Somos gratos a Alain Tessier para aconselhar valiosa, discussões e suporte técnico. Reconhecemos o Centro de Aplicações Biológicas de Espectrometria de Massa na Concordia University para os serviços proeminentes. Este trabalho foi financiado por concessões do CIHR e NSERC do Canadá. VIT é um CIHR New Investigator e Concordia University, em Cátedra de Investigação Genómica, Biologia Celular e Envelhecimento.

Materiais e métodos <ol><li> Cepas de leveduras e condições de crescimento A cepa do tipo selvagem BY4742 (MATα his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 lys2Δ0 ura3Δ0) foi cultivado em meio YEPD rica (1% extrato de levedura, peptona 2%, 2% de glicose). Células foram cultivadas a 30 ° C com rotação agitação a 200 rpm em Erlenmeyers em um &quot;volume frasco de volume / médio&quot; proporção de 5:1. </li><li> Armazenamento de células de levedura para extração de lipídios <ol><li> Uma cultura de 50 ml de células foi colhido por centrifugação a 3000 xg por 5 minutos. </li><li> Lavados duas vezes com água fria. <ol style=" list-style-type:lower-alpha;"><li> Ressuspender pellet em 25 ml de água gelada fria </li><li> Células sedimento em centrífuga a 3000 xg por 5 minutos </li></ol></li><li> Ressuspender o sedimento e transferir para tubo eppendorf </li><li> Pellet por centrifugação, 16.000 xg por 2 minutos, retire o sobrenadante e congelar a -80 ° C até o uso. (Usamos um copo de álcool isopropílico mantido no freezer -80, nitrogênio líquido também pode ser usado) </li></ol></li><li> Reagentes Clorofórmio e metanol grau de biotecnologia foram da Sigma-Aldrich. Ácidos graxos livres e triacilgliceróis foram adquiridos da Larodan (Malmo, Suécia). Várias espécies de fosfolipídios - incluindo fosfatidilcolina, fosfatidiletanolamina, fosfatidilinositol, fosfatidilserina, ácido fosfatídico e cardiolipins - foram obtidos a partir Lipid Avanti Polar (Alabaster, AL, EUA). Alta velocidade de centrifugação de tubos de vidro com tampas de teflon foram de Fisher. </li></ol> Extração de lipídios Esta é uma modificação do protocolo descrito por Bligh e Dyer 8. Todas as manipulações com lipídios extraídos deve ser feito usando pipetas de vidro ou seringas; plásticos irá criar um grande sinal de fundo, se eles entram em contato com clorofórmio. Os volumes exatos não são críticas, desde que os rácios de 1:2:0.8 para clorofórmio - MeOH - H 2 O na etapa 3 e 2:2:1.8 para clorofórmio - MeOH - H 2 O na etapa 7 são conservados. <ol><li> Ressuspender as células congeladas em 1,6 ml de gelada destilada H 2 O. </li><li> Transferência de 1,6 ml da suspensão de células de alta velocidade tubos de centrífuga de vidro. </li><li> Adicionar 6 ml de clorofórmio e MeOH mistura (1:2) e 0,8 ml de contas de vidro à suspensão de células. </li><li> Vortex da suspensão de células com contas de vidro duas vezes por 1 min. </li><li> Adicionar 2 ml de clorofórmio e misture delicadamente. </li><li> Incubar por 5 min à temperatura ambiente com mistura ocasional. </li><li> Adicionar 2 ml de H 2 O destilada e misture delicadamente. </li><li> Incubar por 5 min à temperatura ambiente com mistura ocasional. </li><li> Centrifugar por 5 min a 3000 xg à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Recolher toda a fase líquida em um novo tubo de centrífuga de alta velocidade de vidro. </li><li> Adicionar 3,2 ml de clorofórmio para as pelotas de células a partir do passo 9. </li><li> Vortex duas vezes por 1 min. </li><li> Centrifugar por 5 min a 3000 xg à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Adicione o sobrenadante para a fase líquida a partir do passo 10. </li><li> Centrifugar por 5 min a 3000 xg à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Descartar a fase (aquosa) superior e transferir a camada inferior (fase orgânica) em um novo tubo de centrífuga de alta velocidade de vidro. </li><li> Centrifugar por 5 min a 3000 xg à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Transferir o sobrenadante inteiro em um frasco de vidro e seco sob nitrogênio. </li><li> Dissolver o filme lipídico em 500 mL de clorofórmio e armazenar a -20 ° C. </li></ol> Análise de lipídios por espectrometria de massa Um mix de ações de padrões de lipídios em clorofórmio deve ser preparado com antecedência, conforme Tabela 1, bem como uma solução estoque de MeOH - clorofórmio (1:1) com 0,1% (v / v) de hidróxido de amônio. <ol><li> Antes da injecção, combine 10 ml de uma amostra com 10 ml da mistura padrão de lipídios na Tabela 1. Em 200μL de 1:1 clorofórmio: metanol com 0,1% NH 4 OH. <ul><li> O padrão a proporção da amostra pode ser mudado quando necessário. </li></ul></li><li> Lipídios resolver usando um Micromass Q-TOF espectrômetro de massa 2 equipado com um operacional de código nano-electrospray a uma vazão de 1 ml / min. <ul><li> Parâmetros do instrumento exato vai variar de instrumento para instrumento. Ver Tabela 2 para as configurações de uma Micromass Q-TOF 2 (Waters, Milford, MA, EUA) equipado com uma fonte de nano-electrospray. Embora tenhamos aproveitado a alta resolução de um tipo Q-TOF de espectrômetro de massa, não é um requisito obrigatório. </li></ul></li><li> Após a aquisição dos espectros de massa são suavizadas, fundo subtraído e centrado, e então a lista de pico exportados para Excel. Os picos de cada classe de lipídios são então normalizados para o seu padrão interno. Dependendo da aplicação, pode ser necessário fazer executar mais de pós-processamento, tais como deisotoping e deconvolução. </li></ol> Tabela 1. Lipídica padrões internos, suas concentrações naa mistura padrão, eo modo de MS para sua análise. <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td> Classe de lipídios </td><td> Composição da cadeia padrão </td><td> Massa de padrão </td><td> Concentração (mg / ml) </td><td> MS modo </td></tr><tr><td> Ácido fosfatídico </td><td> 14:0 / 14:0 </td><td> 591,40 </td><td> 100 </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Fosfatidiletanolamina </td><td> 14:0 / 14:0 </td><td> 634,45 </td><td> 200 </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Fosfatidilinositol </td><td> N / A </td><td> N / A </td><td> N / A </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Fosfatidilserina </td><td> 14:0 / 14:0 </td><td> 622,37 </td><td> 40 </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Cardiolipina </td><td> 4x14: 0 </td><td> 619,92 </td><td> 100 </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Ácidos graxos livres </td><td> 19:00 </td><td> 297,28 </td><td> 100 </td><td> Negativo </td></tr><tr><td> Fosfatidilcolina </td><td> 14:0 / 14:0 </td><td> 650,48 </td><td> 100 </td><td> Positivo </td></tr><tr><td> Triacilgliceróis </td><td> 13:0 / 13:0 / 13:0 </td><td> 698,63 </td><td> 200 </td><td> Positivo </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabela 2. Definições Instrumento para um Micromass Q-TOF 2 (Waters, Milford, MA, EUA) equipado com uma fonte de nano-electrospray. <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> Taxa de fluxo </td><td> Tensão Cone </td><td> Tensão capilar </td><td> Gás de colisão </td></tr><tr><td> Modo positivo </td><td> 1μl/min </td><td> -28 V </td><td> 3,0 kv </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> Modo negativo </td><td> 1μl/min </td><td> 30 v </td><td> -3,2 Kv </td><td> 10 </td></tr></tbody></table>

<ol>
	<li>Cao, H., Gerhold, K., Mayers, J. R., Wiest, M. M., Watkins, S. M., Hotamisligil, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+lipokine,+a+lipid+hormone+linking+adipose+tissue+to+systemic+metabolism.">Identification of a lipokine, a lipid hormone linking adipose tissue to systemic metabolism.</a> Cell. 134, 933-944 (2008).</li><li>Claypool, S. M., Oktay, Y., Boontheung, P., Loo, J. A., Koehler, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiolipin+defines+the+interactome+of+the+major+ADP/ATP+carrier+protein+of+the+mitochondrial+inner+membrane.">Cardiolipin defines the interactome of the major ADP/ATP carrier protein of the mitochondrial inner membrane.</a> J. Cell Biol. 182, 937-950 (2008).</li><li>Guo, T., Gregg, C., Boukh-Viner, T., Kyryakov, P., Goldberg, A., Bourque, S., Banu, F., Haile, S., Milijevic, S., San, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+signal+from+inside+the+peroxisome+initiates+its+division+by+promoting+the+remodeling+of+the+peroxisomal+membrane.">A signal from inside the peroxisome initiates its division by promoting the remodeling of the peroxisomal membrane.</a> J. Cell Biol. 177, 289-303 (2007).</li><li>Russell, S. J., Kahn, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocrine+regulation+of+ageing.">Endocrine regulation of ageing.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 681-691 (2007).</li><li>Czabany, T., Athenstaedt, K., Daum, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis,+storage+and+degradation+of+neutral+lipids+in+yeast.">Synthesis, storage and degradation of neutral lipids in yeast.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1771, 299-309 (2007).</li><li>Br&amp;uuml, g. g. e. r., Erben, B., Sandhoff, G., Wieland, R., &amp;amp, F. T., Lehmann, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+biological+membrane+lipids+at+the+low+picomole+level+by+nano-electrospray+ionization+tandem+mass+spectroscopy.">Quantitative analysis of biological membrane lipids at the low picomole level by nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 2339-2344 (1997).</li><li>Schneiter, R., Br&#252;gger, B., Sandhoff, R., Zellnig, G., Leber, A., Lampl, M., Athenstaedt, K., Hrastnik, C., Eder, S., Daum, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrospray+ionization+tandem+mass+spectrometry+(ESI-MS/MS)+analysis+of+the+lipid+molecular+species+composition+of+yeast+subcellular+membranes+reveals+acyl+chain-based+sorting/remodeling+of+distinct+molecular+species+en+route+to+the+plasma+membrane.">Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) analysis of the lipid molecular species composition of yeast subcellular membranes reveals acyl chain-based sorting/remodeling of distinct molecular species en route to the plasma membrane.</a> J. Cell Biol. 146, 741-754 (1999).</li><li>Bligh, E. G., Dyer, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+method+of+total+lipid+extraction+and+purification.">A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification.</a> Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911-917 (1959).</li></ol>

Este método permite uma rápida avaliação quantitativa do lipidome levedura utilizando prontamente disponíveis, materiais mais baratos. O método permite a identificação da maioria das espécies de lipídios encontrados em células de levedura com exceção de diacilgliceróis, ergosterols e ésteres ergosteryl, embora estes lipídios podem ser identificados através da substituição de hidróxido de amônio com hidróxido de lítio. O método descrito permite a identificação e quantificação de lipídios nas concentrações tão baixo quanto mcg / ml, com a linearidade concentração espalhando 2-3 ordens de magnitude (dependendo da espécie de lipídios). Embora as normas apropriadas para fosfatidilinositol não estão disponíveis comercialmente, as diferentes formas molecular deste fosfolipídio pode ser avaliado usando padrões para as espécies de fosfolipídios outros.

a quantitative assessment of the yeast lipidome using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Lipídios são uma das principais classes de biomoléculas e jogar papéis importantes membrana dinâmica, armazenamento de energia, e sinalização<sup&gt; 04/01</sup&gt;. A levedura de brotamento<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em&gt;, Uma geneticamente e bioquimicamente eukaryote manipuláveis ​​unicelulares com genoma anotado e lipidome muito simples, é um modelo valioso para estudar as funções biológicas das espécies de vários lipídios em eucariotos multicelulares<sup&gt; 2,3,5</sup&gt;.<em&gt; S. cerevisiae</em&gt; Tem 10 principais classes de lipídios, principalmente com comprimentos de cadeia de 16 ou 18 átomos de carbono e zero ou um grau de insaturação<sup&gt; 6,7</sup&gt;. Métodos existentes para a identificação e quantificação de lipídeos - como a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, cromatografia em camada fina, microscopia de fluorescência, cromatografia gasosa e seguido por MS - está bem estabelecida, mas apresentam baixa sensibilidade, insuficientemente separar várias formas moleculares de lípides, requerem derivitization lipídica antes para análise, ou pode ser bastante demorado. Aqui nós apresentamos uma descrição detalhada da nossa abordagem experimental para resolver essas limitações inerentes usando pesquisa scan-ESI / MS para a identificação e quantificação do complemento inteiro de lipídios em células de levedura. O método descrito não necessita de separação cromatográfica de misturas complexas de lipídios recuperados a partir de células de levedura, assim grandemente acelerar o processo de aquisição de dados. Este método permite a identificação e quantificação de lipídios nas concentrações tão baixo quanto g / ml e tem sido aplicado com sucesso para avaliar lipidomes de células de levedura todo e suas organelas purificada. Lipídios extração de células de levedura todo para usar este método de análise de lipídios leva de duas a três horas. Leva apenas 9:55 minutos para executar cada amostra de lipídios extraídos e secos em um espectrômetro de massa Q-TOF equipado com uma fonte de nano-electrospray.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry at JoVE.com

A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Descrevemos um novo método lipidomics quantitativos para identificação de espécies de lipídios numerosos em levedura utilizando pesquisa scan-espectrometria de massa de ionização electrospray (ESI / MS). Este método ultrapassa atualmente os métodos disponíveis para identificação e quantificação de lipídios na capacidade de resolver diversas formas moleculares de lipídeos, sensibilidade e velocidade.

A avaliação quantitativa do Lipidome fermento usando Electrospray Espectrometria de Massa de Ionização

Lipids are one of the major classes of biomolecules and play important roles membrane dynamics, energy storage, and signalling1-4. The budding yeast ...

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Nanyang Technological University

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JoVE Journal

Biology

11.7K visualizações.  Concordia University. Descrevemos um novo método lipidomics quantitativos para identificação de espécies de lipídios numerosos em levedura utilizando pesquisa scan-espectrometria de massa de ionização electrospray (ESI / MS). Este método ultrapassa atualmente os métodos disponíveis para identificação e quantificação de lipídios na capacidade de resolver diversas formas moleculares de lipídeos, sensibilidade e velocidade.

Vídeo: A Quantitative Assessment of The Yeast Lipidome using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

MALDI Sample Preparation: the Ultra Thin Layer Method

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) 1,2. The ultra-thin layer method involves the production of a substrate layer of matrix crystals (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) on the sample plate, which serves as a seeding ground for subsequent crystallization of a matrix/analyte mixture. Advantages of the ultra-thin layer method over other sample deposition approaches (e.g. dried droplet) are that it provides (i) greater tolerance to impurities such as salts and detergents, (ii) better resolution, and (iii) higher spatial uniformity. This method is especially useful for the accurate mass determination of proteins. The protocol was initially developed and optimized for the analysis of membrane proteins and used to successfully analyze ion channels, metabolite transporters, and receptors, containing between 2 and 12 transmembrane domains 2. Since the original publication, it has also shown to be equally useful for the analysis of soluble proteins. Indeed, we have used it for a large number of proteins having a wide range of properties, including those with molecular masses as high as 380 kDa 3. It is currently our method of choice for the molecular mass analysis of all proteins. The described procedure consistently produces high-quality spectra, and it is sensitive, robust, and easy to implement.

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS).

MALDI preparação da amostra: o método de Camada Ultra Thin

This video demonstrates the preparation of an ultra-thin matrix/analyte layer for analyzing peptides and proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption ...

Biologia

Quantification of Proteins Using Peptide Immunoaffinity Enrichment Coupled with Mass Spectrometry

There is a great need for quantitative assays in measuring proteins. Traditional sandwich immunoassays, largely considered the gold standard in quantitation, are associated with a high cost, long lead time, and are fraught with drawbacks (e.g. heterophilic antibodies, autoantibody interference, 'hook-effect').1 An alternative technique is affinity enrichment of peptides coupled with quantitative mass spectrometry, commonly referred to as SISCAPA (Stable Isotope Standards and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibodies).2 In this technique, affinity enrichment of peptides with stable isotope dilution and detection by selected/multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (SRM/MRM-MS) provides quantitative measurement of peptides as surrogates for their respective proteins. SRM/MRM-MS is well established for accurate quantitation of small molecules 3, 4 and more recently has been adapted to measure the concentrations of proteins in plasma and cell lysates.5-7 To achieve quantitation of proteins, these larger molecules are digested to component peptides using an enzyme such as trypsin. One or more selected peptides whose sequence is unique to the target protein in that species (i.e. "proteotypic" peptides) are then enriched from the sample using anti-peptide antibodies and measured as quantitative stoichiometric surrogates for protein concentration in the sample. Hence, coupled to stable isotope dilution (SID) methods (i.e. a spiked-in stable isotope labeled peptide standard), SRM/MRM can be used to measure concentrations of proteotypic peptides as surrogates for quantification of proteins in complex biological matrices. The assays have several advantages compared to traditional immunoassays. The reagents are relatively less expensive to generate, the specificity for the analyte is excellent, the assays can be highly multiplexed, enrichment can be performed from neat plasma (no depletion required), and the technique is amenable to a wide array of proteins or modifications of interest.8-13 In this video we demonstrate the basic protocol as adapted to a magnetic bead platform.

Stable Isotope Standards and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibodies (SISCAPA) couples affinity enrichment of peptides with stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) to provide quantitative measurement of peptides as surrogates for their respective proteins. Here we describe the protocol using magnetic particles in a partially automated format.

Quantificação de Proteínas Usando Enriquecimento imunoafinidade Peptide Acoplado com Espectrometria de Massa

There is a great need for quantitative assays in measuring proteins. Traditional sandwich immunoassays, largely considered the gold standard in ...

Amide Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange &amp; MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Pak2 Activation

Amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/D exchange) coupled with mass spectrometry has been widely used to analyze the interface of protein-protein interactions, protein conformational changes, protein dynamics and protein-ligand interactions. H/D exchange on the backbone amide positions has been utilized to measure the deuteration rates of the micro-regions in a protein by mass spectrometry1,2,3. The resolution of this method depends on pepsin digestion of the deuterated protein of interest into peptides that normally range from 3-20 residues. Although the resolution of H/D exchange measured by mass spectrometry is lower than the single residue resolution measured by the Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) method of NMR, the mass spectrometry measurement in H/D exchange is not restricted by the size of the protein4. H/D exchange is carried out in an aqueous solution which maintains protein conformation. We provide a method that utilizes the MALDI-TOF for detection2, instead of a HPLC/ESI (electrospray ionization)-MS system5,6. The MALDI-TOF provides accurate mass intensity data for the peptides of the digested protein, in this case protein kinase Pak2 (also called &gamma;-Pak). Proteolysis of Pak 2 is carried out in an offline pepsin digestion. This alternative method, when the user does not have access to a HPLC and pepsin column connected to mass spectrometry, or when the pepsin column on HPLC does not result in an optimal digestion map, for example, the heavily disulfide-bonded secreted Phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). Utilizing this method, we successfully monitored changes in the deuteration level during activation of Pak2 by caspase 3 cleavage and autophosphorylation7,8,9.

Amide Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange & MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Pak2 Activation

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was successfully utilized to monitor the amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange in protein kinase Pak2 activation.

Amida de hidrogênio / deutério Exchange &amp; MALDI-TOF Análise Espectrometria de Massa de PAK2 Ativação

Amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/D exchange) coupled with mass spectrometry has been widely used to analyze the interface of protein-protein ...

Profiling Thiol Redox Proteome Using Isotope Tagging Mass Spectrometry

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in Solanum lycopersicum but also on Brassica species, as well as on Arabidopsis thaliana, a genetically tractable host plant1,2. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cotyledons inoculated with DC3000 indicates a role of ROS in modulating necrotic cell death during bacterial speck disease of tomato3. Hydrogen peroxide, a component of ROS, is produced after inoculation of tomato plants with Pseudomonas3. Hydrogen peroxide can be detected using a histochemical stain 3'-3' diaminobenzidine (DAB)4. DAB staining reacts with hydrogen peroxide to produce a brown stain on the leaf tissue4. ROS has a regulatory role of the cellular redox environment, which can change the redox status of certain proteins5. Cysteine is an important amino acid sensitive to redox changes. Under mild oxidation, reversible oxidation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups serves as redox sensors and signal transducers that regulate a variety of physiological processes6,7. Tandem mass tag (TMT) reagents enable concurrent identification and multiplexed quantitation of proteins in different samples using tandem mass spectrometry8,9. The cysteine-reactive TMT (cysTMT) reagents enable selective labeling and relative quantitation of cysteine-containing peptides from up to six biological samples. Each isobaric cysTMT tag has the same nominal parent mass and is composed of a sulfhydryl-reactive group, a MS-neutral spacer arm and an MS/MS reporter10. After labeling, the samples were subject to protease digestion. The cysteine-labeled peptides were enriched using a resin containing anti-TMT antibody. During MS/MS analysis, a series of reporter ions (i.e., 126-131 Da) emerge in the low mass region, providing information on relative quantitation. The workflow is effective for reducing sample complexity, improving dynamic range and studying cysteine modifications. Here we present redox proteomic analysis of the Pst DC3000 treated tomato (Rio Grande) leaves using cysTMT technology. This high-throughput method has the potential to be applied to studying other redox-regulated physiological processes.

Reactive oxygen species level is elevated when cells encounter stress conditions. Here we show the example of 3'-3' diaminobenzidine staining as well as cysTMT labeling and mass spectrometry to profile the redox proteome in Pseudomonas syringae treated tomato leaves.

Profiling Proteome Redox tiol Usando Isótopos Espectrometria de Massa Tagging

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in Solanum lycopersicum but also on Brassica species, as well as on ...

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in current research and a plethora of methods for their investigation is available1. Protein-protein interactions often are highly dynamic and may depend on subcellular localization, post-translational modifications and the local protein environment2. Therefore, they should be investigated in their natural environment, for which co-immunoprecipitation approaches are the method of choice3. Co-precipitated interaction partners are identified either by immunoblotting in a targeted approach, or by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in an untargeted way. The latter strategy often is adversely affected by a large number of false positive discoveries, mainly derived from the high sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers that confidently detect traces of unspecifically precipitating proteins. A recent approach to overcome this problem is based on the idea that reduced amounts of specific interaction partners will co-precipitate with a given target protein whose cellular concentration is reduced by RNAi, while the amounts of unspecifically precipitating proteins should be unaffected. This approach, termed QUICK for QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown4, employs Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)5 and MS to quantify the amounts of proteins immunoprecipitated from wild-type and knock-down strains. Proteins found in a 1:1 ratio can be considered as contaminants, those enriched in precipitates from the wild type as specific interaction partners of the target protein. Although innovative, QUICK bears some limitations: first, SILAC is cost-intensive and limited to organisms that ideally are auxotrophic for arginine and/or lysine. Moreover, when heavy arginine is fed, arginine-to-proline interconversion results in additional mass shifts for each proline in a peptide and slightly dilutes heavy with light arginine, which makes quantification more tedious and less accurate5,6. Second, QUICK requires that antibodies are titrated such that they do not become saturated with target protein in extracts from knock-down mutants.
Here we introduce a modified QUICK protocol which overcomes the abovementioned limitations of QUICK by replacing SILAC for 15N metabolic labeling and by replacing RNAi-mediated knock-down for affinity modulation of protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of this protocol using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as model organism and the chloroplast HSP70B chaperone as target protein7 (Figure 1). HSP70s are known to interact with specific co-chaperones and substrates only in the ADP state8. We exploit this property as a means to verify the specific interaction of HSP70B with its nucleotide exchange factor CGE19.

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

We present a variation of the QUICK (QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown) approach that was introduced previously to distinguish between true and false protein-protein interactions. Our approach is based on 15N metabolic labeling, the modulation of affinities of protein-protein interactions by the presence/absence of ATP, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative mass spectrometry.

Um protocolo para a identificação de interações proteína-proteína Baseado<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; Etiquetagem N Metabólica, imunoprecipitação, Quantitativa Espectrometria de Massa e Affinity Modulação

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in ...

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex composition under different conditions. In this protocol the approach is demonstrated by comparing the composition of the protein complex responsible for cyclic electron flow (CEF) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, isolated from genetically different strains. The procedure comprises the isolation of thylakoid membranes, followed by their separation into multiprotein complexes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, SDS-PAGE, immunodetection and comparative, quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) based on differential metabolic labeling (14N/15N) of the analyzed strains. Detergent solubilized thylakoid membranes are loaded on sucrose density gradients at equal chlorophyll concentration. After ultracentrifugation, the gradients are separated into fractions, which are analyzed by mass-spectrometry based on equal volume. This approach allows the investigation of the composition within the gradient fractions and moreover to analyze the migration behavior of different proteins, especially focusing on ANR1, CAS, and PGRL1. Furthermore, this method is demonstrated by confirming the results with immunoblotting and additionally by supporting the findings from previous studies (the identification and PSI-dependent migration of proteins that were previously described to be part of the CEF-supercomplex such as PGRL1, FNR, and cyt f). Notably, this approach is applicable to address a broad range of questions for which this protocol can be adopted and e.g. used for comparative analyses of multiprotein complex composition isolated from distinct environmental conditions.

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

The described comparative, quantitative proteomic approach aims at obtaining insights into the composition of multiprotein complexes&#160;under different conditions and is demonstrated by comparing genetically different strains. For quantitative analysis equal volumes of different fractions from a sucrose density gradient are mixed and analyzed by mass spectrometry.

Uma Nova Abordagem para a Análise Comparativa de Complexos Multiproteicos Baseado em<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N Metabólica Labeling e quantitativa Espectrometria de Massa

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex ...

Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry - A Powerful Tool to Identify Novel c-di-GMP Effector Proteins

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis (diguanylate cyclases) and degradation (phosphodiesterases) of the second messenger c-di-GMP. In contrast, little information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms and cellular components through which this signaling molecule regulates a diverse range of cellular processes. Most of the known effector proteins belong to the PilZ family or are degenerated diguanylate cyclases or phosphodiesterases that have given up on catalysis and have adopted effector function. Thus, to better define the cellular c-di-GMP network in a wide range of bacteria experimental methods are required to identify and validate novel effectors for which reliable in silico predictions fail.
We have recently developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS) based technology as a powerful tool to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins. This technique has previously been reported to be applicable to a wide range of organisms1. Here we give a detailed description of the protocol that we utilize to probe such signaling components. As an example, we use Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in which c-di-GMP plays a critical role in virulence and biofilm control. CCMS identified 74% (38/51) of the known or predicted components of the c-di-GMP network. This study explains the CCMS procedure in detail, and establishes it as a powerful and versatile tool to identify novel components involved in small molecule signaling.

The ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP controls growth and behavior of many bacteria. We have developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry based technology to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins in virtually any bacterial species.

Captura de Espectrometria de Massa Compound - uma ferramenta poderosa para identificar novos c-di-GMP efetoras Proteínas

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis ...

Using Microfluidic Devices to Measure Lifespan and Cellular Phenotypes in Single Budding Yeast Cells

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects on the lifespan across species. However, the molecular causes of aging and death remain elusive. To gain a systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying yeast aging, we need high-throughput methods to measure lifespan and to quantify various cellular and molecular phenotypes in single cells. Previously, we developed microfluidic devices to track budding yeast mother cells throughout their lifespan while flushing away newborn daughter cells. This article presents a method for preparing microfluidic chips and for setting up microfluidic experiments. Multiple channels can be used to simultaneously track cells under different conditions or from different yeast strains. A typical setup can track hundreds of cells per channel and allow for high-resolution microscope imaging throughout the lifespan of the cells. Our method also allows detailed characterization of the lifespan, molecular markers, cell morphology, and the cell cycle dynamics of single cells. In addition, our microfluidic device is able to trap a significant amount of fresh mother cells that can be identified by downstream image analysis, making it possible to measure the lifespan with higher accuracy.

This article presents a protocol optimized for the production of microfluidic chips and the setup of microfluidic experiments to measure the lifespan and cellular phenotypes of single yeast cells.

Usando dispositivos microfluídicos medir Longevidade e Celular fenótipos em células individuais levedura de brotamento

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects ...

Sample Preparation for Mass-spectrometry-based Proteomics Analysis of Ocular Microvessels

The use of isolated ocular blood vessels in vitro to decipher the pathophysiological state of the eye using advanced technological approaches has greatly expanded our understanding of certain diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool to unravel alterations in the molecular mechanisms and protein signaling pathways in the vascular beds in health and disease. However, sample preparation steps prior to MS analyses are crucial to obtain reproducible results and in-depth elucidation of the complex proteome. This is particularly important for preparation of ocular microvessels, where the amount of sample available for analyses is often limited and thus, poses a challenge for optimum protein extraction. This article endeavors to provide an efficient, rapid and robust protocol for sample preparation from an exemplary retrobulbar ocular vascular bed employing the porcine short posterior ciliary arteries. The present method focuses on protein extraction procedures from both the supernatant and pellet of the sample following homogenization, sample cleaning with centrifugal filter devices prior to one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide purification steps for label-free quantification in a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-linear ion trap-Orbitrap MS system. Although this method has been developed specifically for proteomics analyses of ocular microvessels, we have also provided convincing evidence that it can also be readily employed for other tissue-based samples.

Proteome characterization of ocular microvascular beds is pivotal for in-depth understanding of many ocular pathologies in humans. This study demonstrates an effective, rapid, and robust method for protein extraction and sample preparation from small blood vessels employing the porcine short posterior ciliary arteries as model vessels for mass-spectrometry-based proteomics analyses.

Preparação da amostra para análise de Proteomics baseados em massa-espectrometria de Microvessels Ocular

The use of isolated ocular blood vessels in vitro to decipher the pathophysiological state of the eye using advanced technological approaches has greatly ...

Genetic Modification of Cyanobacteria by Conjugation Using the CyanoGate Modular Cloning Toolkit

Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms that can be genetically modified for the renewable production of useful industrial commodities. Recent advances in synthetic biology have led to development of several cloning toolkits such as CyanoGate, a standardized modular cloning system for building plasmid vectors for subsequent transformation or conjugal transfer into cyanobacteria. Here we outline a detailed method for assembling a self-replicating vector (e.g., carrying a fluorescent marker expression cassette) and conjugal transfer of the vector into the cyanobacterial strains Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 or Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973. In addition, we outline how to characterize the performance of a genetic part (e.g., a promoter) using a plate reader or flow cytometry.

Here, we present a protocol describing how to i) assemble a self-replicating vector using the CyanoGate modular cloning toolkit, ii) introduce the vector into a cyanobacterial host by conjugation, and iii) characterize transgenic cyanobacteria strains using a plate reader or flow cytometry.