Name: chick heart invasion assay for testing the invasiveness of cancer cells and the activity of potentially anti-invasive compounds
Uploaded: 2015-06-06T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 16 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds at JoVE.com

We thank Marleen De Meulemeester for demonstrating the assay technique in the video film. B. I. R. is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow of the Research Foundation &#8211; Flanders (FWO &#8211; Vlaanderen). L.M.M. is a recipient of an Emmanuel van der Schueren grant from the Flemish League against Cancer (Vlaamse Liga tegen Kanker).

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Durante a preparação de PHF, os fragmentos não pode ficar em suspensão, mas aderir à parede do vaso; isso pode ser superado através do aumento do volume do meio de cultura. Se o número de PHF é muito baixo e o seu tamanho é muito grande, diminuir o volume do meio de cultura. A falha das células de teste para agregar pode ser devido a flutuações na temperatura ou a infecção microbiana. Alternativamente, uma incapacidade de agregado pode ser uma característica intrínseca das células. Durante a fixação dos agregados para PHF, fraca aderência pode ser superada através da extensão do período de incubação no topo do meio de agar semi-sólido ou através da remoção de meio de cultura mais fluido em torno das culturas por meio de papel de filtro absorvente. Verifique também se há contaminação microbiana neste caso. As dificuldades durante o corte pode ser devido a uma desintegração dos blocos de parafina: isto ocorre quando o tempo de armazenamento dos blocos tem sido muito longo (fundir a parafina, mais uma vez). Quando o seccionamento arteiFacts ocorrer, a integridade da faca micrótomo e a ausência de Aliena corpora nas culturas fixos deve ser verificada. Áreas necróticas nas culturas são sinais de condições de cultura pobres. Se estas áreas estão restritas ao centro das culturas, deve-se suspeitar que o volume dos confrontos ser demasiado grande. A seleção adequada dos volumes dos agregados PHF e celulares é de fato um fator crítico. No entanto, mais generalizada pontos de necrose no sentido inadequado controle de pH, a contaminação microbiana ou artefatos de fixação. Finalmente, quando as seções aparecem muito escura, o período de imersão em hematoxilina pode ser muito longo, ou as seções pode ser muito grosso (&gt; 8 mm). Muitas variações do ensaio de coração de galinha têm sido aplicados com sucesso em estudos de invasão. Estas variações referem-se a origem do tecido do hospedeiro, a apresentação das células de teste que confrontam, e as condições de incubação. Fragmentos do coração de espéciesexceto pintainho 18, e a partir de tecidos como o fígado 19, pulmão 20 e 21 de cérebro, foram examinados. Em vez de agregados, fragmentos de biópsia de amostras 22 23 em monocamada, e as suspensões de células foram usadas para confrontar com PHF em cultura de órgãos. As culturas em suspensão são por vezes substituído por culturas estáticas em cima de um substrato semi-sólido 24, e confrontos isentas de soro foram mostrados para ser praticável com certos tipos de células 25. Geralmente, a interacção é descrita de acordo com uma escala semi- quantitativa de 26 No entanto, os sistemas de análise de imagem automatizada assistida por computador têm também sido desenvolvidos 27,28. Este último objectivo para fornecer informação quantitativa sobre a extensão da invasão de células tumorais. Como o ensaio de coração de galinha inclui um tecido hospedeiro vivo, a instalação tenta recapitular a situação in vivo e, claramente, é de alguma relevância em comparação com outros sistemas in vitro (ver secção introdução). Deve, no entanto, ser reconhecido que o ensaio não consegue abranger todos os elementos do microecosystem presente em tumores naturais, ambientes onde por exemplo factores imunológicos podem influenciar o comportamento invasivo das células cancerosas. Em pelo menos um estudo, a ausência de tais factores no ensaio levou a resultados conflitantes entre os resultados do ensaio de coração de galinha 29 e os de um modelo animal 30. A aplicação futura será o estudo de células progenitoras de cardiomiócitos no ensaio. Estas células podem ser injetadas terapeuticamente em zonas de infarto de pacientes cardíacos, mas eles devem ser capazes de se integrar no miocárdio. No ensaio de coração de galinha as células progenitoras serão confrontados com fragmentos de coração de galinha, e sua migração e diferenciação serão analisados.

Invasão é a marca de tumores malignos. Esta actividade não só conduz à destruição dos tecidos circundantes, mas também está implicada na formação de metástases. Uma vez que doentes com cancro morrem de invasão e metástase, e tratamentos anti-invasivos eficientes são ainda escassos, ensaios de laboratório que simulam a invasão de células tumorais têm sido desenvolvidos. O objectivo do ensaio de coração de galinha é oferecer um método de cultura de órgão relevante para estudar a invasão do tumor em três dimensões. O ensaio consegue distinguir entre as células invasivas e não invasivas, e permite estudar os efeitos dos compostos de teste na invasão tumoral. A lógica por trás da utilização do ensaio é o próprio conceito de que os tumores são ecossistemas em que as células neoplásicas interagem de forma contínua com o seu estroma (células hospedeiras e de matriz extracelular), e que por elas invasão interacções moleculares é uma sintonia fina. Assim, no ensaio de células de tumor são confrontados com livifragmentos ng embrionárias coração pintainho 2, que servem não só como substrato para a invasão de células tumorais, mas também como uma fonte de diferentes tipos de células do estroma e de elementos de matriz. O coração de galinha contém os miócitos, os fibroblastos e as células endoteliais, e a matriz extracelular é composta de laminina, fibronectina e diferentes tipos de colagénio. Desta forma, a técnica de cultura de órgãos tridimensional abrange muitas interacções celulares e moleculares envolvidas na invasão de tumores de doentes. A principal vantagem do ensaio de coração de galinha é a implementação de efeitos estromais. Este aspecto é mais completa do que em outros ensaios de invasão in vitro que se baseiam na invasão de células tumorais em géis não vivos compostos de membrana basal 3 ou 4 moléculas de matriz intersticial. O conceito de confronto entre as células tumorais eo tecido hospedeiro vivo normal, como encontrados em experiências de cultura de órgãos foi apresentado por váriosautores incluindo Wolff e Schneider em França 5, Easty e Easty no Reino Unido 6 e 7 Schleich na Alemanha. Duas vantagens técnicas do ensaio de invasão coração pintainho em relação aos métodos citados é que o volume dos fragmentos podem ser facilmente padronizados, e que eles permanecem contráctil, o que permite a monitorização da integridade funcional durante a cultura de órgãos. Além disso, são preferidos os embriões de aves, porque eles podem ser facilmente dissecado a partir do conteúdo do ovo esterilizada. O ensaio tem semelhança conceptual para o ensaio de membrana pintainho chorioallantois 8, oferecendo um complexo do estroma circundante para as células tumorais. O ensaio tem sido aplicado com sucesso para distinguir entre variantes de células invasivas e não invasivas dos mesmos tumores humanos, tais como na MCF-7 (mamária) 9 e HCT-8 (do cólon) 10 famílias de linhas celulares. A técnica é útil para testar compostos potencialmente anti-invasivas bem <sup&gt; 11,12. Como explicado mais adiante, que pode ser usado para o estabelecimento de relações de moléculas orgânicas pequenas estrutura-actividade. O ensaio, no entanto, não levam em conta a contribuição de células imunológicas a invasão câncer. Deve ser salientado que a técnica não pode ser considerada como um sistema de análise de alto rendimento, por causa do elevado número de manipulações, o número limitado de passos do ensaio (máximo de 30 culturas) e o tempo de rotação (cerca de 1 mês).

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ringer&#039;s salt solution</td><td>Braun</td><td>CEO123</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacto-agar</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>214010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethaan Analar</td><td>VWR</td><td>103157P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA : albumin from bovine serum, cohn V fract.</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A4503-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM-Rega 3</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;</td><td>19993013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gyrotory shakers</td><td>New Brunswick Scientific</td><td>G10 and G33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Erlenmeyer flasks 50 ml</td><td>Novolab</td><td>92717</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Petri dishes</td><td>Novolab</td><td>68516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iridectomy scissors</td><td>Rumex</td><td>11-0625</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Macroscope with calibrated ocular grid</td><td>Wild</td><td>157702</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin wax</td><td>International Medical products</td><td>8599956</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eosin Y</td><td>Sigma</td><td>230251-25g</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Harris&#039; hematoxylin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>HHS32-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coverslipping resin (Tissue-Tek)</td><td>Sakura</td><td>4494</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin melting apparatus</td><td>GFL</td><td>1052</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microtome for paraffin sectioning</td><td>Reichert</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stppers for Erlemeyer flasks with gas in- and outlets</td><td>Novolab</td><td>2602421 and 260243</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diaminobenzidine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>REAX rocking table</td><td>Heidolph</td><td>54131</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24-well tissue dishes</td><td>VWR</td><td>NUNC142475</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ophtalmological enucleation spoon</td><td>Rumex</td><td>16-060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sharp forceps</td><td>Rumex</td><td>4-111T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blunt forceps</td><td>Nickel-Electro LTD</td><td>7112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Erlenmeyer flasks 5 ml</td><td>Novolab</td><td>211901</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope slides washed and degreased</td><td>International Medical products</td><td>8613908</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

chick heart invasion assay for testing the invasiveness of cancer cells and the activity of potentially anti-invasive compounds

O objectivo do ensaio de coração de galinha é oferecer um método de cultura de órgão relevante para estudar a invasão do tumor em três dimensões. O ensaio consegue distinguir entre as células invasivas e não invasivas, e permite estudo dos efeitos dos compostos de teste na invasão tumoral. As células cancerosas - quer como agregados ou células individuais - são confrontados com fragmentos de coração de galinha embrionário. Após cultura de órgãos em suspensão durante alguns dias ou semanas que confrontam as culturas são fixadas e incluídas em parafina para análise histológica. A interacção tridimensional entre as células cancerosas e o tecido normal é então reconstruído a partir de cortes seriados corados com hematoxilina-eosina ou após coloração imuno-histoquímica para epitopos no tecido cardíaco ou as células cancerosas que confrontam. O ensaio é consistente com o conceito recente que a invasão do câncer é o resultado de interações moleculares entre as células cancerosas e seus elementos hospedeiros do estroma vizinho (miofibroblastos, endothElial células, componentes da matriz extracelular, etc.). Aqui, neste ambiente estromal é oferecido para as células cancerosas como um fragmento de tecido vivo. Aspectos de apoio para a relevância do ensaio são múltiplas. Invasão no ensaio está de acordo com os critérios de invasão do câncer: ocupação progressiva e substituição no tempo e no espaço do tecido hospedeiro, e capacidade de invasão e não-invasivo in vivo das células que confrontam geralmente se correlaciona com o resultado do ensaio. Além disso, o padrão de invasão de células in vivo, tal como definido por patologistas, reflecte-se nas imagens histológicas no ensaio. A análise quantitativa relação estrutura-actividade (QSAR) dos resultados obtidos com vários compostos orgânicos congéneres potencialmente anti-invasivos permitiu o estudo das relações estrutura-actividade de flavonóides e calconas, e conhecidas drogas anti-metastáticos utilizados na clínica (por exemplo, inibidores de microtúbulos ) inibir a invasão no ensaio bem. However, o ensaio não leva em conta as contribuições imunológicas a invasão câncer.

Os cortes histológicos tal como apresentado na Figura 5 mostra o resultado final de um número de ensaios bem sucedidos. A histologia de som das culturas indica as células viáveis ​​e permite interpretar a interacção entre as células de tumor e tecido normal. Além disso, qualquer reacção imunitária do tecido normal pode ser observado, o que confirma a idade correcta dos embriões de galinha utilizados, por exemplo, antes de o sistema de rejeição imunitária é desenvolvida. Não há bactérias visíveis, o que indica ausência de contaminação (bruto) durante o período de cultura. Finalmente a periferia arredondada das seções confirma cultura em suspensão, sem sinais de aderência (temporária) da parede do frasco de Erlenmeyer. Muitos dos compostos foram testados no ensaio. As drogas são geralmente entregues ao meio de cultura no momento em que se confrontam os PHF / tumorais pares agregados são transferidas para pequenos frascos de Erlenmeyer (passo 2.7). Alguns foram usados ​​como ferramentas (conhecido emhibitors e activadores) para desvendar vias e moléculas efectoras implicadas no processo de invasão tumoral. Para outros compostos que foram estruturalmente relacionados, uma relação quantitativa estrutura-actividade (QSAR) foi estabelecido com base nos resultados do ensaio de invasão pintainho coração. Assim, para os polifenóis relacionados foram utilizados uma série de descritores computacionais para permitir a previsão da sua actividade anti-invasiva no ensaio. Ao longo de um período de 15 anos 139 diferentes análogos foram testados quanto aos seus possíveis efeitos anti-invasivos no ensaio, e as suas actividades foram agrupados em 4 classes. Um treinamento e um conjunto de validação consiste em 93 e 46 desses polifenóis, respectivamente foram selecionados aleatoriamente. Por meio de uma rede neural artificial QSAR os resultados do conjunto de validação apresentaram uma correlação clara entre as actividades anti-invasivos e preditos experimentais 17 (ver Figura 6). Os dados mostram a robustez do the pintainho ensaio de invasão coração, uma vez que a correlação entre os resultados previstos e experimentais era válido mais de 15 anos, e confirmado em um estudo recente previsão (não publicado) com diferentes polifenóis. A matriz de confusão apresentada na Figura 6 resume a fraqueza e a força do ensaio graficamente: dá uma expressão aproximada da precisão e a reprodutibilidade. A interpretação deste gráfico deve ter em conta a variabilidade biológica de culturas de órgãos vivendo, ea pontuação quantitativa semi dos resultados invasão. <img alt="Figura 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52792/52792fig6.jpg" /> Figura 6. Validação externa de um modelo preditivo QSAR (rede neural artificial) para a actividade de moléculas pequenas no ensaio de invasão pintainho coração. A saída deste modelo é a classe de actividade anti-invasiva de um composto. Quatro dessas classes foram definidas, representing a concentração mais baixa à qual uma molécula exerce actividade anti-invasiva (isto é, grau de invasão I ou II) no ensaio CHI: classe 4 (para baixo activa a 1 uM), classe 3 (10 uM), classe 2 (100 uM) e classe 1 (nenhuma actividade anti-invasiva a concentrações tão elevadas como 100 uM). A matriz de confusão representado compara previsto e determinado experimentalmente classes de actividade anti-invasivos para os compostos do conjunto de validação. O conjunto de validação contém 46 compostos, o conjunto de treinamento 93. previsões do modelo são baseadas somente em descritores calculados a partir da estrutura molecular, e pode, assim, ser obtidos para compostos hipotéticas. Desta forma, os esforços sintéticos pode ser focado em moléculas com atividade promissora em silico. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52792/52792fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds at JoVE.com

Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds

Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para estudar a invasão das células tumorais em fragmentos de tecido normal vivendo em três dimensões. Esta técnica de cultura de órgãos é aplicada principalmente para testar drogas potencialmente anti-invasivos in vitro.

Pintainho Coração Invasion Ensaio para testar a invasão das células neoplásicas e da Actividade de compostos potencialmente anti-invasivos

The goal of the chick heart assay is to offer a relevant organ culture method to study tumor invasion in three dimensions. The assay can distinguish ...

chick-heart-invasion-assay-for-testing-invasiveness-cancer-cells

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.0K visualizações.  University of Ghent.  Aqui, apresentamos um protocolo para estudar a invasão das células tumorais em fragmentos de tecido normal vivendo em três dimensões. Esta técnica de cultura de órgãos é aplicada principalmente para testar drogas potencialmente anti-invasivos in vitro. 

Vídeo: Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds

Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

Although 3D invasion assays have been developed, the challenge remains to study cells without affecting the integrity of their microenvironment. Traditional 3D assays such as the Boyden Chamber require that cells are displaced from the original culture location and moved to a new environment. Not only does this disrupt the cellular processes that are intrinsic to the microenvironment, but it often results in a loss of cells. These problems are especially challenging when dealing with cells that are either rare, or extremely sensitive to their microenvironment. Here, we describe the development of a 3D invasion assay that avoids both concerns. In this assay, cells are plated within a small well and an ECM matrix containing a chemoattractant is laid atop the cells. This requires no cell displacement, and allows the cells to invade upwards into the matrix. In this assay, cell invasion as well as cell morphology can be assessed within the collagen gel. Using this assay, we characterize the invasive capacity of rare and sensitive cells; the hybrid cells resulting from fusion between breast cancer cells MCF7 and mesenchymal/multipotent stem/stroma cells (MSCs).

Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

This protocol describes an inverted vertical invasion assay that could be used to quantify the migration and invasion capabilities of cells in a three-dimensional setting while preserving the cell microenvironment. This assay is suitable for rare and/or sensitive cells.

Se movendo para cima: Um simples e flexível em Vitro invasão tridimensional protocolo do ensaio

Although 3D invasion assays have been developed, the challenge remains to study cells without affecting the integrity of their microenvironment. ...

Pesquisa do câncer

A Real-time Electrical Impedance Based Technique to Measure Invasion of Endothelial Cell Monolayer by Cancer Cells

Metastatic dissemination of malignant cells requires degradation of basement membrane, attachment of tumor cells to vascular endothelium, retraction of endothelial junctions and finally invasion and migration of tumor cells through the endothelial layer to enter the bloodstream as a means of transport to distant sites in the host1-3. Once in the circulatory system, cancer cells adhere to capillary walls and extravasate to the surrounding tissue to form metastatic tumors4,5. The various components of tumor cell-endothelial cell interaction can be replicated in vitro by challenging a monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with cancer cells. Studies performed with electron and phase-contrast microscopy suggest that the in vitro sequence of events fairly represent the in vivo metastatic process6. Here, we describe an electrical-impedance based technique that monitors and quantifies in real-time the invasion of endothelial cells by malignant tumor cells.
Giaever and Keese first described a technique for measuring fluctuations in impedance when a population of cells grow on the surface of electrodes7,8. The xCELLigence instrument, manufactured by Roche, utilizes a similar technique to measure changes in electrical impedance as cells attach and spread in a culture dish covered with a gold microelectrode array that covers approximately 80% of the area on the bottom of a well. As cells attach and spread on the electrode surface, it leads to an increase in electrical impedance9-12. The impedance is displayed as a dimensionless parameter termed cell-index, which is directly proportional to the total area of tissue-culture well that is covered by cells. Hence, the cell-index can be used to monitor cell adhesion, spreading, morphology and cell density.
The invasion assay described in this article is based on changes in electrical impedance at the electrode/cell interphase, as a population of malignant cells invade through a HUVEC monolayer (Figure 1). The disruption of endothelial junctions, retraction of endothelial monolayer and replacement by tumor cells lead to large changes in impedance. These changes directly correlate with the invasive capacity of tumor cells, i.e., invasion by highly aggressive cells lead to large changes in cell impedance and vice versa. This technique provides a two-fold advantage over existing methods of measuring invasion, such as boyden chamber and matrigel assays: 1) the endothelial cell-tumor cell interaction more closely mimics the in vivo process, and 2) the data is obtained in real-time and is more easily quantifiable, as opposed to end-point analysis for other methods.

This article describes an in vitro technique for monitoring cancer cells invading through a monolayer of endothelial cells. The data is acquired in real-time as a function of changes in impedance on the surface of electrodes at the well bottom.

A técnica de impedância elétrica em tempo real baseado medir Invasão de monocamada de células endoteliais por células cancerosas

Metastatic dissemination of malignant cells requires degradation of basement membrane, attachment of tumor cells to vascular endothelium, retraction of ...

Medicina

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-&#946;-induced Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis at later stage1,2. Moreover, TGF-&beta; is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and its expression correlates with poor prognosis and metastasis 3,4. The mechanisms by which TGF-&beta; induces invasion are not well understood.
TGF-&beta; elicits its cellular responses via TGF-&beta; type II (T&beta;RII) and type I (T&beta;RI) receptors. Upon TGF-&beta;-induced heteromeric complex formation, T&beta;RII phosphorylates the T&beta;RI. The activated T&beta;RI initiates its intracellular canonical signaling pathway by phosphorylating receptor Smads (R-Smads), i.e. Smad2 and Smad3. These activated R-Smads form heteromeric complexes with Smad4, which accumulate in the nucleus and regulate the transcription of target genes5. In addition to the previously described Smad pathway, receptor activation results in activation of several other non-Smad signaling pathways, for example Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways6.
To study the role of TGF-&beta; in different stages of breast cancer, we made use of the MCF10A cell system. This system consists of spontaneously immortalized MCF10A1 (M1) breast epithelial cells7, the H-RAS transformed M1-derivative MCF10AneoT (M2), which produces premalignant lesions in mice8, and the M2-derivative MCF10CA1a (M4), which was established from M2 xenografts and forms high grade carcinomas with the ability to metastasize to the lung9. This MCF10A series offers the possibility to study the responses of cells with different grades of malignancy that are not biased by a different genetic background.
For the analysis of TGF-&beta;-induced invasion, we generated homotypic MCF10A spheroid cell cultures embedded in a 3D collagen matrix in vitro (Fig 1). Such models closely resemble human tumors in vivo by establishing a gradient of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in active and invasive cells on the outside and quiescent or even necrotic cells in the inside of the spheroid10. Spheroid based assays have also been shown to better recapitulate drug resistance than monolayer cultures11. This MCF10 3D model system allowed us to investigate the impact of TGF-&beta; signaling on the invasive properties of breast cells in different stages of malignancy.

An assay to quantitatively measure Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-&#x03B2;-induced invasion in 3-dimensional collagen gels is described. This assay takes advantage of the MCF10A series of cell lines, which represent different stages of breast cancer development. This method can be adopted to be used with other cell lines and might be used to investigate other potential activators or inhibitors of invasion.

Ensaio esferóide para TGF-β Medida induzida Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis ...

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modelagem e imagem 3-Dimensional Invasion cela coletiva

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

The Use of Mouse Mammary Tumor Cells in an In Vitro Invasion Assay as a Measure of Oncogenic Cell Behavior

The in vitro invasion assay uses a protein-rich matrix in a Boyden chamber to measure the ability of cultured cells to pass through the matrix and a porous membrane in a process analogous to the initial steps of cancer cell metastasis. The tested cells can be altered for the gene expression or treated with inhibitors to test for changes in the invasion potential. This experiment tests the aggressive phenotype of the mouse mammary tumor cells to discover and characterize the potential oncogenes that promote cell invasion. This technique, however, can be versatile and adapted to many different applications. The experiment itself can be done in one day and the results are acquired by light microscopy in less than a day. The results include counts of the number of invading cells for comparison and analysis. The in vitro invasion assay is a rapid, inexpensive, and clear-cut method for determining cell behavior in a culture that can be used as an initial assessment before more involved in vivo assays.

The in vitro cell invasion assay is used to measure the potential of cancer metastasis by quantifying the cellular potential for invasion and migration using cell culture inserts containing protein matrix. Cells are challenged to migrate through the protein matrix and a porous membrane, towards a chemoattractant, and then quantified by light microscopy.

O uso de células tumorais do rato mamário em um ensaio de invasão in vitro como medida de comportamento de células oncogênicas

The in vitro invasion assay uses a protein-rich matrix in a Boyden chamber to measure the ability of cultured cells to pass through the matrix and a ...

Genética

Discovery of Metastatic Regulators using a Rapid and Quantitative Intravital Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Model

Recent advances in cancer research has illustrated the highly complex nature of cancer metastasis. Multiple genes or genes networks have been found to be involved in differentially regulating cancer metastatic cascade genes and gene products dependent on the cancer type, tissue, and individual patient characteristics. These represent potentially important targets for genetic therapeutics and personalized medicine approaches. The development of rapid screening platforms is essential for the identification of these genetic targets.
The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a highly vascularized, collagen rich membrane located under the eggshell that allows for gas exchange in the developing embryo. Due to the location and vascularization of the CAM, we developed it as an intravital human cancer metastasis model that allows for robust human cancer cell xenografting and real-time imaging of cancer cell interactions with the collagen rich matrix and vasculature. 
Using this model, a quantitative screening platform was designed for the identification of novel drivers or suppressors of cancer metastasis. We transduced a pool of head and neck HEp3 cancer cells with a complete human genome shRNA gene library, then injected the cells, at low density, into the CAM vasculature. The cells proliferated and formed single-tumor cell colonies. Individual colonies that were unable to invade into the CAM tissue were visible as a compact colony phenotype and excised for identification of the transduced shRNA present in the cells. Images of individual colonies were evaluated for their invasiveness. Multiple rounds of selections were performed to decreases the rate of false positives. Individual, isolated cancer cell clones or newly engineered clones that express genes of interest were subjected to primary tumor formation assay or cancer cell vasculature co-option analysis. In summary we present a rapid screening platform that allows for anti-metastatic target identification and intravital analysis of a dynamic and complex cascade of events.

This is an effective method to screen for suppressors or drivers of cancer metastasis. Cells, transduced with an expression library, are injected into the chicken chorioallantoic membrane vasculature to form metastatic colonies. Colonies having decreased or increased invasiveness are excised, expanded, reinjected to confirm their phenotype, and finally, analyzed using high throughput sequencing.

Descoberta de reguladores metastáticos usando um modelo de membrana corioallantóica intravital rápida e quantitativa

Recent advances in cancer research has illustrated the highly complex nature of cancer metastasis. Multiple genes or genes networks have been found to be ...

Real-Time Detection and Capture of Invasive Cell Subpopulations from Co-Cultures

Invasion and metastatic spread of cancer cells are the major cause of death from cancer. Assays developed early on to measure the invasive potential of cancer cell populations typically generate a single endpoint measurement that does not distinguish between cancer cell subpopulations with different invasive potential. Also, the tumor microenvironment consists of different resident stromal and immune cells that alter and participate in the invasive behavior of cancer cells. Invasion into tissues also plays a role in immune cell subpopulations fending off microorganisms or eliminating diseased cells from the parenchyma and endothelial cells during tissue remodeling and angiogenesis. Real-Time Cellular Analysis (RTCA) that utilizes impedance biosensors to monitor cell invasion was a major step forward beyond endpoint measurement of invasion: this provides continuous measurements over time and thus can reveal differences in invasion rates that are lost in the endpoint assay. Using current RTCA technology, we expanded dual-chamber arrays by adding a further chamber that can contain stromal and/or immune cells and allows measuring the rate of invasion under the influence of secreted factors from co-cultured stromal or immune cells over time. Beyond this, the unique design allows for detaching chambers at any time and isolating of the most invasive cancer cell, or other cell subpopulations that are present in heterogeneous mixes of tumor isolates tested. These most invasive cancer cells and other cell subpopulations drive malignant progression to metastatic disease, and their molecular characteristics are important for in-depth mechanistic studies, the development of diagnostic probes for their detection, and the assessment of vulnerabilities. Thus, the inclusion of small- or large-molecule drugs can be used to test the potential of therapies that target cancer and/or stromal cell subpopulations with the goal of inhibiting (e.g., cancer cells) or enhancing (e.g., immune cells) invasive behavior.

We describe an approach to detect and capture invasive cell subpopulations in real-time. The experimental design uses Real-Time Cellular Analysis by monitoring changes in the electric impedance of cells. Invasive cancer, immune, endothelial or stromal cells in complex tissues can be captured, and the impact of co-cultures can be assessed.

Detecção e Captura em Tempo Real de Subpopulações celulares invasoras de co-culturas

Invasion and metastatic spread of cancer cells are the major cause of death from cancer. Assays developed early on to measure the invasive potential of ...

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to both secrete proteases that break down the basement membrane as well as migrate in order to be invasive. BD BioCoat Tumor Invasion System provides cells with conditions that allow assessment of their invasive property in vitro1,2. It consists of a BD Falcon FluoroBlok 24-Multiwell Insert Plate with an 8.0 micron pore size PET membrane that has been uniformly coated with BD Matrigel Matrix. This uniform layer of BD Matrigel Matrix serves as a reconstituted basement membrane in vitro providing a true barrier to non-invasive cells while presenting an appropriate protein structure to study invasion. The coating process occludes the pores of the membrane, blocking non-invasive cells from migrating through the membrane. In contrast, invasive cells are able to detach themselves from and migrate through the coated membrane. Quantitation of cell invasion can be achieved by either pre- or post-cell invasion labeling with a fluorescent dye such as DiIC12(3) or calcein AM, respectively, and measuring the fluorescence of invading cells. Since the BD FluoroBlok membrane effectively blocks the passage of light from 490-700 nm at &gt;99% efficiency, fluorescently-labeled cells that have not invaded are not detected by a bottom-reading fluorescence plate reader. However, cells that have invaded to the underside of the membrane are no longer shielded from the light source and are detected with the respective plate reader. This video demonstrates an endpoint cell invasion assay, using calcein AM to detect invaded cells.

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

This video demonstrates how to measure cell invasion through cell culture inserts using a fluorescence-based methodology.

Um In vitro FluoroBlok Assay invasão tumoral

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to ...

Biologia

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the actual molecules towards which the cells migrate remain elusive. This modified invasion assay has been developed to identify targets which drive cell migration and invasion. This technique compares the invasion index under three conditions to determine whether a specific hormone, growth factor, or cytokine plays a role in mediating the invasive potential of a cancer cell. These conditions include i) normal fetal bovine serum (FBS), ii) charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS), which removes hormones, growth factors, and cytokines and iii) CS-FBS + molecule (denoted &#8220;X&#8221;). A significant change in cell invasion with CS-FBS as compared to FBS, indicates the involvement of hormones, cytokines or growth factors in mediating the change. Individual molecules can then be added back to CS-FBS to assay their ability to reverse or rescue the invasion phenotype. Furthermore, two or more factors can be combined to evaluate the additive or synergistic effects of multiple molecules in driving or inhibiting invasion. Overall, this method enables the investigator to determine whether hormones, cytokines, and/or growth factors play a role in cell invasion by serving as chemoattractants or inhibitors of invasion for a particular type of cancer cell or a specific mutant. By identifying specific chemoattractants and inhibitors, this modified invasion assay may help to elucidate signaling pathways that direct cancer cell invasion.

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

A modificação<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Invasion Ensaio para determinar o possível papel dos hormônios, citocinas e / ou fatores de crescimento na Cancer Mediating Invasion celular

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

A Cancer Cell Spheroid Assay to Assess Invasion in a 3D Setting

The invasive nature of cancer cell lines is thought to correlate with their metastatic potential. Most traditional assays, however, do not examine these invasive features in a three-dimensional environment and the resulting data suffer from reduced biological applicability. Here an approach is presented to visualize the invasive ability of cell lines in a physiologically relevant setting. The cancer cell spheroid invasion assay first utilizes gravity to generate spheroids within drops of media that hang from the lid of a cell culture dish. Next, these spheroids are embedded in a 3D matrix consisting of a mixture of basement membrane materials and type I collagen. Cancer cell egression from the spheroids into the surrounding matrix is then monitored over time. The method described here can be modified to examine invasion after coculture of different cell types, inclusion of drugs/inhibitors, or alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents.

This method evaluates cancer cell invasion from spheroids into a surrounding 3D matrix. Spheroids are generated via the hanging drop culture method and then embedded in a matrix comprised of basement membrane materials and type I collagen. Invasion out of the spheroids is subsequently monitored.

A Cancer Cell Spheroid Ensaio para avaliar a invasão em um ambiente 3D

The invasive nature of cancer cell lines is thought to correlate with their metastatic potential.  Most traditional assays, however, do not examine these ...