Chapter 25
Insulin and Hypoglycemic Drugs
Homeostase da glicose: regulação da glicose no sangue
Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body.
In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels ...
Homeostase da glicose: ilhotas pancreáticas e secreção de insulina
The pancreas comprises highly vascularized and innervated pancreatic islets, encompassing α, β, δ, PP, and ε endocrine cells.
Amongst ...
Insulina: o receptor e as vias de sinalização
The insulin receptor belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase family. It comprises disulfide-linked α/β dimers, forming a transmembrane ...
Fisiopatologia do Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia.
The two most common types of diabetes mellitus are type 1 and type 2.
...
Diabetes: sintomas, diagnóstico e complicações
Diabetes can be initially identified based on symptoms.
Hyperglycemic patients may present common symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and ...
Diabetes: Manejo e Farmacoterapia
The goals of diabetes therapy include glycemic control, alleviating hyperglycemia-related symptoms, and preventing or reducing chronic end-organ ...
Insulina: Biossíntese, Química e Preparação
The pancreatic β-cell's endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes preproinsulin comprising a signal peptide, B and A chains, and a C-peptide. The ...
Formulações de insulina: tipos e administração
Insulin preparations, based on their duration of action, are categorized as short-acting and long-acting.
Short-acting regular insulin forms hexamers, ...
Insulina: Regime de dosagem e efeitos adversos
Insulin dosage regimens generally include a mixture of analogs given as daily injections. Typically, most patients are prescribed long and short-acting ...
Hipoglicemiantes orais: sulfonilureias
Sulfonylureas are a class of insulin secretagogues. They are used as oral hypoglycemic agents for managing Type 2 diabetes.
Structurally, these drugs ...
Hipoglicemiantes orais: biguanidas e glitazonas
Biguanides are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, reducing insulin resistance.
Unlike sulfonylureas, they do not stimulate insulin ...
Hipoglicemiantes orais: glinetos
Glinides are insulin secretagogues that trigger insulin release from β cells by inhibiting KATP channels and controlling potassium efflux.
They share ...
Agentes hipoglicemiantes orais: inibidores da α-glicosidase
α-glucosidase inhibitors impede intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes, delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. This effectively curtails ...
Agonistas do receptor semelhante ao glucagon
Oral glucose intake triggers gut hormones like GLP-1 and GIP called incretins, which stimulate insulin secretion.
Both GLPs and glucagon originate from ...
Inibidores da dipeptidil peptidase 4
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or DPP-4 inhibitors, called gliptins inhibit incretin hormone inactivation.
These drugs bind to DPP-4, increasing the levels ...
Hipoglicemia e glucagon
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels >80 mg/dL due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine system.
However, ...
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