Name: 'bioluminescent' reporter phage for the detection of category a bacterial pathogens
Uploaded: 2011-07-08T12:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 31 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens at JoVE.com

Esta pesquisa foi apoiada pelo Programa de Pequenas Business Innovation Research do National Institutes of Health (NIAID, 1R43AI082698-01) e do USDA Instituto Nacional de Alimentação e Agricultura (Nifa, 2009-33610-20028).

1. Y. pestis inoculação placa <ol><li> Streak Y. pestis A1122 (BeiResources # NR15) em culturas de Luria-Bertani (LB) ágar (Miller). Use técnica estéril e executar todas as Y. manipulações pestis em um tipo II classe A biossegurança gabinete. Y. pestis A1122 é um Nível de Biossegurança (BSL) 2 estirpe agente excluídos selecionar. Falta-lhe tanto os 75 kb par de cálcio de baixa virulência de resposta (LCR) plasmídeo, eo locus pgm que são necessários para a virulência. Crescer Y. pestis a 28 ° C por 48 h em uma temperatura controlada de ar estática incubadora. A taxa de crescimento de Y. pestis é lento com um tempo de geração de 1,25 h 9. </li></ol> 2. Y. pestis líquido media inoculação <ol><li> Transferência de um único Y. pestis colônia em um estéril 17 x 100 milímetros tubo de cultura contendo 2 mL de caldo LB usando um loop de inoculação estéril metal. Selecione uma colônia que é uniforme em tamanho, é indicativo de outras colônias, e é claramente separada do resto das colônias na placa. Tubo de vórtice brevemente e crescer a cultura a 28 ° C por aproximadamente 20 h em uma incubadora de agitação (225 rpm). </li></ol> 3. Y. conseqüência pestis, além fago repórter, e detecção bioluminescentes <ol><li> Diluir o Y. overnight pestis 1:20 cultura em caldo LB fresco em um tubo falcon de 50 mL (por exemplo, 500 mL de células em 9,5 mL de meio) e crescer a 28 ° C com agitação (225 rpm). Crescer até uma densidade óptica a 600 nm (A 600) de 0,2 é atingido (cerca de 5 h). Células em crescimento activo são preferíveis para a detecção desde a capacidade dos fagos para transduzir uma resposta bioluminescentes está correlacionada com a viabilidade e adequação das bactérias host. No entanto, o sistema de detecção foi mostrado para ser compatível com células colhidas em todas as fases do ciclo de crescimento 7. </li><li> Gerar o substrato necessário para a reação bioluminescente, preparando uma solução de 2% n-Decano. Misturar 200 mL de n-Decano com 9,8 mL de caldo LB. Vortex vigorosamente durante 5 s. Primeiro a microplaca luminômetro injector com 2 mL da solução 2% n-Decano. Pré-definir o luminômetro para autoinject 67 mL da solução decanal a cada microplaca e logo em seguida ler a amostra para 10 s. </li><li> Dispense um alíquotas mL de caldo LB em 3 tubos de cultura. Adicionar 20 mL da solução-mãe repórter fago (estoque de 5 x 10 9 unidades formadoras de placa [UFP] / mL) a cada tubo; o fago e amostras de mídia só serve como um controle negativo. Na ausência de Y. células pestis, a adição do fago repórter não deve provocar uma resposta bioluminescente. </li><li> Dispense um alíquotas mL da Y. pestis cultura (a partir do passo 3.1) em 6 tubos de cultura. Adicionar 20 mL do estoque fago repórter a 3 das culturas (culturas de teste). Os restantes três culturas servir de &quot;células sozinho &#39;controle negativo (autobioluminescence fundo). Mix culturas em vortex brevemente, e 200 mL de colheita de cada amostra (para o tempo 0 lido) e dispensar em uma placa de microtitulação de 96 poços branco. Incubar a cultura restantes a 28 ° C com agitação (225 rpm). </li><li> Medir o tempo 0 amostras para bioluminescência (unidade relativa de luz, RLU), utilizando o luminômetro. </li><li> ML colheita 200 de cada amostra após 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 min Além fago pós-repórter, e medir a amostra de bioluminescência. Se Y. pestis células estão presentes, o fago repórter vai se ligam especificamente para a célula, injetar seu DNA, e usar o hosts maquinaria transcricional e translacional para transcrever e traduzir os genes repórter luxAB (Figura 1). </li><li> A força do sinal eo tempo de resposta do sinal é proporcional ao número de células presentes. Em altas concentrações de células (10 5 a 10 8 UFC / mL), um aumento significativo na RLU comparados com os controles devem ser evidente dentro de 20 min. Em concentrações mais baixas de células, (10 2 -10 4 UFC / mL), um aumento significativo na RLU deve ser evidente dentro de 40-60 min. </li><li> Como alternativa, para agilizar o processo de detecção sem a necessidade de Y. pestis conseqüência, uma colônia de uma placa de recém-cultivada pode ser misturado (em vórtice) diretamente em um tubo eppendorf 1,5 mL com 200 mL de caldo LB abrigar o fago repórter. Dispense a mistura de células / fago em um poço de uma placa de microtitulação. Incubar a placa de microtitulação a 28 ° C e ler a amostra para bioluminescência após 60 min (único momento apenas). </li></ol> 4. Resultados representativos: A experiência é claro representante tempo de fago repórter mediada detecção de Y. pestis é retratado na Figura 2. Os controles negativos de 1) fago sozinho (sem células), ou 2) células sozinho (sem fago) fornecem níveis basais de bioluminescência de aproximadamente 20 em todo o RLU 60 min incubation (níveis basais são específicos luminômetro). Em contraste, um aumento de bioluminescência para as amostras de teste (fago repórter e células) é evidente aos 15 min após a adição do fago. A intensidade do sinal deve aumentar de forma constante durante 60 min. Incubações por períodos de tempo prolongado (mais de 80 min), resultará em um sinal de que vai diminuir a partir do sinal de pico devido à lise mediada fago das células do hospedeiro. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos em temperaturas de incubação de 37 ° C, embora a temperatura ótima para Y. crescimento pestis é de 28 ° C 9. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2740/2740fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2"/> Figura 2. Phage mediada detecção bioluminescente de Y. pestis. No tempo 0, fago repórter e as células foram misturadas, incubados a 28 ° C, e bioluminescência (RLU) foi monitorado ao longo do tempo. Um aumento significativo em RLU (* Estudantes t-test, p &lt;0,05) é evidente dentro de 15 min.

<ol>
	<li>Darling, R. G., Catlett, C. L., Huebner, K. D., Jarrett, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Threats+in+bioterrorism.+I:+CDC+category+A+agents.">Threats in bioterrorism. I: CDC category A agents.</a> Emerg Med Clin North Am. 20, 273-309 (2002).</li><li>Chu, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laboratory manual of plague diagnostic tests.. , (2000).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> , (1999).</li><li>Inglesby, T. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anthrax+as+a+biological+weapon,+2002:+updated+recommendations+for+management.">Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management.</a> JAMA. 287, 2236-2252 (2002).</li><li>Schuch, R., Fischetti, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detailed+genomic+analysis+of+the+Wbeta+and+gamma+phages+infecting+Bacillus+anthracis:+implications+for+evolution+of+environmental+fitness+and+antibiotic+resistance.">Detailed genomic analysis of the Wbeta and gamma phages infecting Bacillus anthracis: implications for evolution of environmental fitness and antibiotic resistance.</a> J Bacteriol. 188, 3037-3051 (2006).</li><li>Garcia, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genome+sequence+of+Yersinia+pestis+bacteriophage+phiA1122+reveals+an+intimate+history+with+the+coliphage+T3+and+T7+genomes.">The genome sequence of Yersinia pestis bacteriophage phiA1122 reveals an intimate history with the coliphage T3 and T7 genomes.</a> J Bacteriol. 185, 5248-5262 (2003).</li><li>Schofield, D. A., Molineux, I. J., Westwater, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+bioluminescent+phage+for+detection+of+Yersinia+pestis.">Diagnostic bioluminescent phage for detection of Yersinia pestis.</a> Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 47, 3887-3894 (2009).</li><li>Schofield, D. A., Westwater, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phage-mediated+bioluminescent+detection+of+Bacillus+anthracis.">Phage-mediated bioluminescent detection of Bacillus anthracis.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 107, 468-478 (2009).</li><li>Chu, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> CDC: Basic laboratory protocols for the presumptive identification of Yersinia pestis. , 1-19 (2001).</li><li>Gunnison, J. B., Larson, A., Lazarus, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+differentiation+between+Pasteurella+pestis+and+Pasteurella+pseudotuberculosis+by+action+of+bacteriophage.">Rapid differentiation between Pasteurella pestis and Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis by action of bacteriophage.</a> J Infect Dis. 88, 254-255 (1951).</li><li>Lazarus, A. S., Gunnison, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Action+of+Pasteurella+pestis+Bacteriophage+on+Strains+of+Pasteurella,+Salmonella,+and+Shigella.">The Action of Pasteurella pestis Bacteriophage on Strains of Pasteurella, Salmonella, and Shigella.</a> J Bacteriol. 53, 705-714 (1947).</li><li>Sergueev, K. V., He, Y., Borschel, R. H., Nikolich, M. P., Filippov, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+sensitive+detection+of+Yersinia+pestis+using+amplification+of+plague+diagnostic+bacteriophages+monitored+by+real-time+PCR.">Rapid and sensitive detection of Yersinia pestis using amplification of plague diagnostic bacteriophages monitored by real-time PCR.</a> PLoS One. 5, e11337-e11337 (2010).</li></ol>

Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

Este método demonstra a capacidade do fago repórter para detectar rapidamente Y. pestis desde o fago repórter pode converter uma resposta de sinal bioluminescente para Y. cultivadas pestis células dentro de 20 min após a adição do fago. O fago repórter também é capaz de detectar diretamente Y. pestis em matrizes clínico, sem o pré-requisito de isolamento e cultivo de 7 subseqüente. Em comparação com os ensaios fago padrão de lise, que normalmente exige 48 h para a conclusão, este diminui significativamente o tempo de detecção. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o tipo selvagem fago ΦA1122 pode lisar quase todos naturais Y. pestis isolados, e é &quot;específica&quot; para Y. pestis 6,10,11, porém alguns Y. cepas pseudotuberculosis foram mostrados para ser ΦA1122 suscetíveis quando cultivada em temperaturas acima de 20 ° C 6,10,12. A razão para a suscetibilidade diferencial de temperatura-sensível é desconhecida, mas provavelmente devido à temperatura-dependente mudanças nas camadas de superfície celular / composição. Portanto, uma ressalva potencial do sistema de detecção de repórter fago é a possibilidade de uma resposta falso-positivo com cepas da estreitamente relacionados espécies Y. pseudotuberculosis. Realização do ensaio fago repórter na temperatura restritiva (20 ° C) vai impedir que um falso sinal positivo nas amostras que podem conter Y. pseudotuberculosis. Assim, a especificidade pode ser estritamente controlada ao usar culturas isoladas crescido a uma temperatura específica. Na detecção de resumo, rápido e diagnóstico de Y. pestis é essencial para um prognóstico positivo, pois a praga, a peste pneumônica, especialmente, é quase sempre fatal se o tratamento não é administrado dentro das primeiras 24 horas após o início dos sintomas. Este método tem o potencial de atender a essas necessidades para a identificação confirmada de isolados cultivados ou dentro de matrizes clinicamente relevantes.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nome do reagente </th><th> Companhia </th><th> Número de catálogo </th></tr><tr><td> Difco agar LB, Miller </td><td> VWR </td><td> 90003-346 </td></tr><tr><td> Difco LB caldo, Miller </td><td> VWR </td><td> 90003-350 </td></tr><tr><td> 17 x 100 mm tubos cultura </td><td> EUA Scientific </td><td> 1485-0810 </td></tr><tr><td> n-Decano </td><td> Sigma </td><td> D7384 </td></tr><tr><td> Veritas luminômetro </td><td> Turner Biosystems </td><td> 9100-001 </td></tr><tr><td> Microlite de microtitulação de 96 poços da placa </td><td> VWR </td><td> 62402-984 </td></tr></tbody></table>

'bioluminescent' reporter phage for the detection of category a bacterial pathogens

Yersinia pestis e Bacillus anthracis Categoria A são bactérias que são os agentes causadores da praga e antraz, respectivamente 1. Embora a ocorrência natural de ambas as doenças &quot;agora é relativamente rara, a possibilidade de grupos terroristas com estes patógenos como uma arma biológica é real. Por causa da comunicabilidade inerente da doença, evolução clínica rápida e alta taxa de mortalidade, é fundamental que um surto ser detectados rapidamente. Portanto metodologias que proporcionam a rápida detecção e diagnóstico são essenciais para garantir a implementação imediata de medidas de saúde pública e ativação de gestão de crises. Fago recombinante repórter pode proporcionar uma abordagem rápida e específica para a detecção de Y. pestis e B. anthracis. Os Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças atualmente usam os ensaios de lise clássica fago para a identificação confirmada destes patógenos bacterianos 2-4. Estes ensaios aproveitar naturalmente fago que são específicas e lítico para seus hospedeiros bacterianos. Após o crescimento durante a noite da bactéria cultivada na presença do fago específico, a formação de placas (lise bacteriana) fornece uma identificação positiva do alvo bacteriana. Embora estes ensaios são robustos, eles sofrem de três problemas: 1) eles são em laboratório; 2) requerem isolamento bacteriano e cultivo da amostra suspeita, e 3) eles levam 24-36 h para completar. Para tratar dessas questões, fago recombinante repórter &quot;light-com a tag&quot; foram geneticamente modificados através da integração do Vibrio harveyi luxAB genes no genoma de Y. pestis e B. anthracis fago específico 5-8. O fago repórter resultando luxAB foram capazes de detectar o seu alvo específico, rapidamente (em minutos) e com sensibilidade conferir um fenótipo bioluminescentes para células receptoras. Importante, a detecção foi obtido tanto com células cultivadas ou destinatário com mock-infectados amostras clínicas 7. Para fins de demonstração, aqui descrever o método para a detecção fago-mediada de um Y. conhecida pestis isolar usar um fago repórter luxAB construído a partir da praga CDC diagnóstico fago ΦA1122 6,7 (Figura 1). Um método semelhante, com pequenas modificações (por exemplo, mudança na temperatura de crescimento e media), pode ser usado para a detecção de B. anthracis isola usando o B. anthracis Wβ fago repórter:: luxAB 8. O método descreve a transdução mediada por fagos de um fenótipo biolumescent para Y. cultivada pestis células que são posteriormente medido com um luminômetro. As principais vantagens deste método sobre os ensaios de lise tradicional fago é a facilidade de uso, os resultados rápidos, e a capacidade de testar múltiplas amostras ao mesmo tempo em um formato de placa de 96 poços de microtitulação. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2740/2740fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> Figura 1. Esquema de detecção. O fago são misturados com a amostra, o fago infecta a célula, luxAB são expressos, e os bioluminesces celular. Processamento da amostra não é necessário; o fago e são misturadas e, posteriormente, medido para a luz.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens at JoVE.com

'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens

Um método simples para a identificação de patógenos bacterianos prioridade é a utilização de fagos repórter geneticamente modificadas. Estes fagos repórter, que são específicas para sua espécie de hospedeiro particular, são capazes de transdução rapidamente uma resposta de sinal bioluminescentes para células hospedeiras. Relata-se o uso de fagos repórter para a detecção de<em&gt; Yersinia pestis</em&gt;.

&quot;Bioluminescent &#39;Phage Reporter para a detecção de patógenos bacterianos Categoria A

Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis are Category A bacterial pathogens that are the causative agents of the plague and anthrax, respectively 1. ...

bioluminescent-reporter-phage-for-detection-category-bacterial

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.4K visualizações.  Guild Associates, Inc.. Um método simples para a identificação de patógenos bacterianos prioridade é a utilização de fagos repórter geneticamente modificadas. Estes fagos repórter, que são específicas para sua espécie de hospedeiro particular, são capazes de transdução rapidamente uma resposta de sinal bioluminescentes para células hospedeiras. Relata-se o uso de fagos repórter para a detecção de Yersinia pestis.

Vídeo: 'Bioluminescent' Reporter Phage for the Detection of Category A Bacterial Pathogens

Using Luciferase to Image Bacterial Infections in Mice

Imaging is a valuable technique that can be used to monitor biological processes. In particular, the presence of cancer cells, stem cells, specific immune cell types, viral pathogens, parasites and bacteria can be followed in real-time within living animals 1-2. Application of bioluminescence imaging to the study of pathogens has advantages as compared to conventional strategies for analysis of infections in animal models3-4. Infections can be visualized within individual animals over time, without requiring euthanasia to determine the location and quantity of the pathogen. Optical imaging allows comprehensive examination of all tissues and organs, rather than sampling of sites previously known to be infected. In addition, the accuracy of inoculation into specific tissues can be directly determined prior to carrying forward animals that were unsuccessfully inoculated throughout the entire experiment. Variability between animals can be controlled for, since imaging allows each animal to be followed individually. Imaging has the potential to greatly reduce animal numbers needed because of the ability to obtain data from numerous time points without having to sample tissues to determine pathogen load3-4.
This protocol describes methods to visualize infections in live animals using bioluminescence imaging for recombinant strains of bacteria expressing luciferase. The click beetle (CBRLuc) and firefly luciferases (FFluc) utilize luciferin as a substrate5-6. The light produced by both CBRluc and FFluc has a broad wavelength from 500 nm to 700 nm, making these luciferases excellent reporters for the optical imaging in living animal models7-9. This is primarily because wavelengths of light greater than 600 nm are required to avoid absorption by hemoglobin and, thus, travel through mammalian tissue efficiently. Luciferase is genetically introduced into the bacteria to produce light signal10. Mice are pulmonary inoculated with bioluminescent bacteria intratracheally to allow monitoring of infections in real time. After luciferin injection, images are acquired using the IVIS Imaging System. During imaging, mice are anesthetized with isoflurane using an XGI-8 Gas Anethesia System. Images can be analyzed to localize and quantify the signal source, which represents the bacterial infection site(s) and number, respectively. After imaging, CFU determination is carried out on homogenized tissue to confirm the presence of bacteria. Several doses of bacteria are used to correlate bacterial numbers with luminescence. Imaging can be applied to study of pathogenesis and evaluation of the efficacy of antibacterial compounds and vaccines.

Methods for bioluminescence imaging of bacterial infections in living animals are decribed. Pathogens are modified to express luciferase allowing optical whole body imaging of infections in live animals. Animal models can be infected with luciferase expressing pathogens and the resulting course of disease visualized in real-time by bioluminescence imaging.

Usando a luciferase Infecções bacterianas Imagem em camundongos

Imaging is a valuable technique that can be used to monitor biological processes.  In particular, the presence of cancer cells, stem cells, specific ...

Imunologia e Infecção

In Situ Measurement and Correlation of Cell Density and Light Emission of Bioluminescent Bacteria

There is a considerable number of bacterial species capable of emitting light. All of them share the same gene cluster, namely the lux operon. Despite this similarity, these bacteria show extreme variations in characteristics like growth behavior, intensity of light emission or regulation of bioluminescence. The method presented here is a newly developed assay that combines recording of cell growth and bioluminescent light emission intensity over time utilizing a plate reader. The resulting growth and light emission characteristics can be linked to important features of the respective bacterial strain, such as quorum sensing regulation. The cultivation of a range of bioluminescent bacteria requires a specific medium (e.g., artificial sea water medium) and defined temperatures. The easy to handle, non-bioluminescent standard-research bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli), on the other hand, can be cultivated inexpensively in high quantities in laboratory scale. Exploiting E. coli by introducing a plasmid containing the whole lux operon can simplify experimental conditions and additionally opens up many possibilities for future applications. The expression of all lux genes utilizing an E. coli expression strain was achieved by construction of an expression plasmid via Gibson cloning and insertion of four fragments containing seven lux genes and three rib genes of the lux-rib operon into a pET28a vector. E. coli based lux gene expression can be induced and controlled via Isopropyl-&#946;-D-thiogalactopyranosid (IPTG) addition resulting in bioluminescent E. coli cells. The advantages of this system are to avoid quorum sensing regulation restrictions and complex medium compositions along with non-standard growth conditions, such as defined temperatures. This system enables analysis of lux genes and their interplay, by the exclusion of the respective gene from the lux operon, or even addition of novel genes, exchanging the luxAB genes from one bacterial strain by another, or analyzing protein complexes, such as luxCDE.

In Situ Measurement and Correlation of Cell Density and Light Emission of Bioluminescent Bacteria

Bioluminescent bacteria regulate light production through a variety of mechanisms, such as quorum sensing. This novel method allows the in situ investigation of bioluminescence and the correlation of light emission to cell density. An artificial bioluminescent Escherichia coli system allows the characterization of lux operons, Lux proteins, and their interplay.

In Situ Medição e correlação da densidade celular e emissão de luz de bactérias bioluminescentes

There is a considerable number of bacterial species capable of emitting light. All of them share the same gene cluster, namely the lux operon. Despite ...

Bioquímica

Biosensor for Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Bacteria

A structurally transformed lytic bacteriophage having a broad host range of Staphylococcus aureus strains and a penicillin-binding protein (PBP 2a) antibody conjugated latex beads have been utilized to create a biosensor designed for discrimination of methicillin resistant (MRSA) and sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus species 1,2. The lytic phages have been converted into phage spheroids by contact with water-chloroform interface. Phage spheroid monolayers have been moved onto a biosensor surface by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique 3. The created biosensors have been examined by a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation tracking (QCM-D) to evaluate bacteria-phage interactions. Bacteria-spheroid interactions led to reduced resonance frequency and a rise in dissipation energy for both MRSA and MSSA strains. After the bacterial binding, these sensors have been further exposed to the penicillin-binding protein antibody latex beads. Sensors analyzed with MRSA responded to PBP 2a antibody beads; although sensors inspected with MSSA gave no response. This experimental distinction determines an unambiguous discrimination between methicillin resistant and sensitive S. aureus strains. Equally bound and unbound bacteriophages suppress bacterial growth on surfaces and in water suspensions. Once lytic phages are changed into spheroids, they retain their strong lytic activity and show high bacterial capture capability. The phage and phage spheroids can be utilized for testing and sterilization of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. Other applications may include use in bacteriophage therapy and antimicrobial surfaces.

Lytic phage biosensors and antibody beads are able to discriminate between methicillin resistant (MRSA) and sensitive staphylococcus bacteria. The phages were immobilized by a Langmuir-Blodgett method onto a surface of a quartz crystal microbalance sensor and worked as broad range staphylococcus probes. Antibody beads recognize MRSA.

Biossensor para detecção de bactérias Staphylococcus resistente a antibióticos

A structurally transformed lytic bacteriophage having a broad host range of Staphylococcus aureus strains and a penicillin-binding protein (PBP 2a) ...

Bioengenharia

A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues

Bacterial virulence genes are often regulated at the transcriptional level by multiple factors that respond to different environmental signals. Some factors act directly on virulence genes; others control pathogenesis by adjusting the expression of downstream regulators or the accumulation of signals that affect regulator activity. While regulation has been studied extensively during in vitro growth, relatively little is known about how gene expression is adjusted during infection. Such information is important when a particular gene product is a candidate for therapeutic intervention. Transcriptional approaches like quantitative, real-time RT-PCR and RNA-Seq are powerful ways to examine gene expression on a global level but suffer from many technical challenges including low abundance of bacterial RNA compared to host RNA, and sample degradation by RNases. Evaluating regulation using fluorescent reporters is relatively easy and can be multiplexed with fluorescent proteins with unique spectral properties. The method allows for single-cell, spatiotemporal analysis of gene expression in tissues that exhibit complex three-dimensional architecture and physiochemical gradients that affect bacterial regulatory networks. Such information is lost when data are averaged over the bulk population. Herein, we describe a method for quantifying gene expression in bacterial pathogens in situ. The method is based on simple tissue processing and direct observation of fluorescence from reporter proteins. We demonstrate the utility of this system by examining the expression of Staphylococcus aureus thermonuclease (nuc), whose gene product is required for immune evasion and full virulence ex vivo and in vivo. We show that nuc-gfp is strongly expressed in renal abscesses and reveal heterogeneous gene expression due in part to apparent spatial regulation of nuc promoter activity in abscesses fully engaged with the immune response. The method can be applied to any bacterium with a manipulatable genetic system and any infection model, providing valuable information for preclinical studies and drug development.

Described here is a method for analyzing bacterial gene expression in animal tissues at a cellular level. This method provides a resource for studying the phenotypic diversity occurring within a bacterial population in response to the tissue environment during an infection.

Um método baseado em fluorescência para estudar o Regulamento de Gene bacteriano em tecidos infectados

Bacterial virulence genes are often regulated at the transcriptional level by multiple factors that respond to different environmental signals. Some ...

Genética

Detection of Bacteria Using Fluorogenic DNAzymes

Outbreaks linked to food-borne and hospital-acquired pathogens account for millions of deaths and hospitalizations as well as colossal economic losses each and every year. Prevention of such outbreaks and minimization of the impact of an ongoing epidemic place an ever-increasing demand for analytical methods that can accurately identify culprit pathogens at the earliest stage. Although there is a large array of effective methods for pathogen detection, none of them can satisfy all the following five premier requirements embodied for an ideal detection method: high specificity (detecting only the bacterium of interest), high sensitivity (capable of detecting as low as a single live bacterial cell), short time-to-results (minutes to hours), great operational simplicity (no need for lengthy sampling procedures and the use of specialized equipment), and cost effectiveness. For example, classical microbiological methods are highly specific but require a long time (days to weeks) to acquire a definitive result.1 PCR- and antibody-based techniques offer shorter waiting times (hours to days), but they require the use of expensive reagents and/or sophisticated equipment.2-4 Consequently, there is still a great demand for scientific research towards developing innovative bacterial detection methods that offer improved characteristics in one or more of the aforementioned requirements. Our laboratory is interested in examining the potential of DNAzymes as a novel class of molecular probes for biosensing applications including bacterial detection.5
DNAzymes (also known as deoxyribozymes or DNA enzymes) are man-made single-stranded DNA molecules with the capability of catalyzing chemical reactions.6-8 These molecules can be isolated from a vast random-sequence DNA pool (which contains as many as 1016 individual sequences) by a process known as "in vitro selection" or "SELEX" (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment).9-16 These special DNA molecules have been widely examined in recent years as molecular tools for biosensing applications.6-8
Our laboratory has established in vitro selection procedures for isolating RNA-cleaving fluorescent DNAzymes (RFDs; Fig. 1) and investigated the use of RFDs as analytical tools.17-29 RFDs catalyze the cleavage of a DNA-RNA chimeric substrate at a single ribonucleotide junction (R) that is flanked by a fluorophore (F) and a quencher (Q). The close proximity of F and Q renders the uncleaved substrate minimal fluorescence. However, the cleavage event leads to the separation of F and Q, which is accompanied by significant increase of fluorescence intensity.
More recently, we developed a method of isolating RFDs for bacterial detection.5 These special RFDs were isolated to "light up" in the presence of the crude extracellular mixture (CEM) left behind by a specific type of bacteria in their environment or in the media they are cultured (Fig. 1). The use of crude mixture circumvents the tedious process of purifying and identifying a suitable target from the microbe of interest for biosensor development (which could take months or years to complete). The use of extracellular targets means the assaying procedure is simple because there is no need for steps to obtain intracellular targets.
Using the above approach, we derived an RFD that cleaves its substrate (FS1; Fig. 2A) only in the presence of the CEM produced by E. coli (CEM-EC).5 This E. coli-sensing RFD, named RFD-EC1 (Fig. 2A), was found to be strictly responsive to CEM-EC but nonresponsive to CEMs from a host of other bacteria (Fig. 3).
Here we present the key experimental procedures for setting up E. coli detection assays using RFD-EC1 and representative results.

We have recently reported a novel approach for generating fluorogenic DNAzyme probes that can be applied to set up a simple, "mix-and-read" fluorescent assay for bacterial detection. These special DNA probes catalyze the cleavage of a chromophore-modified DNA-RNA chimeric substrate in the presence of crude extracellular mixture (CEM) produced by a specific bacterium, thereby translating bacterial detection into fluorescence signal generation. In this report we will describe key experimental procedures where a specific DNAzyme probe denoted "RFD-EC1" is employed for the detection of the model bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Detecção de bactérias utilizando DNAzymes fluorogénicas

Outbreaks linked to food-borne and hospital-acquired pathogens account for millions of deaths and hospitalizations as well as colossal economic losses ...

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of bacteria in gene and cell therapy for cancer. Bacteria present an attractive class of vector for cancer therapy, possessing a natural ability to grow preferentially within tumors following systemic administration. Bacteria engineered to express the lux gene cassette permit BLI detection of the bacteria and concurrently tumor sites. The location and levels of bacteria within tumors over time can be readily examined, visualized in two or three dimensions. The method is applicable to a wide range of bacterial species and tumor xenograft types. This article describes the protocol for analysis of bioluminescent bacteria within subcutaneous tumor bearing mice. Visualization of commensal bacteria in the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by BLI is also described. This powerful, and cheap, real-time imaging strategy represents an ideal method for the study of bacteria in vivo in the context of cancer research, in particular gene therapy, and infectious disease. This video outlines the procedure for studying lux-tagged E. coli in live mice, demonstrating the spatial and temporal readout achievable utilizing BLI with the IVIS system.

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This article describes the administration of lux-tagged bacteria to mice and subsequent in vivo analysis using IVIS bioluminescence imaging.

Imagem bacteriana Bioluminescent<em&gt; Em Vivo</em

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of ...

A Step Beyond BRET: Fluorescence by Unbound Excitation from Luminescence (FUEL)

Fluorescence by Unbound Excitation from Luminescence (FUEL) is a radiative excitation-emission process that produces increased signal and contrast enhancement in vitro and in vivo. FUEL shares many of the same underlying principles as Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET), yet greatly differs in the acceptable working distances between the luminescent source and the fluorescent entity. While BRET is effectively limited to a maximum of 2 times the F&ouml;rster radius, commonly less than 14 nm, FUEL can occur at distances up to &micro;m or even cm in the absence of an optical absorber. Here we expand upon the foundation and applicability of FUEL by reviewing the relevant principles behind the phenomenon and demonstrate its compatibility with a wide variety of fluorophores and fluorescent nanoparticles. Further, the utility of antibody-targeted FUEL is explored. The examples shown here provide evidence that FUEL can be utilized for applications where BRET is not possible, filling the spatial void that exists between BRET and traditional whole animal imaging.

A Step Beyond BRET: Fluorescence by Unbound Excitation from Luminescence FUEL

Expanding the foundation and applicability of Fluorescence by Unbound Excitation from Luminescence (FUEL) by surveying the relevant principles and demonstrating its compatibility with a multitude of fluorophores and antibody-targeted conditions.

A Step Beyond BRET: Fluorescência por Excitação Unbound de luminescência (FUEL)

Fluorescence by Unbound Excitation from Luminescence (FUEL) is a radiative excitation-emission process that produces increased signal and contrast ...

Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7, which is a foodborne pathogen that causesdiarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (HS), and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), colonize to the intestinal tract of humans. To study the detailed mechanism of EHEC colonization in vivo, it is essential to have animal models to monitor and quantify EHEC colonization. We demonstrate here a mouse-EHEC colonization model by transforming the bioluminescent expressing plasmid to EHEC to monitor and quantify EHEC colonization in living hosts. Animals inoculated with bioluminescence-labeled EHEC show intense bioluminescent signals in mice by detection with a non-invasive in vivo imaging system. After 1 and 2 days post infection, bioluminescent signals could still be detected in infected animals, which suggests that EHEC colonize in hosts for at least 2 days. We also demonstrate that these bioluminescent EHEC locate to mouse intestine, specifically in the cecum and colon, from ex vivo images. This mouse-EHEC colonization model may serve as a tool to advance the current knowledge of the EHEC colonization mechanism.

Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System

A detailed protocol of a mouse model for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) colonization by using bioluminescence-labeled bacteria is presented. The detection of these bioluminescent bacteria by a non-invasive in vivo imaging system in live animals can advance our current understanding of EHEC colonization.

Deteção de colonização Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli murino Host pelo sistema não-invasivo na Vivo bioluminescência

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7, which is a foodborne pathogen that causesdiarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (HS), and hemolytic uremic syndrome ...

Using Coculture to Detect Chemically Mediated Interspecies Interactions

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by secreting metabolites. These metabolites have the potential to modulate the physiology and differentiation of their microbial neighbors and are likely important factors in the establishment and maintenance of complex microbial communities. We have developed a fluorescence-based coculture screen to identify such chemically mediated microbial interactions. The screen involves combining a fluorescent transcriptional reporter strain with environmental microbes on solid media and allowing the colonies to grow in coculture. The fluorescent transcriptional reporter is designed so that the chosen bacterial strain fluoresces when it is expressing a particular phenotype of interest (i.e. biofilm formation, sporulation, virulence factor production, etc.) Screening is performed under growth conditions where this phenotype is not expressed (and therefore the reporter strain is typically nonfluorescent). When an environmental microbe secretes a metabolite that activates this phenotype, it diffuses through the agar and activates the fluorescent reporter construct. This allows the inducing-metabolite-producing microbe to be detected: they are the nonfluorescent colonies most proximal to the fluorescent colonies. Thus, this screen allows the identification of environmental microbes that produce diffusible metabolites that activate a particular physiological response in a reporter strain. This publication discusses how to: a) select appropriate coculture screening conditions, b) prepare the reporter and environmental microbes for screening, c) perform the coculture screen, d) isolate putative inducing organisms, and e) confirm their activity in a secondary screen. We developed this method to screen for soil organisms that activate biofilm matrix-production in Bacillus subtilis; however, we also discuss considerations for applying this approach to other genetically tractable bacteria.

Bacteria produce secreted compounds that have the potential to affect the physiology of their microbial neighbors. Here we describe a coculture screen that allows detection of such chemically mediated interspecies interactions by mixing soil microbes with fluorescent transcriptional reporter strains of Bacillus subtilis on solid media.

Usando Coculture detectar quimicamente mediada interespécies Interações

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by ...

Biologia

Rastreamento de patógenos de órgãos inteiros por meio de quantificação fluorescente de repórter

High&#45;Resolution Three&#45;Dimensional Whole&#45;Organ Tomography of Microbial Infections

Most infections take place within three-dimensional host tissues with intricate anatomy and locally varying host physiology. The positioning of pathogen cells within this diverse environment significantly affects their stress levels, responses, fate, and contribution to the overall progression of the disease and treatment failure. However, due to the technical difficulties in locating &#181;m-sized pathogen cells within cm-sized host organs, this area of research has been relatively unexplored. Here, we present a method for addressing this challenge. We employ serial two-photon tomography and AI-enhanced image analysis to locate individual Salmonella cells throughout the entire spleen, liver lobes, and whole lymph nodes of infected mice. Using fluorescent reporters and in vivo antibody administration, the replication rate of single Salmonella cells, their local interaction with specific immune cells, and bacterial responses to antibiotics can be determined. These methodologies open avenues for a comprehensive examination of infections, their prevention, and treatment within the three-dimensional tissue context.

Autor em destaque: Desvendando as respostas bacterianas aos antibióticos e ao sistema imunológico nos tecidos

Here, we describe a procedure that enables organ-wide detection of pathogenic bacteria during infection and quantification of fluorescent reporter activities.

Tomografia tridimensional de órgãos inteiros de alta resolução de infecções microbianas

Most infections take place within three-dimensional host tissues with intricate anatomy and locally varying host physiology. The positioning of pathogen ...

"Bioluminescent 'Phage Reporter para a detecção de patógenos bacterianos Categoria A

Resumo

Explore mais vídeos

Capítulos neste vídeo