Whitehead Institute Fellows Fundos

Parte 1: ARNA rotulagem: acoplamento alílico amino dos corantes <ol><li> Adicionar 1μg das amostras em tubos de microcentrífuga ARNA 1,5 ml. </li><li> Vácuo seco as amostras em fogo baixo ou nenhum até que estejam completamente secos. Cap cada tubo assim que estiver seca - não overdry! </li><li> Adicionar tampão de acoplamento 9μl a cada tubo e ressuspender o ARNA suavemente vórtex por 1 minuto. Centrifugar brevemente para coletar a amostra no fundo do tubo, e depois deixar a amostra sentar no gelo. </li><li> Adicionar 22μl DMSO qualidade alta a cada tubo de Cy3 ou Cy5 corante. Um tubo de tinta é suficiente para duas amostras. O corante é Cy3 para a rotulagem suas amostras de referência, e os corantes Cy5 é para a rotulagem de amostras de teste. </li><li> Vortex os corantes para misturar bem. Manter os corantes no escuro até que esteja pronto para uso. Não preparar tintura antes de 1 hora antes de usar. Verifique se não há água fica na mistura de corante / DMSO em qualquer ponto. </li><li> Adicionar 11μl do corante DMSO / Cy preparados para cada amostra. Misture bem em vórtice suavemente. </li><li> Incubar durante 30-45 minutos em temperatura ambiente. Cobrir as amostras com papel alumínio ou mantê-los em uma gaveta para minimizar a exposição à luz. </li><li> Após a incubação, adicionar 4.5μl hydroxlyamine a cada amostra para saciar a reação. Misture bem em vórtice suavemente. </li><li> Incubar por mais 15 minutos em temperatura ambiente. Cobrir as amostras com papel alumínio ou mantê-los em uma gaveta para minimizar a exposição à luz. </li></ol> Parte 2: rotuladas ARNA clean-up <ol><li> Vortex as contas RNA ligação rapidamente para obter uma mistura mesmo antes do uso. </li><li> Preparar a mistura ARNA Binding à temperatura ambiente. (Tabela 1) </li><li> Misture bem em vórtice. </li><li> Aliquote o tampão de eluição ARNA em um tubo de 1,5 ml e incubar a 50-60 ° C durante pelo menos 10 minutos. </li><li> Adicionar 70μl da mistura ARNA vinculativo para cada amostra e misture bem por pipetagem cima e para baixo 3-4 vezes. </li><li> Transferência das amostras da placa de PCR para uma placa de 96 poços de fundo redondo. </li><li> Adicionar 50μl de isopropanol 100% a cada amostra e misture bem por pipetagem cima e para baixo 3-4 vezes. </li><li> Agitar suavemente a placa em agitador orbital por pelo menos 2 minutos para misturar as amostras. </li><li> Mova a placa para um suporte magnético para capturar a esferas magnéticas. Deixar a placa no stand até que a mistura torna-se transparente e os cordões de ligação a peletizada. </li><li> Aspirar cuidadosamente o sobrenadante com um aspirador a vácuo, sem perturbar a esferas magnéticas. Como alternativa, remova cuidadosamente o sobrenadante com uma pipeta e desprezar o sobrenadante. O sobrenadante deve ser um brilhante rosa ou um azul brilhante neste momento devido à moléculas de corante não incorporado. </li><li> Retire a placa do suporte magnético. </li><li> Adicionar 100μl de solução de lavagem ARNA a cada poço e agitar a placa por 1 minuto no agitador orbital a uma velocidade moderada. Contas não pode se dispersar totalmente nesta etapa. </li><li> Mova a placa para um suporte magnético para capturar a esferas magnéticas. </li><li> Aspirar cuidadosamente o sobrenadante com um aspirador a vácuo, sem perturbar a esferas magnéticas. Como alternativa, remova cuidadosamente o sobrenadante com uma pipeta e desprezar o sobrenadante. </li><li> Retire a placa do suporte magnético. </li><li> Repita a lavagem de cada vez 2 º com 100μl de solução de lavagem ARNA. </li><li> Após a lavagem 2 º, seca as contas agitando a placa por 1 minuto no agitador orbital à velocidade máxima. Não overdry as amostras! </li><li> Eluir a ARNA dos grânulos adicionando 20μl tampão de eluição ARNA pré-aquecido para cada amostra. </li><li> Agitar vigorosamente a placa no agitador orbital por 3 minutos, em seguida, verifique se a esferas magnéticas estão totalmente dispersos. Se não, continue a tremer. </li><li> Uma vez que a esferas magnéticas têm totalmente disperso, mova a placa a um suporte magnético para capturar as esferas magnéticas. O sobrenadante contém a limpo, amostras ARNA rotulados, e deve ser uma pálida cor de rosa ou um azul pálido. </li><li> Transferir cuidadosamente o ARNA eluída a uma placa de PCR nova (ou tubos de PCR). </li><li> (Passo opcional) Verificar a concentração de RNA e da quantidade de corante nas amostras medindo 1.5μl em um espectrofotômetro NanoDrop usando o módulo Microarray. </li><li> Imediatamente hibridizar o ARNA rotulados em uma plataforma de microarray de sua escolha ou, alternativamente, você pode armazenar o ARNA rotulados a -80 ° C até que esteja pronto para a hibridização. </li></ol> Tabela 1 Mix ARNA Binding <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Reagente </td><td> Montante para uma reação </td></tr><tr><td> Beads RNA Binding * </td><td> 10μl </td></tr><tr><td> Bead * Solução ressuspensão </td><td> 4μl </td></tr><tr><td> Isopropanol 100% ** </td><td> 6μl </td></tr><tr><td> ARNA Concentrado de tampão de ligação </td><td> 50μl </td></tr></tbody></table> * Mix as contas de ligação com a RNAtalão solução ressuspensão primeiro ** Adicione o isopropanol e misturar bem antes de adicionar o ARNA concentrado de tampão de ligação.

<ol>
	<li>Rubins, K. H., Hensley, L. E., Bell, G. W., Wang, C., Lefkowitz, E. J., Brown, P. O., Relman, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+viral+gene+expression+programs+during+poxvirus+infection:+a+transcriptional+map+of+the+vaccinia+and+monkeypox+genomes.">Comparative analysis of viral gene expression programs during poxvirus infection: a transcriptional map of the vaccinia and monkeypox genomes.</a> PLoS ONE. 3 (7), e2628-e2628 (2008).</li><li>Assarsson, E., Greenbaum, J. A., Sundstr&#246;m, M., Schaffer, L., Hammond, J. A., Pasquetto, V., Oseroff, C., Hendrickson, R. C., Lefkowitz, E. J., Tscharke, D. C., Sidney, J., Grey, H. M., Head, S. R., Peters, B., Sette, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+analysis+of+a+complete+poxvirus+transcriptome+reveals+an+immediate-early+class+of+genes.">Kinetic analysis of a complete poxvirus transcriptome reveals an immediate-early class of genes.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105 (6), 2140-2145 (2008).</li><li>Satheshkumar, P. S., Moss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poxvirus+transcriptome+analysis.">Poxvirus transcriptome analysis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, E62-E62 (2008).</li><li>Assarsson, E., Greenbaum, J. A., Sundstr&#246;m, M., Schaffer, L., Hammond, J. A., Pasquetto, V., Oseroff, C., Hendrickson, R. C., Lefkowitz, E. J., Tscharke, D. C., Sidney, J., Grey, H. M., Head, S. R., Peters, B., Sette, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A.+Reply+to+Satheshkumar+and+Moss:+Poxvirus+transcriptome+analysis.">A. Reply to Satheshkumar and Moss: Poxvirus transcriptome analysis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, E63-E64 (2008).</li><li>Guerra, S., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Pascual-Montano, A., Mu&#241;oz, M., Harshman, K., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+gene+expression+survey+of+vaccinia+virus+infection+of+human+HeLa+cells.">Cellular gene expression survey of vaccinia virus infection of human HeLa cells.</a> J Virol. 77 (11), 6493-6506 (2003).</li><li>Guerra, S., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Conde, R., Pascual-Montano, A., Harshman, K., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microarray+analysis+reveals+characteristic+changes+of+host+cell+gene+expression+in+response+to+attenuated+modified+vaccinia+virus+Ankara+infection+of+human+HeLa+cells.">Microarray analysis reveals characteristic changes of host cell gene expression in response to attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara infection of human HeLa cells.</a> J Virol. 78 (11), 5820-5824 (2004).</li><li>Guerra, S., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Pascual-Montano, A., N&#225;jera, J. L., Zaballos, A., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+response+to+the+attenuated+poxvirus+vector+NYVAC:+upregulation+of+apoptotic+genes+and+NF-kappaB-responsive+genes+in+infected+HeLa+cells.">Host response to the attenuated poxvirus vector NYVAC: upregulation of apoptotic genes and NF-kappaB-responsive genes in infected HeLa cells.</a> J Virol. 80 (2), 985-998 (2006).</li><li>Guerra, S., N&#225;jera, J. L., Gonz&#225;lez, J. M., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Climent, N., Gatell, J. M., Gallart, T., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+gene+expression+profiling+after+infection+of+immature+human+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells+by+the+attenuated+poxvirus+vectors+MVA+and+NYVAC.">Distinct gene expression profiling after infection of immature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by the attenuated poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC.</a> 81 (16), 8707-8721 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Passos crítica Ao realizar o acoplamento amino alil, é fundamental para voltar a suspender o corante em DMSO em breve (menos de 1 hora) antes de acoplamento e garantir que não haja água fica na mistura de corante / DMSO, como ele vai reagir com o grupo ativo no corante. Não overdry o RNA (podem ser secas até 1-2uL ao invés de completamente seca), e ressuspender bem no buffer de acoplamento. Durante a reação de acoplamento, manter a reação no escuro, com flicking ocasionais e spin down, se desejar. Application / Significado O RNA marcado resultantes deste protocolo pode ser hibridizado com humanos, microarrays viral, ou o costume de avaliar as respostas de expressão gênica de células infectadas em cultura. Plataformas microarray variam, por isso siga as instruções do fabricante para a preparação de mistura de hibridização da sonda marcada. Usando uma matriz poxvírus personalizados 1, fomos capazes de classificar os genes nas categorias geral de &quot;precoce&quot; ou &quot;atrasado&quot; com base no tempo do sinal de hibridização e se ou não a replicação do DNA viral foi necessária para a detecção de transcrição. Observamos as categorias funcionais de genes esperados em cada classe temporal (ou seja, espera genes precoce, intermediária e tardia) a variação quanto ao momento exato de transcrição. Os métodos utilizados neste trabalho são capazes de prever genes transcritos vírus cedo ou mais tarde no ciclo de replicação, mas têm mais dificuldade em distinguir início somente contra genes com um promotor precoce e tardia desde transcrições com um promotor cedo / tarde dupla pode persistir e ser detectada, por vezes, tarde. Além disso, run-through transcrição de genes virais tarde podem afetar sinal em um determinado teste / ponto na matriz, como a hibridação RNA para a matriz pode ter vindo da ORF designado ou uma ORF upstream. Arrays azulejos têm tentado resolver este problema, no entanto os desafios permanecem na detecção de executar através de transcrição usando abordagens baseadas hibridização 2,3,4. Padrões anfitrião transcricional também pode ser avaliada através destes métodos. No entanto, vaccinia codifica uma variedade de mecanismos para inibir as respostas de acolhimento, e resposta do hospedeiro transcricional pode ser diminuída em comparação a outros estímulos 5,6,7,8. Uma vez que a expressão de muitos genes envolvidos na defesa do hospedeiro é alterada após a infecção, a contribuição de genes virais que neutralizam as respostas imune do hospedeiro deve ser levado em consideração. Utilizando estes métodos, um mapa do tempo de transcrição de todos os genes virais podem ser identificadas e usadas para interrogar funções de genes desconhecidos viral. Além disso, estes métodos podem ser utilizados para dissecar o diálogo intrincado entre o vírus e hospedeiro. Estes métodos são amplamente aplicáveis ​​a outros sistemas de acolhimento patógeno-infecção. Se o patógeno de interesse não tem polyadenylated mRNAs, métodos alternativos podem ser usados ​​diretamente para rotular o RNA total, sem amplificação linear. Ao analisar o anfitrião e expressão de genes de vírus durante a infecção síncrona, estes métodos permitem-nos para obter insights sobre a interação do vírus com o ambiente celular do hospedeiro, assim como anfitrião contra-defesas contra infecção por vírus.

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		<th>Material Name</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>CyDye Post-Labeling Reactive Dye Pack</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>RPN5661</td>
<td>Contains both Cy3 and Cy5 dyes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NanoDrop ND-1000 UV-VIS spectrophotometer</td>
<td>Other</td>
<td>NanoDrop</td>
<td>ND-1000</td>
<td>Or equivalent spectrophotometer</td>
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vaccinia virus infection &amp; temporal analysis of virus gene expression: part 3

A família<em&gt; Poxviridae</em&gt; Consiste de DNA double-stranded grandes contendo vírus que se replicam exclusivamente no citoplasma das células infectadas. Membros da<em&gt; Orthopox</em&gt; Gênero incluem a varíola, o agente causador da varíola humana, macacos, e vaccinia (VAC), o membro protótipo da família de vírus. Dentro do relativamente grande (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genoma, três classes de genes são codificados: precoce, intermediária e final. Enquanto todas as três classes são transcritos pela polimerase viral codificado RNA, cada classe tem uma função diferente no ciclo de vida do vírus. Poxvírus utilizar múltiplas estratégias para a modulação do ambiente celular do hospedeiro durante a infecção. A fim de compreender a regulação de ambos os host e expressão do gene do vírus, nós utilizamos genome-wide abordagens para analisar a abundância transcrição de ambos os vírus e células hospedeiras. Aqui, demonstramos infecções tempo de percurso de células HeLa com Vaccinia vírus RNA e amostragem em vários intervalos de tempo pós-infecção. Ambos os host e viral RNA total é isolado e amplificado para a hibridização de microarrays para a análise da expressão gênica.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3 at JoVE.com

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

Protocolo para Vaccinia infecção de células HeLa e análise de host e expressão gênica viral. Parte 3 descreve o processo de rotulagem fluorescente do RNA amplificado a partir do host e as amostras virais por acoplamento alílico amino de corantes. Parte 3 de 3.

Infecção pelo Vírus Vaccinia e Análise Temporal da Expressão Gênica de Vírus: Parte 3

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells.  Members of ...

vaccinia-virus-infection-temporal-analysis-virus-gene-expression-part

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

8.1K visualizações.  MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Protocolo para Vaccinia infecção de células HeLa e análise de host e expressão gênica viral. Parte 3 descreve o processo de rotulagem fluorescente do RNA amplificado a partir do host e as amostras virais por acoplamento alílico amino de corantes. Parte 3 de 3.

Vídeo: Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays

Análise de Expressão Gênica Utilizando bacteriana Microarrays

Biologia

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

Elaboração de culturas de células primárias hematopoéticas de medula óssea de camundongos para Eletroporação

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 1 of 3.

Infecção pelo Vírus Vaccinia e Análise Temporal da Expressão Gênica de Vírus: Parte 1

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.

Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 2 of 3.

Infecção pelo Vírus Vaccinia e Análise Temporal da Expressão Gênica de Vírus: Parte 2

Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA regulators: microRNAs, which are produced from non-protein coding genes and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Plants use RNAi to control transposons and to exert tight control over developmental processes such as flower organ formation and leaf development2,3,4. Plants also use RNAi to defend themselves against infection by viruses. Consequently, many viruses have evolved suppressors of gene silencing to allow their successful colonization of their host5.
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a method that takes advantage of the plant RNAi-mediated antiviral defense mechanism. In plants infected with unmodified viruses the mechanism is specifically targeted against the viral genome. However, with virus vectors carrying sequences derived from host genes, the process can be additionally targeted against the corresponding host mRNAs. VIGS has been adapted for high-throughput functional genomics in plants by using the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver, via its Ti plasmid, a recombinant virus carrying the entire or part of the gene sequence targeted for silencing. Systemic virus spread and the endogenous plant RNAi machinery take care of the rest. dsRNAs corresponding to the target gene are produced and then cleaved by the ribonuclease Dicer into siRNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length. These siRNAs ultimately guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade the target transcript2.
Different vectors have been employed in VIGS and one of the most frequently used is based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV). TRV is a bipartite virus and, as such, two different A. tumefaciens strains are used for VIGS. One carries pTRV1, which encodes the replication and movement viral functions while the other, pTRV2, harbors the coat protein and the sequence used for VIGS6,7. Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato seedlings with a mixture of both strains results in gene silencing. Silencing of the endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, which causes photobleaching, is used as a control for VIGS efficiency. It should be noted, however, that silencing in tomato is usually less efficient than in N. benthamiana. RNA transcript abundance of the gene of interest should always be measured to ensure that the target gene has efficiently been down-regulated. Nevertheless, heterologous gene sequences from N. benthamiana can be used to silence their respective orthologs in tomato and vice versa8.

Virus-induced Gene Silencing VIGS in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

Description of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method for knock-down of gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato.

Induzida por vírus silenciamento gênico (VIGS) em Nicotiana benthamiana Tomate e

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Usando o Sistema de Eletroporação Gene Pulser MXcell para transfectar pilhas com Alta Eficiência

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Usando um contador de células automatizadas para simplificar Estudos da Expressão Gênica: Knockdown siRNA de Expressão IL-4 Gene Dependente em células NAMALWA

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

Na reconstituição in vitro da atividade T. Telomerase castaneum

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties. The large-scale gene functional analysis in cotton has been lagged behind most of the modern plant species, likely due to its large size of genome, gene duplication and polyploidy, long growth cycle and recalcitrance to genetic transformation1. To facilitate high throughput functional genetic/genomic study in cotton, we attempt to develop rapid and efficient transient assays to assess cotton gene functions.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique that was developed based on the host Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) to repress viral proliferation2,3. Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS has been successfully applied in a wide range of dicots species such as Solanaceae, Arabidopsis and legume species, and monocots species including barley, wheat and maize, for various functional genomic studies3,4. As this rapid and efficient approach avoids plant transformation and overcomes functional redundancy, it is particularly attractive and suitable for functional genomic study in crop species like cotton not amenable for transformation.
In this study, we report the detailed protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS system in cotton. Among the several viral VIGS vectors, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) invades a wide range of hosts and is able to spread vigorously throughout the entire plant yet produce mild symptoms on the hosts5. To monitor the silencing efficiency, GrCLA1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (AtCLA1) in cotton, has been cloned and inserted into the VIGS binary vector pYL156. CLA1 gene is involved in chloroplast development6, and previous studies have shown that loss-of-function of AtCLA1 resulted in an albino phenotype on true leaves7, providing an excellent visual marker for silencing efficiency. At approximately two weeks post Agrobacterium infiltration, the albino phenotype started to appear on the true leaves, with 100% silencing efficiency in all replicated experiments. The silencing of endogenous gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Significantly, silencing could potently occur in all the cultivars we tested, including various commercially grown varieties in Texas. This rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS assay provides a very powerful tool for rapid large-scale analysis of gene functions at genome-wide level in cotton.

We present the detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS vectors were deployed to induce RNA silencing of cotton GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene. The albino phenotype caused by silencing GrCLA1 was observed at the seedling stage within 2 weeks after inoculation.

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Assay silenciamento gênico Em Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Proteomics research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that proteins in cells mostly exist not as isolated entities but exert their biological activity in association with many other proteins, in humans ten or more, forming assembly lines in the cell for most if not all vital functions.1,2 Knowledge of the function and architecture of these multiprotein assemblies requires their provision in superior quality and sufficient quantity for detailed analysis. The paucity of many protein complexes in cells, in particular in eukaryotes, prohibits their extraction from native sources, and necessitates recombinant production. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has proven to be particularly useful for producing eukaryotic proteins, the activity of which often relies on post-translational processing that other commonly used expression systems often cannot support.3 BEVS use a recombinant baculovirus into which the gene of interest was inserted to infect insect cell cultures which in turn produce the protein of choice. MultiBac is a BEVS that has been particularly tailored for the production of eukaryotic protein complexes that contain many subunits.4 A vital prerequisite for efficient production of proteins and their complexes are robust protocols for all steps involved in an expression experiment that ideally can be implemented as standard operating procedures (SOPs) and followed also by non-specialist users with comparative ease. The MultiBac platform at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) uses SOPs for all steps involved in a multiprotein complex expression experiment, starting from insertion of the genes into an engineered baculoviral genome optimized for heterologous protein production properties to small-scale analysis of the protein specimens produced.5-8 The platform is installed in an open-access mode at EMBL Grenoble and has supported many scientists from academia and industry to accelerate protein complex research projects.

Protein complexes catalyze key cellular functions. Detailed functional and structural characterization of many essential complexes requires recombinant production. MultiBac is a baculovirus/insect cell system particularly tailored for expressing eukaryotic proteins and their complexes. MultiBac was implemented as an open-access platform, and standard operating procedures developed to maximize its utility.

A Plataforma de Produção de Proteína Complexo MultiBac no EMBL

Proteomics  research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in  unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that ...