digest the heart with proteases, followed by gravity sedimentation purification. After a period of dedifferentiation following isolation, the cells gradually attach to the culture and can be cultured for weeks. Adenovirus cell lysate is used to efficiently transduce the isolated cardiomyocytes. These methods provide a simple, yet powerful model system to study cardiac biology.

This protocol describes a step-by-step method for the reproducible isolation and long-term culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes with high yield, purity, and viability.

Isolamento, cultura e Transdução de rato adulto Cardiomyocytes

Cultured cardiomyocytes can be used to study cardiomyocyte biology using techniques that are complementary to in vivo systems. For example, the purity and ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

Isolamento, caracterização e diferenciação de células-tronco cardíacas do coração de rato adulto

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...

Isolation and Characterization of Adult Cardiac Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts

Cardiac fibrosis in response to injury is a physiological response to wound healing. Efforts have been made to study and target fibroblast subtypes that mitigate fibrosis. However, fibroblast research has been hindered due to the lack of universally acceptable fibroblast markers to identify quiescent as well as activated fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are a heterogenous cell population, making them difficult to isolate and characterize. The presented protocol describes three different methods to enrich fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from uninjured and injured mouse hearts. Using a standard and reliable protocol to isolate fibroblasts will enable the study of their roles in homeostasis as well as fibrosis modulation.

Obtaining a pure population of fibroblasts is crucial to studying their role in wound repair and fibrosis. Described here is a detailed method to isolate fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from uninjured and injured mouse hearts followed by characterization of their purity and functionality by immunofluorescence, RTPCR, fluorescence-assisted cell sorting, and collagen gel contraction.

Isolamento e Caracterização de Fibroblastos Cardíacos Adultos e Miofibroblastos

Cardiac fibrosis in response to injury is a physiological response to wound healing. Efforts have been made to study and target fibroblast subtypes that ...

Isolation of Cardiomyocytes from Fixed Hearts for Immunocytochemistry and Ploidy Analysis

The adult mammalian heart is composed of various cell types including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Since it is difficult to reliably identify nuclei of cardiomyocytes on histological sections, many groups rely on isolating viable cardiomyocytes prior to fixation to perform immunostaining. However, these live cardiomyocyte isolation techniques require optimization to maximize the yield, viability and quality of the samples, with inherent fluctuations from sample to sample despite maximum optimization. Here, we report a reproducible protocol, involving fixation prior to enzymatic digestion of the heart, which leads to maximum yield while preserving the in vivo morphology of individual cardiomyocytes. We further developed an automated analysis platform to determine the number of nuclei and DNA content per nucleus for individual cardiomyocytes. After exposing the chest cavity, the heart was arrested in diastole by perfusion with 60 mM KCl in PBS. Next, the heart was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution, and then digested with 60 mg/mL collagenase solution. After digestions, cells were singularized by trituration, and the cardiomyocyte fraction was enriched via differential centrifugation. Isolated cardiomyocytes were stained for Troponin T and &#945;-actinin to assess purity of the obtained population. Furthermore, we developed an image analysis platform to determine cardiomyocyte nucleation and ploidy status following DAPI staining. Image based ploidy assessments led to consistent and reproducible results. Thus, with this protocol, it is possible to preserve native morphology of individual cardiomyocytes to allow immunocytochemistry and DNA content analysis while achieving maximum yield.

The goal of this work is to develop a method to reproducibly isolate cardiomyocytes from the adult heart and measure DNA content and nucleation.

Isolamento de Cardiomiócitos de Corações Fixos para Imunocitoquímica e Análise ploidy

The adult mammalian heart is composed of various cell types including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Since it is difficult to reliably ...