This research was supported by NASA (NNX15AC17G to CMD), and by NASA cooperative agreement NCC 9-58 (E000010 to CMD, NBPF02802 and NBPF04201 to RDH) with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

A metodologia aqui descrita resulta em desempenhos rPVT em ratos que se comparam favoravelmente em muitos aspectos ao desempenho PVT típico relatado na literatura humana. Usando as presentes técnicas, pode-se formar rapidamente ratos para executar a rPVT, e os desempenhos obtidos com estas técnicas caracterizam-se por discriminações claras (isto é, níveis elevados de responder correcta, baixos níveis de ambos responder prematura e lapsos). Além disso, as distribuições de tempo de reacção obtido com...

O teste de vigilância psicomotora humana (PVT) é, uma ferramenta bem validado amplamente usado para medir a vigilância e atenção sustentada em seres humanos, e foi originalmente desenvolvido por Dinges et ai. 1-3 para avaliar a estabilidade em tempos de reação e atenção (por exemplo, erros em termos de respostas prematuras e lapsos de atenção), tanto dentro das sessões como um todo e ao longo do tempo dentro de sessões individuais. Ao longo dos anos, a PVT humano foi modificado e atualizado 4-11 para acompanhar as alterações temporais em vários aspectos atenção, e tem sido demonstrado ser sensível a mudanças na privação do sono e fadiga, e é afetado pelo uso de drogas e idade dos indivíduos 12 , 13. A PVT é um procedimento aparentemente simples em que um sujeito toca rapidamente uma tela quando um estímulo (tipicamente, um visor LED número) aparece aleatoriamente no tempo, tipicamente depois de 2 - 10 s. Na versão humana, a indicação do número é incrementado em ms e parou quando tele tela é tocada, indicando, assim, o tempo de reação do sujeito (RT). Diminuições na vigilância são indicadas por 1) desacelerou tempos de reação, 2) um aumento de lapsos (chamado de &quot;erros de omissão&quot; na literatura humana, e normalmente definido como RTs que são&gt; 500 ms de comprimento), e 3) um aumento no prematura de responder (denominados &quot;erros de comissão&quot; ou &quot;falsos começos&quot; na literatura humana). Outras medidas também podem ser obtidas com o PVT pela análise de variáveis ​​tais como diferenças de género e idade; para uma revisão dessas medidas, ver Basner e Dinges 4. Finalmente, a PVT tem sido empregado na área geral de avaliação do risco humano, e tem sido usado com sucesso em uma ampla gama de áreas operacionais, que incluem as indústrias militares, transporte aéreo e ferroviário, socorristas e ambientes extremos, como as missões para ambientes extremos da NASA operações (NEEMO), o Projecto Internacional Mars500 14, e em SPAC Internacionale Station (ISS). Na ISS, o PVT é chamado de &quot;Reação Auto-Teste&quot; e é empregado para fornecer astronautas com feedback individualizado relacionadas com a fadiga (por exemplo, mudanças na RTs ou lapsos de atenção). O PVT humana tem sido usado por décadas, assim como as versões de roedores de tarefas simples de tempo de reação (que são um pouco semelhante). Ele foi apenas recentemente, no entanto, que um homólogo roedor directo à PVT humano foi relatado na literatura. Christie e colegas descreveram uma versão do PVT humana para ratos, e relatou diminuições na vigilância seguintes privação do sono 15,16. Estudos recentes adicionais relataram versões do rPVT 17-19. Estes relatórios descreveram alterações da atenção prolongada na sequência de várias técnicas de privação de sono; níveis elevados no entanto, os dados obtidos nestes estudos também têm relatado prematura de responder (por exemplo, em alguns casos, mais de 40% do número total de respoNSES); tais performances são muito diferentes de qualquer performances PVT com seres humanos. Tal uma grande diferença de roedor contra desempenhos humanos são provavelmente devido a diferenças de parâmetros específicos empregues no ser humano contra as versões roedor da PVT; Por exemplo, o Christie et ai. estudo utilizou uma variável aleatória 3 - foreperiod 7 s, enquanto um PVT humano normalmente emprega um 2-10 s foreperiod (embora veja Basner et al 5 para uma versão de 3 min da PVT humana que usa um. 1 - 4 s foreperiod) . A utilização de valores foreperiod relativamente curtos, muitas vezes pode resultar em animais &quot;calendário&quot; as suas respostas, e assim pode promover, por meio de reforço acidental, aumentou os números de respostas prematuras, como têm sido relatados nos estudos com roedores rPVT actuais. A versão do rPVT descrito aqui baseia-se no nosso artigo publicado anteriormente 20, e fornece uma descrição pormenorizada das técnicas e dos procedimentos envolvidos. diferedas versões anteriormente publicadas do rPVT nos seguintes aspectos: 1) os ratos foram treinados com valores foreperiod variáveis ​​de 3 - 10 s, e 2) os ratos tiveram de responder rapidamente, uma vez que apenas respostas dentro de uma janela de resposta curta (também denominado uma &quot;limitada hold &quot;) após o início do estímulo foram reforçadas (1,5 s no presente estudo; 3,0 s nas versões publicadas anteriores do rPVT). Usando estas modificações, bem como tempos de espera para breves incorrecta de responder resultou em maiores níveis de controle de estímulos, como indicado por melhorias significativas na precisão e níveis de resposta prematura reduzida. O presente relatório também descreve as alterações previsíveis em variáveis de desempenho (por exemplo, lapsos de atenção, RTs) que são idênticas às observadas em humanos quando se examina a vigilância diminui 21 anos, e ao examinar outras medidas de desempenho, incluindo o efeito &quot;tempo na tarefa&quot; humana eo resposta- intervalo estímulo (RSI) efeito que se observa no humano PVT <s-se&gt; 22. A versão final do rPVT descrito aqui começa por acender uma luz casa (veja a Figura 1). Após um intervalo variável (foreperiod) de 3 - 10 s decorrido, a chave nariz puxão é iluminado por um máximo de 1,5 s. (Para assegurar uma distribuição igual de foreperiods durações, os valores são gerados aleatoriamente sem substituição de uma lista de 36 possíveis valores que variam de 3 a 10 s, com base em incrementos de 200 ms.) De iluminação da chave nosepoke é o sinal para um animal responder, e uma resposta que ocorre entre 150 a 1500 ms após o aparecimento de luz é reforçada com uma pelete de 45 mg. Depois de uma resposta reforçada, tanto a luz da tecla nariz puxão ea luz da casa estão desligados e 1 s intervalo inter-julgamento (ITI; casa de luz off) começa. NOSE-cutuca antes do aparecimento de luz produzir um 8 s timeout (TO) a partir das contingências experimentais que é sinalizado por extinguir a luz casa. Se não houver respostas ocorrer dentro dos 1,5 s resjanela ponse, tanto a luz nosepoke e luz da casa estão desligados, e um 1 s ITI segue. O próximo valor foreperiod agendada para o posterior julgamento começa depois tanto os 1 s ITI ou os 8 S para, consoante o que ocorreu durante o julgamento prévio. As sessões são realizadas diariamente (5 dias / semana), normalmente constituídos por cerca de 200 ensaios, e termina após 30 min. Isto resulta com cada ensaio com uma duração de cerca de 7,5 s, em média. Moldar o desempenho da linha de base estável sobre a rPVT é realizada por 1) inicialmente adaptação de um rato para tirar pelotas do alimento da bandeja de comida na câmara, 2) mão-shaping um rato para responder em uma chave puxão nariz, reforçando aproximações sucessivas para a final nariz picar resposta, e 3) a realização de sessões diárias, onde os parâmetros do procedimento rPVT (ie, foreperiod, ITI, TO, e os tempos de key-iluminação) estão gradualmente ajustados através de uma sessão, dependendo de quão bem cada rato está realizando durante cada sessão (descrito em detalhe abaixo).

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			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:315px;">Modular rat operant chamber with stainless steel grid floor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-008</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Med Associates Inc. 
			PO Box 319 
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			USA 
			Phone: (802) 527-2343</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Sound attenuating chamber&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
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			<td>Houses rat operant chamber</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Houselight for rat</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-215M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">1&#34; diameter rat nose poke response key</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-119M-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Pellet receptacle, trough type</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-200R2M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Modular pellet dispenser for rat, 45-mg</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ENV-203M-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">PCI Operating package for up to 8 operant chambers</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MED-SYST-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">SmartCtrl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DIG-716P1</td>
			<td>This catalog number has 8 outputs and 4 inputs which is the minimum needed to run the rPVT; SmartCtrl can also be purchased with 16 outputs and 8 inputs for more flexibility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:315px;">Med-PC IV software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Med Associates</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SOF-735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:315px;">PC computer with PCI card slot</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Any manfacturer (e.g., Dell)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Use of the PCI operating package requires a computer with a PCI card slot. Systems that use PCIe are available. Contact Med Associates for details.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="210">
			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:315px;">Dustless Precision pellets 45-mg rodent grain-based diet</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bio Serv</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FO165</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bio-Serv 
			One 8th Street, Suite 1 
			Frenchtown, NJ 08825, USA 
			Phone: (800)-996-9908;&#160;&#160; Standard chow pellets are commonly used. Different pellets (e.g., sucrose) can be acquired from Bio Serv.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the rodent psychomotor vigilance test (rpvt): a method for assessing neurobehavioral performance in rats and mice

A vigilância dos testes psicomotores humana (PVT) é um procedimento amplamente utilizado para medir alterações na fadiga e atenção sustentada. O presente artigo descreve uma versão roedor da denominou-PVT o &quot;rPVT&quot; -que mede aspectos semelhantes de atenção (ou seja, a precisão do desempenho, velocidade do motor, prematuro responder e lapsos de atenção). Os dados são apresentados demonstram que tanto a curto como a longo prazo utilidade do rPVT quando empregue com ratos de laboratório. Os ratos aprendem facilmente a rPVT, e aprender a executar o procedimento básico leva menos de duas semanas de treinamento. Uma vez adquirido, performances rato no rPVT mostram um alto grau de semelhança com estas mesmas medidas de desempenho no PVT humano, incluindo semelhanças em, lapsos de atenção, tempo de reação, diminui a vigilância em toda tempo da sessão (ou seja, o ser humano &quot;time-on- tarefa &quot;efeitos), eo efeito intervalo de resposta de estímulo (RSI) descreveu para os seres humanos. Assim, o rPVT pode ser uma ferramenta extremamente valiosa para avaliar os efeitos de uma ampla gama de variáveis ​​sobre atenção sustentada bastante semelhantes às performances PVT humanos e, portanto, pode ser útil para o desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos para disfunções neurocomportamentais.

Basais Rato rPVT Performances Com base nos parâmetros descritos aqui, 86,7% dos 122 ratos machos atingiram os parâmetros rPVT finais dentro de uma média de 9,0 (DP = 10,13; n = 122) sessões de treinamento automatizado por computador (descritos em 4.1 - Formação 4.9 rPVT; em nossa experiência, apenas cerca de 2% de ratos não irão adquirir o rPVT). Utilizando a metodologia atual, os ratos em média 73,4% correta de respond...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice at JoVE.com

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

Uma versão rato da Vigilância testes psicomotores humana (PVT) é descrito que mede aspectos de atenção semelhantes aos medido com o PVT humano, incluindo os aspectos da vigilância humana, tais como a precisão do desempenho, velocidade do motor, respondendo prematuro e lapsos de atenção.

O psicomotora Teste Rodent Vigilância (rPVT): um método para avaliar Neurobehavioral Desempenho em ratos e camundongos

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

the-rodent-psychomotor-vigilance-test-rpvt-method-for-assessing

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

12.0K visualizações.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  Uma versão rato da Vigilância testes psicomotores humana (PVT) é descrito que mede aspectos de atenção semelhantes aos medido com o PVT humano, incluindo os aspectos da vigilância humana, tais como a precisão do desempenho, velocidade do motor, respondendo prematuro e lapsos de atenção. 

Vídeo: The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

O Becos Teste sucessiva de ansiedade em camundongos e ratos

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

Comportamento

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

Contextual e Cued Medo Condicionado Teste Usando um sistema de análise de vídeo em Ratos

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

Avaliação do Desempenho Funcional no<em&gt; Mdx</em&gt; Mouse Modelo

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

Procedimentos operantes para avaliar a flexibilidade comportamental em ratos

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

The Hole Board Modificado - Medir Comportamento, Cognição e Interação Social em camundongos e ratos

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Um método para testar o efeito de sugestões ambientais no comportamento de acoplamento em<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

Teste de reconhecimento de objeto romance para a investigação da aprendizagem e memória em ratos

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

A tarefa de supinação de botão: Um método semi-automático para avaliar a função do Forelimb em ratos

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

Um novo método para induzir um comportamento parecido com depressão em ratos

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

Avaliando a coerência das narrativas curtas dos pais em relação ao seu filho usando o procedimento de amostra de fala de cinco minutos

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...