Este estudo foi apoiado por uma bolsa (2013R1A1A3005669) da Fundação Nacional da Coreia Investigação e uma subvenção (HI13C0016) do coreano Saúde Tecnologia R &amp; D Projeto, Ministério da Saúde e Bem-Estar.

1. Preparação Probe <ol><li> A amplificação por PCR da sonda <ol><li> Para o P. sonda gingivalis -específica, amplificar um fragmento de DNA 343-bp do P. gingivalis 16S rRNA por PCR utilizando o DNA genómico de P. gingivalis e os seguintes iniciadores: 5&#39;TGC AAC TTG CCT TAC AGA GG-3 &#39;e 5&#39; AGIR CGT ATC CGT TAT GCC TC-3 &#39;10. Realizar amplificações com as seguintes condições de ciclos: 35 ciclos a 95 ° C durante 30 seg, 60 ° C durante 30 seg, e 72 ° C durante 1 min 20 seg seguido de uma extensão de 5 min a 72 ° C 10,11. </li><li> Amplificar a sonda eubacterial usando um 70-bp fragmento de DNA (5&#39;-CAGGTGCTGCATGGCTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTTGTGAAATGTTGGGTTAAG TCCCGCAACGAGCGCAACCC-3 &#39;) sintetizado como um oligonucleótido e os seguintes iniciadores: 5&#39;-CTG CAG GTR GGY CMT-3&#39; e 5&#39;-AGG TTG GCG CTC TTG-3 &#39;11. Realizar amplificações com as seguintes condições de ciclos: 40 ciclosa 9 4 ° C durante 30 seg, 60 ° C durante 30 seg e 72 ° C durante 1 min 20 s, seguido de uma extensão de 5 min a 72 ° C 11,12. </li><li> Precipitar os produtos de PCR (≥500 ul) pela adição de acetato de sódio 3M (pH 5,2) e etanol a 100% (a uma 10: 1: 2 ratio) e incubação a -20 ° C durante 2 horas. </li><li> Centrífuga-se a mistura a 14000 xg durante 15 min, ressuspender o sedimento em 100 ul de tampão TE, e medir a concentração de DNA por densidade óptica a 260 nm. </li></ol></li><li> DIG-rotulagem utilizando rotulagem e detecção de DNA kit DIG <ol><li> Misturar 3 ug da sonda com água para um volume final de 15 ul. </li><li> Desnaturar o ADN, a 95 ° C durante 10 min e relaxar rapidamente em gelo. </li><li> Adicionar 2 mL de 10x mistura hexanucleotide, 2 ul de mistura de dNTP a rotulagem, e 1 ul da enzima Klenow para 15 ul do ADN desnaturado. </li><li> Misturar e incubar a 37 ° C durante 24 h a 48 h e parar de reacção por aquecimento a 65 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Verifique a sensibilidade da sonda marcada com DIG usando um kit de marcação e detecção de ADN DIG <ol><li> Carregar manualmente 1 ml de diluições em série da sonda de controlo positivo fornecido com o kit e 1 ng de sonda marcada com DIG na membrana de nylon e seco durante 5 min à TA. </li><li> Resumidamente mergulhar a membrana no tampão 2 x SSC (NaCl 0,3 M, citrato de sódio 30 mM, pH 7,0) e incuba-se a membrana a 80 ° C durante 1 h para imobilizar o ADN. </li><li> Resumidamente mergulhar a membrana no tampão de ácido maleico (MAB, 0,1 M de ácido maleico, 0,15 M de NaCl, pH 7,5) e incuba-se com fosfatase alcalina anti-DIG (AP) anticorpo conjugado a diluída (1: 5000) em 6 ml de solução de bloqueio, previsto no kit à TA durante 30 min. </li><li> Lava-se a membrana com MABT (MAB contendo 1% de Tween 20) e aplicam-se 40 ul da solução de NBT / BCIP misturado com tampão de detecção de 2 ml (0,1 M de Tris-HCl, 0,1 M de NaCl, 0,05 M de MgCl2, pH 9,5) para o membrana durante 1 min. Se a sensibilidade da sonda marcada énão satisfatória, repita os passos a partir de 1.1.3 para 1.3.4. </li><li> Medir a concentração de DNA da sonda marcada (DO260) e ajustar a concentração de 100 ng mL -1. </li></ol></li><li> Verifique a especificidade da sonda marcada com DIG <ol><li> Desnaturar amostras de ADN genómico (25 ng de 3 ul -1 por cada amostra) a partir de várias espécies bacterianas, incluindo a bactéria alvo da sonda específica, a 95 ° C durante 10 min e relaxar rapidamente em gelo. </li><li> Carregar manualmente o ADN desnaturado na membrana de nylon e seco durante 20 min à TA. </li><li> Resumidamente mergulhar a membrana no tampão 2 x SSC e incubar a membrana a 80 ° C durante 2 horas para imobilizar o ADN. </li><li> Bloquear a membrana com uma solução de bloqueio à temperatura ambiente durante 1 h. </li><li> Dilui-se a sonda a 1 ng mL -1 em tampão de hibridação, desnaturar as sondas diluído, e aplicam-se sobre a membrana. </li><li> Incubar a membrana a 45 ° C durante 1 h. </li><li> Lava-se a membrana trêsvezes com tampão 2 x SSC. </li><li> Resumidamente mergulhar a membrana no MAB. </li><li> Incubar com anticorpo anti-DIG-AP conjugado diluído (1: 2000) em 6 ml de solução de bloqueio à temperatura ambiente durante 1 h. </li><li> Lava-se a membrana com MABT e aplicar 40 ul da solução de NBT / BCIP misturado com tampão de detecção de 2 ml. </li><li> Quando a sonda não conseguir a especificidade esperada, aumentar a temperatura até que a especificidade de hibridação é observado. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Hibridação In Situ Nota: Para evitar a secagem das amostras e reagentes, execute todas as incubações em câmara úmida forrada com papel-toalha molhada. <ol><li> De-parafinização e re-hidratação de secções de tecido <ol><li> Prepare a 4 mm de espessura secções de tecido a partir de blocos embebidos em parafina. Formalina, paraformaldeído, e fixador à base de zinco são compatíveis com este protocolo. </li><li> Prepare todos os reagentes que utilizam água tratada com DEPC. </li><li> Lâminas de calor num forno seco a 60 ° C durante 30 min e incubar à TA durante 30 min. </li><li> Imergir as lâminas em 100% de xileno durante 5 minutos três vezes; use xileno fresco cada vez. Nota: Faça isto procedimento de depilação de em um exaustor química. </li><li> Imergir as lâminas em etanol a 100% durante 5 min, duas vezes, com etanol fresco de cada vez, e re-hidratar as amostras em série de 90%, 80% e soluções de etanol a 70% durante 5 min cada. </li><li> Imergir as lâminas em água tratada com DEPC para 1 min e lavagem das lâminas em PBS tratado com DEPC (pH 7,4) durante 6 min. </li></ol></li><li> Os pré-tratamentos de cortes de tecido <ol><li> Imergir as lâminas em ácido clorídrico 0,1 N durante 20 minutos e lavagem das lâminas em água tratada com DEPC para 30 seg. </li><li> Desenhe uma barreira hidrofóbica ao redor espécimes usando uma caneta cera. Nota: O tamanho da barreira hidrofóbica depende do tamanho das amostras. Por conseguinte, os volumes de reagentes utilizados nos passos seguintes variam dependendo do tamanho das amostras, mas tem que preencher o HYdrophobic barreira (50 ul para pequenas amostras e 400 ul para grandes amostras). </li><li> Tratar as amostras com 50 a 400 ul de proteinase K (1 a 10 ug ml -1 em PBS tratado com DEPC) num forno seco a 37 ° C durante 30 minutos e lavagem das lâminas em tratada com DEPC 1x PBS durante 1 min. </li><li> Soak lâminas em paraformaldeído a 4% em PBS tratado com DEPC durante 10 min, em seguida, lavagem das lâminas em PBS tratado com DEPC a 1 min. </li><li> Soak lâminas em trietanolamina 0,1 M-HCl (pH 8,0) contendo 0,5% de anidrido acético durante 20 minutos e lavagem das lâminas em água tratada com DEPC para 30 seg. </li></ol></li><li> A hibridação com sonda e lavagem <ol><li> Imergir as lâminas em tampão SSC 2x para 20 min. </li><li> Dilui-se a sonda a 1 ng mL -1 em tampão de hibridação (SSC 4x, 50% [vol / vol] formamida, solução de Denhardt 1x, 10% [peso / vol] de sulfato de dextrano, 0,1% [peso / vol] de sulfato de dodecilo de sódio, 0,4 mg ml -1 de DNA de esperma de salmão). Para controlos negativos, misturar com a sonda marcadauma quantidade em excesso de 10 vezes de sonda não marcada. </li><li> Desnaturar as sondas diluído e aplicam 50 a 400 ul para as secções de tecido. Coloque uma lamela sobre a lâmina e selar com unha polonês. </li><li> Lâminas de calor na máquina de PCR a 90 ° C durante 10 min e incubar em uma câmara humidificada O / N a 45 ° C ou à temperatura óptima determinada no passo 1.4.11. </li><li> Arrefecer as lâminas a 4 ° C durante 30 min, remover lamelas, e mergulhar as lâminas num tampão SSC série como seguintes: 4x SSC durante 10 min, pré-aquecido (45 ° C) 2x SSC durante 20 min, 2 x SSC durante 10 min, e 0,2x SSC durante 10 min. </li></ol></li><li> A detecção com anticorpo anti-DIG-AP conjugado <ol><li> Lavar as lâminas em MABT por 5 min. </li><li> Bloco com 50 a 400 uL de solução com 1% de Tween 20 de bloqueio durante 20 minutos. </li><li> Adicionar 50 a 400 ul de anticorpo anti-DIG-AP diluídos em solução (1: 1000) de bloqueio anld incubar a 37 ° C durante 90 min. </li><li> Lavar as lâminas em MABT para 10 min. </li> &lt;li&gt; Imergir as lâminas em tampão de detecção contendo 1% de Tween 20 durante 5 min. </li><li> Trata-se com 50 a 400 μ de levamisol 1 mM (em tampão de detecção contendo 1% de Tween 20) durante 5 min, para inactivar a fosfatase alcalina endógena. </li><li> Distribuir 50 a 400 ul da solução pré-misturada de NBT / BCIP (diluída em tampão de detecção a 1: 100) para cada amostra e incubar numa câmara humidificada à temperatura ambiente durante 2 a 3 horas até que o sinal desenvolvido é satisfatória. </li><li> Lavar as lâminas com água desionizada para parar a visualização e aplicam 50 a 400 pi de 0,05% [peso / vol] verde de metilo como um contador de manchas a 37 ° C durante 10 min. </li><li> Lavar as lâminas com água desionizada, desidratar em 100% de etanol, e mergulhar em xileno. </li><li> Aplicar 80 ml de solução de montagem em cada slide e cobrir com lamelas. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Takarada, H., Cattoni, M., Sugimoto, A., Rose, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrastructural+studies+of+human+gingiva.+II.+The+lower+part+of+the+pocket+epithelium+in+chronic+periodontitis.">Ultrastructural studies of human gingiva. II. The lower part of the pocket epithelium in chronic periodontitis.</a> J. Periodontol. 45 (3), 155-169 (1974).</li><li>Allenspach-Petrzilka, G. E., Guggenheim, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+invasion+of+the+periodontium;+an+important+factor+in+the+pathogenesis+of+periodontitis.">Bacterial invasion of the periodontium; an important factor in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.</a> J. Clin. Periodontol. 10 (6), 609-617 (1983).</li><li>Saglie, F. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+presence+of+bacteria+in+the+oral+epithelium+in+periodontal+disease.+II.+Immunohistochemical+identification+of+bacteria.">The presence of bacteria in the oral epithelium in periodontal disease. II. Immunohistochemical identification of bacteria.</a> J. Periodontol. 57 (8), 492-500 (1986).</li><li>Christersson, L. A., Albini, B., Zambon, J. J., Wikesj&#246;, U. M., Genco, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+localization+of+Actinobacillus+actinomycetemcomitans.+in+human+periodontitis.+I.+Light,+immunofluorescence+and+electron+microscopic+studies.">Tissue localization of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. in human periodontitis. I. Light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies.</a> J. Periodontol. 58 (8), 529-539 (1987).</li><li>Saglie, F. R., Pertuiset, J., Rezende, M. T., Nestor, M., Marfany, A., Cheng, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ.+correlative+immuno-identification+of+mononuclear+infiltrates+and+invasive+bacteria+in+diseased+gingiva.">In situ. correlative immuno-identification of mononuclear infiltrates and invasive bacteria in diseased gingiva.</a> J. Periodontol. 59 (10), 688-696 (1988).</li><li>Rautemaa, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+localization+of+Porphyromonas+gingivalis.+thiol+proteinase+in+periodontal+tissues+of+chronic+periodontitis+patients.">Intracellular localization of Porphyromonas gingivalis. thiol proteinase in periodontal tissues of chronic periodontitis patients.</a> Oral Dis. 10 (5), 298-305 (2004).</li><li>Marttila, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+localization+of+Treponema+denticola.+chymotrypsin-like+proteinase+in+chronic+periodontitis.">Intracellular localization of Treponema denticola. chymotrypsin-like proteinase in chronic periodontitis.</a> J. Oral Microbiol. 6, (2014).</li><li>Colombo, A. V., da Silva, C. M., Haffajee, A., Colombo, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+intracellular+oral+species+within+human+crevicular+epithelial+cells+from+subjects+with+chronic+periodontitis+by+fluorescence+in+situ.+hybridization.">Identification of intracellular oral species within human crevicular epithelial cells from subjects with chronic periodontitis by fluorescence in situ. hybridization.</a> J. Periodontal Res. 42 (3), 236-243 (2007).</li><li>Abrams, K., Caton, J., Polson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histologic+comparisons+of+interproximal+gingival+tissues+related+to+the+presence+or+absence+of+bleeding.">Histologic comparisons of interproximal gingival tissues related to the presence or absence of bleeding.</a> J. Periodontol. 55 (11), 629-632 (1984).</li><li>Kim, Y. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presence+of+Porphyromonas+gingivalis.+and+plasma+cell+dominance+in+gingival+tissues+with+periodontitis.">Presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. and plasma cell dominance in gingival tissues with periodontitis.</a> Oral Dis. 16 (4), 375-381 (2010).</li><li>Choi, Y. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Porphyromonas+gingivalis.+and+dextran+sodium+sulfate+induce+periodontitis+through+the+disruption+of+physical+barriers.">Porphyromonas gingivalis. and dextran sodium sulfate induce periodontitis through the disruption of physical barriers.</a> Eur. J. Inflammation. 10, 419-431 (2013).</li><li>Choi, Y. S., Kim, Y. C., Ji, S., Choi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+bacterial+invasion+and+differential+expression+of+tight+junction+proteins,+growth+factors,+and+growth+factor+receptors+in+periodontal+lesions.">Increased bacterial invasion and differential expression of tight junction proteins, growth factors, and growth factor receptors in periodontal lesions.</a> J. Periodontol. 85 (8), e313-e322 (2014).</li><li>Baker, G. C., Smith, J. J., Cowan, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+and+re-analysis+of+domain-specific+16S+primers.">Review and re-analysis of domain-specific 16S primers.</a> J. Microbiol. Methods. 55 (3), 541-555 (2003).</li><li>Hajishengallis, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Low-abundance+biofilm+species+orchestrates+inflammatory+periodontal+disease+through+the+commensal+microbiota+and+the+complement.">A Low-abundance biofilm species orchestrates inflammatory periodontal disease through the commensal microbiota and the complement.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 10 (5), 497-506 (2011).</li><li>Axon, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastric+cancer+and+Helicobacter+pylori.">Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori.</a> Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16 (suppl. 4), 83-88 (2002).</li><li>Fenhalls, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ.+detection+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+transcripts+in+human+lung+granulomas+reveals+differential+gene+expression+in+necrotic+lesions.">In situ. detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcripts in human lung granulomas reveals differential gene expression in necrotic lesions.</a> Infect. Immun. 70 (11), 6330-6338 (2002).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

Aqui um protocolo para localizar bactérias dentro dos tecidos embebidos em parafina, utilizando uma sonda de DNA marcada com DIG tem sido descrita. A sonda tem como alvo as moléculas de ADN ou ARN do gene 16S do rRNA bacteriano, e as sondas de rRNA 16S-alvo pode ser concebido como uma ou outra espécie específica, ou universal. A hibridação específica da P. gingivalis especï¿½ico sonda para P. gingivalis, mas não a outras bactérias orais tem sido mostrado previamente 10. Em contraste, a sonda hibridada com eubacteriana todo o ADN genómico bacteriano testadas (17 espécies diferentes), embora a eficiência de hibridação variou 12. O número de t-nucleotídeos dentro da sonda determina a eficiência da DIG-rotulagem. Produção de uma sonda marcada com DIG com alta sensibilidade é o passo mais crítico para o sucesso da implementação do protocolo descrito. Tratamento das amostras com ácido clorídrico melhora a relação sinal-ruído através da extracção de proteínas e parcial hydrolysis de sequências alvo. Um aumento na concentração de proteinase K aumenta a acessibilidade alvo de sondas, mas reduz a preservação do tecido. Portanto, recomenda-se a testar várias concentrações de proteinase K, dependendo dos tipos de tecido. O passo de acetilação diminui a ligação de fundo da sonda carregada negativamente para as proteínas do tecido por acetilação dos grupos amino carregados positivamente. Após uma série de etapas de preparação, as secções de tecido rasgar facilmente, deste modo, têm de ser manuseados com cuidado. O fundo é mínima em comparação com peixes. No entanto, os sinais a partir de tecidos com actividade de fosfatase alcalina endógena elevada, tais como ossos e glândulas mucosas deve ser interpretado de forma crítica. As sondas de ADN amplificados por PCR são fáceis de produzir e estável em comparação com sondas de ARN. Detecção imunohistoquímica de sondas hibridizadas permite a identificação de estruturas histológicas através da comparação com secções H &amp; E manchados: o epitélio,tecido conjuntivo, infiltrados inflamatórios, e os vasos sanguíneos são bem distinto. Uma das limitações do protocolo descrito, é a incapacidade de aplicar várias sondas ao mesmo tempo. Além disso, a exclusão dos sinais de contaminantes bacterianos na superfície das secções é limitado. Este protocolo pode ser adaptado para detectar outros transcritos bacterianos dentro de secções de tecido 16. Além disso, este protocolo pode ser estendido a dupla marcação imuno-histoquímica com a detecção de um marcador de célula hospedeira.

As bactérias desempenham um papel na etiologia de diversas doenças orais, tais como periodontite, pulpite, pericoronite, celulite, osteomielite e. A fim de compreender o papel das bactérias na patogénese da doença e para monitorizar o efeito de tratamentos, localização de bactérias dentro do tecido é importante. A presença de bactérias no interior do tecido gengival a partir de pacientes com periodontite foi demonstrado usando vários métodos, incluindo microscopia electrónica de 1,2, imuno-histoquímica e imunofluorescência utilizando anticorpos específicos para cada bactéria 3-7, e hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH) 8 utilizando um fluorescence- sonda oligonucleotídica marcada segmentação 16S rRNA. No entanto, estes métodos não são amplamente utilizados devido a limitações técnicas ou dificuldades. Comparado com os anticorpos, as sondas alvo rRNA 16S são fáceis de produzir e alcançar espécie-especificidade. FISH tem provado ser uma excelente ferramenta para a visualização de bactériaeria em seus ambientes naturais, como biofilme placa. No entanto, a aplicação de FISH para amostras de tecidos é limitado devido a autofluorescência de vários componentes do tecido. Por exemplo, o forte autofluorescência das células vermelhas do sangue, muitas vezes dificulta a aplicação da tecnologia de fluorescência para tecidos inflamados quando elas envolvem sangramento 9. De forma a localizar as bactérias dentro dos tecidos gengivais inflamadas, por conseguinte, um método de hibridação in situ, utilizando uma digoxigenina (DIG) sonda de DNA marcado com foi desenvolvido e aplicado com sucesso 10,11. Aqui, um protocolo detalhado para a localização de bactérias no interior de tecidos embebidos em parafina, utilizando P. gingivalis sondas eubacterianas especï¿½icos e universais tem sido descrita. É particularmente focado na padronização do método de modo que resultados semelhantes podem ser reproduzidos em outros laboratórios. Este protocolo permite a localização de bactérias dentro de seu contexto histológica e do results são altamente reprodutível. O protocolo descrito pode ser utilizado para localizar bactérias ou de uma forma específica para a espécie ou universal em diversos tecidos. A sonda universal é especialmente útil para detectar bactérias em doenças polimicrobianas e para estudar o potencial papel da bactéria, em doenças em que o papel de bactérias específicas que não é conhecido.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic anhydride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>6404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50% Dextran sulfate solution</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>S4030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50X Denhardt&#8217;s solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DEPC</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P159220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIG DNA labeling and detection kit</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11 093 657 910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F9037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImmEdge&#8482; Pen</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>H-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Levamisole</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>SP-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>246964</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maleic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M0375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl green</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M6776</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permount</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>SP15-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Salmon sperm DNA solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#15632-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate</td>
			<td>Duksan</td>
			<td>D1420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triethanolamine-HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>90279</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Research organics</td>
			<td>3098T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in situ detection of bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using a digoxin-labeled dna probe targeting 16s rrna

The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been reported using various methods, including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence using bacteria-specific antibodies, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotide probe. Nevertheless, these methods are not widely used due to technical limitation or difficulties. Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled DNA probes has been introduced. The paraffin-embedded tissues are the most common form of biopsy tissues available from pathology banks. Bacteria can be detected either in a species-specific or universal manner. Bacterial signals are detected as either discrete forms (coccus, rod, fusiform, and hairy form) of bacteria or dispersed forms. The technique allows other histological information to be obtained: the epithelia, connective tissue, inflammatory infiltrates, and blood vessels are well distinguished. This method can be used to study the role of bacteria in various diseases, such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

A Figura 1 mostra dot blot de sondas marcada com DIG em comparação com a sonda de controlo positivo fornecido com o kit para determinar a sua sensibilidade. A 343 pb P. sonda especï¿½ico gingivalis é de 25 vezes mais sensível do que a sonda eubacteriana 70 pb. A Figura 2 mostra a hibridização in situ de tecidos gengivais obtidos a partir de pacientes com periodontite crónica para a detecção de P. gingivalis e eubactérias. Os sinais bacterianos, mostrado na violeta, foram detectadas no âmbito do epitélio, lamina própria e de biofilme localizado fora do tecido. No entanto, a distribuição de P. gingivalis e eubactérias dentro do tecido gengival foi diferente. Em alta ampliação (1000X), várias formas (cocos, haste, fusiforme, e forma cabeludo) de bactérias eram visíveis utilizando a sonda eubacterial, enquanto apenas haste em forma de bactérias foram detectadas pelo P. gingivalis especï¿½ico sonda. As formas dispersas de sinais bacterianosForam também observadas. Hajishengallis et al. demonstraram o papel essencial de bactérias comensais no desenvolvimento de P. gingivalis induzida pela periodontite experimental em ratos 14. A aplicação de sulfato de sódio dextrano (DSS), uma junção apertado (TJ) -disrupting química, na mucosa gengival periodontite induzida e perda óssea alveolar em camundongos 13. A sonda detectada com sucesso eubacteriana bactérias dentro dos tecidos gengivais do grupo de DSS que não foram detectadas pelo P. gingivalis especï¿½ico sonda (Figura 3). A sonda eubacteriana é útil para o estudo do potencial envolvimento de bactérias em outras doenças. Dado que a Agência Internacional de Investigação do Cancro designado Helicobacter pylori como grau I carcinógeno para o câncer gástrico 15, potencial envolvimento de bactérias no desenvolvimento de outros tipos de câncer tem sido amplamente estudado. Quando seCÇÕES de biópsias pulmonares diagnosticados com carcinoma de células escamosas foram hibridados in situ com a sonda de eubactérias, as bactérias foram detectadas tanto no interior das células tumorais e entre o estroma circundante / células infiltrantes (Figura 4). A hibridação in situ utilizando a sonda eubacteriana foi também aplicado a explorar a presença de bactérias nas lesões de líquen plano oral, uma doença imune inflamatória de etiologia desconhecida. Curiosamente, foram detectados sinais bacterianos não só dentro do epitélio mas também na lâmina própria, onde foi observada a infiltração de banda. Sob alta ampliação, os sinais bacterianos foram detectados nos núcleos de muitas células (Figura 5). <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52836/52836fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Teste de Sensibilidade das sondas DIG-rotulados. Sondas marcadas com personalizados diluída em série e um contr positivosonda ol fornecida no kit foram ponto colocados a hibridar com anticorpo anti-DIG-AP conjugado. Após a adição do substrato, o borrão com o P. gingivalis sonda especï¿½ico foi desenvolvido durante 30 segundos, enquanto o blot com a sonda eubacterial foi desenvolvido para 1 min. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52836/52836fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52836/52836fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. A detecção de bactérias dentro dos tecidos gengivais obtidos a partir de pacientes com periodontite crónicas. Secções de biópsias gengivais do local saudável (A) e o local doente (B) de um paciente com periodontite foram submetidas à coloração de hematoxilina-eosina (H &amp; E) coloração ou A hibridação in situ com ou P. gingivalis sonda especï¿½ico ou a sonda eubacterial. Negative controlos foram hibridadas com a sonda misturado com 10 vezes o excesso de sonda não marcada. A área ampliada é indicado com uma caixa quadrada. Sinais positivos representativos, mostrado em violeta, estão marcados com setas finas. Setas grossas indicam biofilme placa fora do tecido. O biofilme placa examinados com a ampliação de 1000X são mostrados em inserções. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52836/52836fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52836/52836fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Detecção de bactérias comensais orais no interior do tecido gengival de rato. Periodontite experimental foi induzida em ratinhos BALB / c por inoculação oral de P. gingivalis (Pg) ou aplicação de DSS em mucosa gengival. Secções gengivais de ratos foram submetidos a coloração com H &amp; E ou hibridação in situ, quer com o &lt;<html> em&gt; P. gingivalis sonda especï¿½ico ou a sonda eubacterial. Sinais positivos representativos, mostrado em violeta, estão marcados com setas. Ampliação original é x400. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52836/52836fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52836/52836fig4.jpg" /> Figura 4. Detecção de bactérias dentro lesão câncer. As secções de biópsias pulmonares de pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma de células escamosas foram coradas com H &amp; E ou in situ hibridizado com a sonda ou eubacterial universal ou a sonda de controlo negativo. A área ampliada é indicado com uma caixa quadrada. Sinais positivos representativos, mostrado em violeta, estão marcados com setas. Beira das células tumorais são indicados com linhas pontilhadas.arget = &quot;_ blank&quot;&gt; Clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura. <img alt="Figura 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52836/52836fig5.jpg" /> Figura 5. Detecção de bactérias dentro das lesões de líquen plano bucal. As seções de biópsia de mucosa bucal diagnosticados como líquen plano bucal foram coradas com H &amp; E ou in situ hibridizado com a sonda ou eubacterial universal ou a sonda de controlo negativo. As áreas ampliadas são indicados com uma caixa quadrada. Sinais positivos representativos, mostrado em violeta, estão marcados com setas. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52836/52836fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA at JoVE.com

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled 16S rRNA-targeting DNA probes has been described. This protocol can be applied to study the role of bacteria in various diseases such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

A detecção in situ de bactérias dentro dos tecidos de parafina-encaixados Usando um marcado com Digoxina DNA Probe Segmentação 16S rRNA

The presence of bacteria within the pocket epithelium and underlying connective tissue in gingival biopsies from patients with periodontitis has been ...

in-situ-detection-bacteria-within-paraffin-embedded-tissues-using

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

10.9K visualizações.  School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University. Here a method to localize bacteria within paraffin-embedded tissues using DIG-labeled 16S rRNA-targeting DNA probes has been described. This protocol can be applied to study the role of bacteria in various diseases such as periodontitis, cancers, and inflammatory immune diseases.

Vídeo: In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid culture-independent detection of Salmonella spp. Cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. Alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, followed by FISH and analysis via flow cytometry. To begin, sterile adhesive tape is brought into contact with fresh produce, gentle pressure is applied, and the tape is removed, physically extracting microbes present on these surfaces. Tapes are mounted sticky-side up onto glass microscope slides and the sampled cells are fixed with 10% formalin (30 min) and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series (50, 80, and 95%; 3 min each concentration). Next, cell-charged tapes are spotted with buffer containing a Salmonella-targeted DNA probe cocktail and hybridized for 15 - 30 min at 55&deg;C, followed by a brief rinse in a washing buffer to remove unbound probe. Adherent, FISH-labeled cells are then counterstained with the DNA dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and results are viewed using fluorescence microscopy. For solid-phase enrichment, cell-charged tapes are placed face-down on a suitable selective agar surface and incubated to allow in situ growth of Salmonella microcolonies, followed by FISH and microscopy as described above. For liquid surface miniculture, cell-charged tapes are placed sticky side up and a silicone perfusion chamber is applied so that the tape and microscope slide form the bottom of a water-tight chamber into which a small volume (&le; 500 &mu;L) of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) is introduced. The inlet ports are sealed and the chambers are incubated at 35 - 37&deg;C, allowing growth-based amplification of tape-extracted microbes. Following incubation, inlet ports are unsealed, cells are detached and mixed with vigorous back and forth pipetting, harvested via centrifugation and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Finally, samples are hybridized and examined via flow cytometry to reveal the presence of Salmonella spp. As described here, our "tape-FISH" approach can provide simple and rapid sampling and detection of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. We have also used this approach for sampling other types of fresh produce, including spinach and jalape&ntilde;o peppers.

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple adhesive-tape-based approach for sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by rapid whole cell detection of Salmonella using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Combinação de adesivos de fita baseada em amostragem e de fluorescência In situ Hibridação para detecção rápida de Salmonella On Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her viral population uses the CCR5 coreceptor for cellular entry, and not an alternative coreceptor. One approach to tropism testing is to examine the sequence of the V3 region of the HIV envelope, which interacts with the coreceptor.
Methods: Viral RNA is extracted from blood plasma. The V3 region is amplified in triplicate with nested reverse transcriptase-PCR. The amplifications are then sequenced and analyzed using the software, RE_Call. Sequences are then submitted to a bioinformatic algorithm such as geno2pheno to infer viral tropism from the V3 region. Sequences are inferred to be non-R5 if their geno2pheno false positive rate falls below 5.75%. If any one of the three sequences from a sample is inferred to be non-R5, the patient is unlikely to respond to a CCR5-antagonist.

HIV tropism can be inferred from the V3 region of the viral envelope. V3 is PCR amplified in triplicate using nested RT-PCR, sequenced, and interpreted using bioinformatic software. Samples with with 1 or more sequence(s) with low g2P scores are classified as non-R5 virus.

Inferência genotípica do HIV-1 Tropismo Usando de base populacional de Seqüenciamento V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her ...

ampliPHOX Colorimetric Detection on a DNA Microarray for Influenza

DNA microarrays have emerged as a powerful tool for pathogen detection.1-5 For instance, many examples of the ability to type and subtype influenza virus have been demonstrated.6-11 The identification and subtyping of influenza on DNA microarrays has applications in both public health and the clinic for early detection, rapid intervention, and minimizing the impact of an influenza pandemic. Traditional fluorescence is currently the most commonly used microarray detection method. However, as microarray technology progresses towards clinical use,1 replacing expensive instrumentation with low cost detection technology exhibiting similar performance characteristics to fluorescence will make microarray assays more attractive and cost-effective.
The ampliPHOX colorimetric detection technology is intended for research applications, and has a limit of detection within one order of magnitude of traditional fluorescence11, with a main advantage being an approximate ten-fold lower instrument cost compared to the confocal microarray scanners required for fluorescence microarray detection. Another advantage is the compact size of the instrument which allows for portability and flexibility, unlike traditional fluorescence instruments. Because the polymerization technology is not as inherently linear as fluorescence detection, however, it is best suited for lower density microarray applications in which a yes/no answer for the presence of a certain sequence is desired, such as for pathogen detection arrays. Currently the maximum spot density compatible with ampliPHOX detection is &tilde;1800 spots/array. Because of the spot density limitations, higher density microarrays are not suitable for ampliPHOX detection.
Here, we present ampliPHOX colorimetric detection technology as a method of signal amplification on a low density microarray developed for the detection and characterization of influenza viruses (FluChip). Although this protocol uses the FluChip (a DNA microarray) as one specific application of ampliPHOX detection, any microarray incorporating biotinylated target can be labeled and detected in a similar manner. The microarray design and biotinylation of the target to be captured are the responsibility of the user. Once the biotinylated target has been captured on the array, ampliPHOX detection can be performed by first tagging the array with a streptavidin-label conjugate (ampliTAG). Upon light exposure using the ampliPHOX Reader instrument, polymerization of a monomer solution (ampliPHY) occurs only in regions containing ampliTAG-labeled targets. The polymer formed can be subsequently stained with a non-toxic solution to improve visual contrast, followed by imaging and analysis using a simple software package (ampliVIEW). The entire FluChip assay from un-extracted sample to result can be performed in about 6 hours, and the ampliPHOX detection steps described above can be completed in about 30 min.

ampliPHOX colorimetric detection technology is presented as an inexpensive alternative to fluorescence detection for microarrays. Based on photopolymerization, ampliPHOX produces solid polymer spots visible to the naked eye in just a few minutes. Results are then imaged and automatically interpreted with a simple yet powerful software package.

ampliPHOX Detecção colorimétrica em um Microarray de DNA para Influenza

DNA microarrays have emerged as a powerful tool for pathogen detection.1-5  For instance, many examples of the ability to type and subtype influenza virus ...

Multiplex Detection of Bacteria in Complex Clinical and Environmental Samples using Oligonucleotide-coupled Fluorescent Microspheres

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a recurring polymicrobial syndrome that is characterized by a change in the "normal" microbiota from Lactobacillus-dominated to a microbiota dominated by a number of bacterial species, including Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, and others1-3. This condition is associated with a range of negative health outcomes, including HIV acquisition4, and it can be difficult to manage clinically5. Furthermore, diagnosis of BV has relied on the use of Gram stains of vaginal swab smears that are scored on various numerical criteria6,7. While this diagnostic is simple, inexpensive, and well suited to resource-limited settings, it can suffer from problems related to subjective interpretations and it does not give a detailed profile of the composition of the vaginal microbiota8. Recent deep sequencing efforts have revealed a rich, diverse vaginal microbiota with clear differences between samples taken from individuals that are diagnosed with BV compared to those individuals that are considered normal9,10, which has resulted in the identification of a number of potential targets for molecular diagnosis of BV11,12. These studies have provided a wealth of useful information, but deep sequencing is not yet practical as a diagnostic method in a clinical setting. We have recently described a method for rapidly profiling the vaginal microbiota in a multiplex format using oligonucleotide-coupled fluorescent beads with detection on a Luminex platform13. This method, like current Gram stain-based methods, is rapid and simple but adds the additional advantage of exploiting molecular knowledge arising from sequencing studies in probe design. This method therefore provides a way to profile the major microorganisms that are present in a vaginal swab that can be used to diagnose BV with high specificity and sensitivity compared to Gram stain while providing additional information on species presence and abundance in a semi-quantitative and rapid manner. This multiplex method is expandable well beyond the range of current quantitative PCR assays for particular organisms, which is currently limited to 5 or 6 different assays in a single sample14. Importantly, the method is not limited to the detection of bacteria in vaginal swabs and can be easily adapted to rapidly profile nearly any microbial community of interest. For example, we have recently begun to apply this methodology to the development of diagnostic tools for use in wastewater treatment plants.

We describe a multiplex method for the detection of microorganisms within a sample using oligonucleotide-coupled fluorescent beads. Amplicon from all organisms within a sample is hybridized to a panel of probe-coupled beads. A Luminex or Bio-Plex instrument is used to query each bead for bead type and hybridization signal.

Detecção de multiplex de bactérias em amostras clínicas e Complexo Ambiental utilizando Oligonucleotídeos-coupled microesferas fluorescentes

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a recurring polymicrobial syndrome that is characterized by a change in the "normal" microbiota from Lactobacillus-dominated ...

Detection of Bacteria Using Fluorogenic DNAzymes

Outbreaks linked to food-borne and hospital-acquired pathogens account for millions of deaths and hospitalizations as well as colossal economic losses each and every year. Prevention of such outbreaks and minimization of the impact of an ongoing epidemic place an ever-increasing demand for analytical methods that can accurately identify culprit pathogens at the earliest stage. Although there is a large array of effective methods for pathogen detection, none of them can satisfy all the following five premier requirements embodied for an ideal detection method: high specificity (detecting only the bacterium of interest), high sensitivity (capable of detecting as low as a single live bacterial cell), short time-to-results (minutes to hours), great operational simplicity (no need for lengthy sampling procedures and the use of specialized equipment), and cost effectiveness. For example, classical microbiological methods are highly specific but require a long time (days to weeks) to acquire a definitive result.1 PCR- and antibody-based techniques offer shorter waiting times (hours to days), but they require the use of expensive reagents and/or sophisticated equipment.2-4 Consequently, there is still a great demand for scientific research towards developing innovative bacterial detection methods that offer improved characteristics in one or more of the aforementioned requirements. Our laboratory is interested in examining the potential of DNAzymes as a novel class of molecular probes for biosensing applications including bacterial detection.5
DNAzymes (also known as deoxyribozymes or DNA enzymes) are man-made single-stranded DNA molecules with the capability of catalyzing chemical reactions.6-8 These molecules can be isolated from a vast random-sequence DNA pool (which contains as many as 1016 individual sequences) by a process known as "in vitro selection" or "SELEX" (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment).9-16 These special DNA molecules have been widely examined in recent years as molecular tools for biosensing applications.6-8
Our laboratory has established in vitro selection procedures for isolating RNA-cleaving fluorescent DNAzymes (RFDs; Fig. 1) and investigated the use of RFDs as analytical tools.17-29 RFDs catalyze the cleavage of a DNA-RNA chimeric substrate at a single ribonucleotide junction (R) that is flanked by a fluorophore (F) and a quencher (Q). The close proximity of F and Q renders the uncleaved substrate minimal fluorescence. However, the cleavage event leads to the separation of F and Q, which is accompanied by significant increase of fluorescence intensity.
More recently, we developed a method of isolating RFDs for bacterial detection.5 These special RFDs were isolated to "light up" in the presence of the crude extracellular mixture (CEM) left behind by a specific type of bacteria in their environment or in the media they are cultured (Fig. 1). The use of crude mixture circumvents the tedious process of purifying and identifying a suitable target from the microbe of interest for biosensor development (which could take months or years to complete). The use of extracellular targets means the assaying procedure is simple because there is no need for steps to obtain intracellular targets.
Using the above approach, we derived an RFD that cleaves its substrate (FS1; Fig. 2A) only in the presence of the CEM produced by E. coli (CEM-EC).5 This E. coli-sensing RFD, named RFD-EC1 (Fig. 2A), was found to be strictly responsive to CEM-EC but nonresponsive to CEMs from a host of other bacteria (Fig. 3).
Here we present the key experimental procedures for setting up E. coli detection assays using RFD-EC1 and representative results.

We have recently reported a novel approach for generating fluorogenic DNAzyme probes that can be applied to set up a simple, "mix-and-read" fluorescent assay for bacterial detection. These special DNA probes catalyze the cleavage of a chromophore-modified DNA-RNA chimeric substrate in the presence of crude extracellular mixture (CEM) produced by a specific bacterium, thereby translating bacterial detection into fluorescence signal generation. In this report we will describe key experimental procedures where a specific DNAzyme probe denoted "RFD-EC1" is employed for the detection of the model bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Detecção de bactérias utilizando DNAzymes fluorogénicas

Outbreaks linked to food-borne and hospital-acquired pathogens account for millions of deaths and hospitalizations as well as colossal economic losses ...

Fluorescent in situ Hybridization on Mitotic Chromosomes of Mosquitoes

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique routinely used by many laboratories to determine the chromosomal position of DNA and RNA probes. One important application of this method is the development of high-quality physical maps useful for improving the genome assemblies for various organisms. The natural banding pattern of polytene and mitotic chromosomes provides guidance for the precise ordering and orientation of the genomic supercontigs. Among the three mosquito genera, namely Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex, a well-established chromosome-based mapping technique has been developed only for Anopheles, whose members possess readable polytene chromosomes 1. As a result of genome mapping efforts, 88% of the An. gambiae genome has been placed to precise chromosome positions 2,3 . Two other mosquito genera, Aedes and Culex, have poorly polytenized chromosomes because of significant overrepresentation of transposable elements in their genomes 4, 5, 6. Only 31 and 9% of the genomic supercontings have been assigned without order or orientation to chromosomes of Ae. aegypti 7 and Cx. quinquefasciatus 8, respectively. Mitotic chromosome preparation for these two species had previously been limited to brain ganglia and cell lines. However, chromosome slides prepared from the brain ganglia of mosquitoes usually contain low numbers of metaphase plates 9. Also, although a FISH technique has been developed for mitotic chromosomes from a cell line of Ae. aegypti 10, the accumulation of multiple chromosomal rearrangements in cell line chromosomes 11 makes them useless for genome mapping. Here we describe a simple, robust technique for obtaining high-quality mitotic chromosome preparations from imaginal discs (IDs) of 4th instar larvae which can be used for all three genera of mosquitoes. A standard FISH protocol 12 is optimized for using BAC clones of genomic DNA as a probe on mitotic chromosomes of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, and for utilizing an intergenic spacer (IGS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as a probe on An. gambiae chromosomes. In addition to physical mapping, the developed technique can be applied to population cytogenetics and chromosome taxonomy/systematics of mosquitoes and other insect groups.

Fluorescent in situ Hybridization on Mitotic Chromosomes of Mosquitoes

Among the three mosquito genera, namely Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex, physical genome mapping techniques were established only for Anopheles, whose members possess readable polytene chromosomes. For the genera of Aedes and Culex, however, cytogenetic mapping remains challenging because of the poor quality of polytene chromosomes. Here we present a universal protocol for obtaining high-quality preparations of mitotic chromosomes and an optimized FISH protocol for all three genera of mosquitoes.

Fluorescente<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hibridação em cromossomos mitóticos de mosquitos

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique routinely used by many laboratories to determine the chromosomal position of DNA and RNA probes. ...

Fluorescence in situ Hybridizations (FISH) for the Localization of Viruses and Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Plant and Insect Tissues

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a name given to a variety of techniques commonly used for visualizing gene transcripts in eukaryotic cells and can be further modified to visualize other components in the cell such as infection with viruses and bacteria. Spatial localization and visualization of viruses and bacteria during the infection process is an essential step that complements expression profiling experiments such as microarrays and RNAseq in response to different stimuli. Understanding the spatiotemporal infections with these agents complements biological experiments aimed at understanding their interaction with cellular components. Several techniques for visualizing viruses and bacteria such as reporter gene systems or immunohistochemical methods are time-consuming, and some are limited to work with model organisms&#160;and involve complex methodologies. FISH that targets RNA or DNA species in the cell is a relatively easy and fast method for studying spatiotemporal localization of genes and for diagnostic purposes. This method can be robust and relatively easy to implement when the protocols employ short hybridizing, commercially-purchased probes, which are not expensive. This is particularly robust when sample preparation, fixation, hybridization, and microscopic visualization do not involve complex steps. Here we describe a protocol for localization of bacteria and viruses in insect and plant tissues. The method is based on simple preparation, fixation, and hybridization of insect whole mounts and dissected organs or hand-made plant sections, with 20 base pairs short DNA probes conjugated to fluorescent dyes on their 5&#39; or 3&#39; ends. This protocol has been successfully applied to a number of insect and plant tissues, and can be used to analyze expression of mRNAs or other RNA or DNA species in the cell.

Fluorescence in situ Hybridizations FISH for the Localization of Viruses and Endosymbiotic Bacteria in Plant and Insect Tissues

We describe here a simple fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method for the localization of viruses and bacteria in insect and plant tissues. This protocol can be extended for the visualization of mRNA in whole mount and microscopic sections.

Fluorescência<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hibridizações (FISH) para a localização de vírus e bactérias Endosymbiotic em Plant e Insect Tecidos

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a name given to a variety of techniques commonly used for visualizing gene transcripts in eukaryotic cells ...

Rapid Identification of Gram Negative Bacteria from Blood Culture Broth Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

An important role of the clinical microbiology laboratory is to provide rapid identification of bacteria causing bloodstream infection. Traditional identification requires the sub-culture of signaled blood culture broth with identification available only after colonies on solid agar have matured. MALDI-TOF MS is a reliable, rapid method for identification of the majority of clinically relevant bacteria when applied to colonies on solid media. The application of MALDI-TOF MS directly to blood culture broth is an attractive approach as it has potential to accelerate species identification of bacteria and improve clinical management. However, an important problem to overcome is the pre-analysis removal of interfering resins, proteins and hemoglobin&#160;contained in blood culture specimens which, if not removed, interfere with the MS spectra and can result in insufficient or low discrimination identification scores. In addition it is necessary to concentrate bacteria to develop spectra of sufficient quality. The presented method describes the concentration, purification, and extraction of Gram negative bacteria allowing for the early identification of bacteria from a signaled blood culture broth.

The application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) directly to blood culture broth expedites the identification of bacteria. The presented method is a rapid and reliable method for identification of Gram negative bacteria directly from blood culture broth.

Rápida identificação de bactérias gram-negativas de Sangue Cultura Caldo Usando MALDI-TOF Espectrometria de Massa

An important role of the clinical microbiology laboratory is to provide rapid identification of bacteria causing bloodstream infection. Traditional ...

In Situ Detection of Autoreactive CD4 T Cells in Brain and Heart Using Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Dextramers

This report demonstrates the use of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II dextramers for detection of autoreactive CD4 T cells in situ in myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice and cardiac myosin heavy chain-&#945; (Myhc) 334-352-induced experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in A/J mice. Two sets of cocktails of dextramer reagents were used, where dextramers+ cells were analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM): EAE, IAs/PLP 139-151 dextramers (specific)/anti-CD4 and IAs/Theiler&#8217;s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) 70-86 dextramers (control)/anti-CD4; and EAM, IAk/Myhc 334-352 dextramers/anti-CD4 and IAk/bovine ribonuclease (RNase) 43-56 dextramers (control)/anti-CD4. LSCM analysis of brain sections obtained from EAE mice showed the presence of cells positive for CD4 and PLP 139-151 dextramers, but not TMEV 70-86 dextramers suggesting that the staining obtained with PLP 139-151 dextramers was specific. Likewise, heart sections prepared from EAM mice also revealed the presence of Myhc 334-352, but not RNase 43-56-dextramer+ cells as expected. Further, a comprehensive method has also been devised to quantitatively analyze the frequencies of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in the &#8216;Z&#8217; serial images.

In Situ Detection of Autoreactive CD4 T Cells in Brain and Heart Using Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Dextramers

The protocol to detect self-reactive CD4 T cells in brain and heart by direct staining with major histocompatibility complex class II dextramers has been described in this report. For comprehensive analysis, a reliable method to enumerate the frequencies of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in situ is also devised.

A detecção in situ de células T CD4 autoreactive em Cérebro e Coração Usando principal de histocompatibilidade Dextramers classe II

This report demonstrates the use of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II dextramers for detection of autoreactive CD4 T cells in situ in myelin ...

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

Microdissection has been used for the examination of tissues at DNA, RNA, and protein levels for over a decade. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most common microdissection technique used today. In this technique, a laser is used to focally melt a thermoplastic membrane that overlies a dehydrated tissue section1. The tissue section composite is then lifted and separated from the membrane. Although this technique can be used successfully for tissue examination, it is time consuming and expensive. Furthermore, the successful completion of procedures using this technique requires the use of a laser, thus limiting its use. A new more affordable and practical microdissection approach called mesodissection is a possible solution to the pitfalls of LCM. This technique employs the MESO-1/MeSectr system to mill the desired tissue from a slide mounted tissue sample while concurrently dispensing and aspirating fluid to recover the desired tissue sample into a consumable mill bit. Before the dissection process begins, the user aligns the formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) slide with a hematoxylin and eosin stained (H&#38;E) reference slide. Thereafter, the operator annotates the desired dissection area and proceeds to dissect the appropriate segment. The program generates an archived image of the dissection. The main advantage of mesodissection is the short duration needed to dissect a slide, taking an average of ten minutes from set up to sample generation in this experiment. Additionally, the system is significantly more cost effective and user friendly. A slight disadvantage is that it is not as precise as laser capture microscopy. In this article we demonstrate how mesodissection can be used to extract RNA from slides from FFPE granulomas caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas

Microdissection has been extensively employed for the examination of DNA, RNA, and protein within tissue. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most commonly used method, but a new milling technique, mesodissection, is recently available. We demonstrate RNA extraction from mesodissected formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue slides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis granulomas.

Uma nova abordagem para Microdissecção Recuperando<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em&gt; transcritos específicos de formalina fixo Parafina incorporado Lung granulomas

Microdissection has been used for the examination of tissues at DNA, RNA, and protein levels for over a decade. Laser capture microscopy (LCM) is the most ...