The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. BAS is supported by the Oklahoma Shared Clinical and Translational Resources (U54GM104938) with an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.

All methods described here have been approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
1. Placing a laryngeal mask
<ol>
	<li>Select appropriately sized SGA (newborn size 1 [2-5 kg]).</li>
	<li>Open the SGA. Remove the pack that holds the device.</li>
	<li>Open the pack. Transfer the SGA to the lid of the pack.</li>
	<li>Holding the integral bite block, apply a thin coat of lubricant to the back, sides, and the front of the SGA.
	<ol>
		<li>Check for boluses of lubricant and remove them if necessary.</li>
		<li>Take care to avoid contact with the cuff of the device.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Inspect the device carefully.
	<ol>
		<li>Check for foreign bodies or a bolus of lubricant obstructing the distal opening, and return the SGA into the cage pack.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Always wear gloves.</li>
	<li>Decompress the stomach with an orogastric tube as needed.</li>
	<li>Remove the SGA from the container.</li>
	<li>Hold the lubricated SGA firmly.</li>
	<li>Stand at the baby&#39;s head. Position the device such that the cuff outlet is facing the chin of the baby. Ensure that the baby is in the &#39;sniffing&#39; position with the head extended and the neck flexed. Gently open the mouth and press down on the chin before proceeding.</li>
	<li>Press the leading soft tip into the mouth against the baby&#39;s hard palate on the top of the baby&#39;s tongue. Maintain pressure against the palate.
	<ol>
		<li>Advance the device inward to follow the contour of the mouth and palate with a continuous but gentle slide until resistance is felt.</li>
		<li>Arrange the tip of the airway into the upper esophagus, positioning the cuff against the laryngeal framework.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Confirming correct placement
<ol>
	<li>Attach the carbon dioxide (CO2) detector and connect it to the PPV device.</li>
	<li>After the correct placement, ensure that there is a bilateral chest movement with ventilation and hear equal breath sounds.</li>
	<li>If this intervention is successful, notice an increase in heart rate and oxygen saturation.</li>
	<li>By the time of providing 8-10 breaths, ensure that the CO2 detector turns yellow as it detects exhaled CO2.</li>
</ol>
3. Anchoring the laryngeal mask
<ol>
	<li>Secure the SGA down from maxilla to maxilla with tape.</li>
	<li>Monitor heart rate, oxygen saturation, breathing, and muscle tone. The newborn can cry and make sounds with the SGA in place.</li>
</ol>
4. Removing the laryngeal mask
<ol>
	<li>If one decides to remove the laryngeal mask, use bulb suction or suction catheter to remove secretions from the mouth and throat.</li>
	<li>Then, remove the SGA device.</li>
	<li>Monitor heart rate, breathing, and oxygen saturation.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Moshiro, R., Mdoe, P., Perlman, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+global+view+of+neonatal+asphyxia+and+resuscitation.">A global view of neonatal asphyxia and resuscitation.</a> Frontiers in Pediatrics. 7, 489 (2019).</li><li>McGuire, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perinatal+asphyxia.">Perinatal asphyxia.</a> BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2007, 320 (2007).</li><li>Gillam-Krakauer, M., Gowen, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Birth Asphyxia. , (2023).</li><li>Mini&#241;o, A. M., Heron, M. P., Smith, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deaths:+preliminary+data+for+2004.">Deaths: preliminary data for 2004.</a> National Vital Scientific Reports. 54, 19 (2006).</li><li>Wyckoff, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Part+13:+Neonatal+resuscitation:+2015+American+Heart+Association+guidelines+update+for+cardiopulmonary+resuscitation+and+emergency+cardiovascular+care.">Part 13: Neonatal resuscitation: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care.</a> Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2), S543-S560 (2015).</li><li>Marshall, S., Lang, A. M., Perez, M., Saugstad, O. 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Disorders of the Neonatal Airway. , (2015).</li><li>Sawyer, T., Motz, P., Schooley, N., Umoren, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+pressure+ventilation+coaching+during+neonatal+bag-mask+ventilation:+A+simulation-based+pilot+study.">Positive pressure ventilation coaching during neonatal bag-mask ventilation: A simulation-based pilot study.</a> Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. 12 (3), 243-248 (2019).</li><li>O'Donnell, C. P. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+resuscitation+2:+an+evaluation+of+manual+ventilation+devices+and+face+masks.">Neonatal resuscitation 2: an evaluation of manual ventilation devices and face masks.</a> Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 90 (5), F392-F396 (2005).</li><li>Udaeta, M. E., Weiner, G. 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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+intubation:+Success+of+pediatric+trainees.">Neonatal intubation: Success of pediatric trainees.</a> The Journal of Pediatrics. 146 (5), 638-641 (2005).</li><li>Escobedo, M. B., Shah, B. A., Song, C., Makkar, A., Szyld, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+recommendations+and+emerging+science+in+neonatal+resuscitation.">Recent recommendations and emerging science in neonatal resuscitation.</a> Pediatric Clinics of North America. 66 (2), 309-320 (2019).</li><li>Kattwinkel, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Part+15:+Neonatal+Resuscitation.">Part 15: Neonatal Resuscitation.</a> Circulation. 122 (18_suppl_3), S909-S919 (2010).</li><li>Caldwell, P., Srinivasjois, R., Earley, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+laryngeal+mask+airway+in+near-term+and+term+neonates+during+resuscitation:+is+it+effective+and+safe.">Use of laryngeal mask airway in near-term and term neonates during resuscitation: is it effective and safe.</a> Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 47 (10), 753-756 (2011).</li><li>Shah, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laryngeal+mask+use+in+the+neonatal+population:+A+survey+of+practice+providers+at+a+regional+tertiary+care+center+in+the+United+States.">Laryngeal mask use in the neonatal population: A survey of practice providers at a regional tertiary care center in the United States.</a> American Journal of Perinatology. , (2021).</li><li>White, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laryngeal+mask+ventilation+during+neonatal+resuscitation:+A+case+series.">Laryngeal mask ventilation during neonatal resuscitation: A case series.</a> Children. 9 (6), 897 (2022).</li><li>Berry, A. M., Brimacombe, J. R., Verghese, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+laryngeal+mask+airway+in+emergency+medicine,+neonatal+resuscitation,+and+intensive+care+medicine.">The laryngeal mask airway in emergency medicine, neonatal resuscitation, and intensive care medicine.</a> International Anesthesiology Clinics. 36 (2), 91-109 (1998).</li><li>Wall, S. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+resuscitation+in+low-resource+settings:+what,+who,+and+how+to+overcome+challenges+to+scale+up.">Neonatal resuscitation in low-resource settings: what, who, and how to overcome challenges to scale up.</a> International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 107 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1), S47-62-S63-44 (2009).</li><li>Hainstock, L. M., Raval, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+resuscitation.">Neonatal resuscitation.</a> Pediatrics in Review. 41 (3), 155-158 (2020).</li><li>Niles, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+and+characteristics+of+positive+pressure+ventilation+delivered+to+newborns+in+a+US+tertiary+academic+hospital.">Incidence and characteristics of positive pressure ventilation delivered to newborns in a US tertiary academic hospital.</a> Resuscitation. 115, 102-109 (2017).</li><li>Skare, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventilation+fraction+during+the+first+30s+of+neonatal+resuscitation.">Ventilation fraction during the first 30s of neonatal resuscitation.</a> Resuscitation. 107, 25-30 (2016).</li><li>Bansal, S. C., Caoci, S., Dempsey, E., Trevisanuto, D., Roehr, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+laryngeal+mask+airway+and+its+use+in+neonatal+resuscitation:+A+critical+review+of+where+we+are+in+2017/2018.">The laryngeal mask airway and its use in neonatal resuscitation: A critical review of where we are in 2017/2018.</a> Neonatology. 113 (2), 152-161 (2018).</li><li>Qureshi, M. J., Kumar, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laryngeal+mask+airway+versus+bag-mask+ventilation+or+endotracheal+intubation+for+neonatal+resuscitation.">Laryngeal mask airway versus bag-mask ventilation or endotracheal intubation for neonatal resuscitation.</a> The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3), CD03314 (2018).</li><li>Belkhatir, K., Scrivens, A., O'Shea, J. E., Roehr, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience+and+training+in+endotracheal+intubation+and+laryngeal+mask+airway+use+in+neonates:+results+of+a+national+survey.">Experience and training in endotracheal intubation and laryngeal mask airway use in neonates: results of a national survey.</a> Archives of Disease in Childhood. 106 (2), 223-224 (2021).</li><li>Foglia, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+intubation+practice+and+outcomes:+an+international+registry+study.">Neonatal intubation practice and outcomes: an international registry study.</a> Pediatrics. 143 (1), e20180902 (2019).</li><li>Konrad, C., Schupfer, G., Wietlisbach, M., Gerber, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+manual+skills+in+anesthesiology:+Is+there+a+recommended+number+of+cases+for+anesthetic+procedures.">Learning manual skills in anesthesiology: Is there a recommended number of cases for anesthetic procedures.</a> Anesthesia and Analgesia. 86 (3), 635-639 (1998).</li><li>Pejovic, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+resuscitation+using+a+laryngeal+mask+airway:+A+randomised+trial+in+Uganda.">Neonatal resuscitation using a laryngeal mask airway: A randomised trial in Uganda.</a> Archives of Disease in Childhood. 103 (3), 255-260 (2018).</li><li>Yamada, N. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supraglottic+airways+compared+with+face+masks+for+neonatal+resuscitation:+A+systematic+review.">Supraglottic airways compared with face masks for neonatal resuscitation: A systematic review.</a> Pediatrics. 150 (3), e2022056568 (2022).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.

Training in newborn resuscitation can reduce term intrapartum-related deaths by 30%18. The Oklahoma Children&#39;s Hospital at University of Oklahoma (OU) Health, located on the campus of the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City, OK, requires all healthcare providers who assist in the management of newborns to maintain up-to-date NRP training. According to the current NRP guidelines, the most vital aspect of neonatal resuscitation is the effective delivery of positive pressure ventilation (PPV)13,17.
While providers can likely predict the necessity of positive pressure ventilation in many cases due to certain risk factors, preliminary observations revealed that 30% of newborns receive unanticipated PPV19. Additionally, interruptions in ventilation occur in up to 56% of newborns receiving PPV20. Disrupted ventilation leads to prolonged PPV, bradycardia, decreased Apgar scores, delivery room tracheal intubation by the advanced resuscitation team, and unintended NICU admissions. However, timely and effective face mask ventilation and/or tracheal intubation during resuscitation are difficult skills to master and often lacking in frontline personnel21,22,23,24,25. In a recent national United Kingdom survey conducted among general pediatric neonatal trainees and advanced neonatal nurse practitioners, only 18% of all respondents reported complete confidence with intubation25. The first intubation attempt in the delivery room has a success rate of 46% while conveying a 17% adverse event rate (tube malposition, bradycardia, trauma, etc.) and a 31% severe oxygen desaturation rate26. The learning curve for endotracheal intubation is complex and requires 58 attempts to achieve a success rate of 90%27. Collectively, these challenges prolong resuscitation efforts and/or neonatal asphyxia while awaiting the arrival of an advanced resuscitation team13.
SGA may be a viable alternative to tracheal intubation to solve challenges with universal intubation competency25.&#160;However, we recently found a low level of confidence in SGA placement reported by frontline neonatal resuscitation providers, with insufficient training being one of the frequently cited barriers16. As seen in the protocol, providers can easily place an SGA and provide PPV. A Ugandan randomized controlled trial demonstrated that PPV duration was significantly shorter when using the SGA than when using the face mask (93 s vs. 140 s)28. Effective use of an SGA may reduce the need for endotracheal intubation (and the risks associated with this procedure), as demonstrated in a recent meta-analysis. The same study also showed a decrease in the duration of PPV and time until the heart rate exceeded 100 beats/min when using SGA29. Newborns resuscitated with SGAs required fewer NICU admissions than newborns who received face mask ventilation24.&#160;Finally, some congenital craniofacial or airway anomalies make the use of traditional ventilation methods difficult or impossible; the use of an SGA is the first choice for the establishment of effective ventilation10.
There are limitations to the use of SGAs. As the need for PPV increases as gestational age decreases, the size limitation (&#62;1.5 kg) of the SGA can be a limiting factor in its utility. Also, researchers explore an optimal approach to the use of SGA for the administration of endotracheal medications (such as surfactant and epinephrine) only in approved clinical trials. Specifically, referring to the protocol, users may find some difficulty with the insertion of SGA. Reapplying a layer of lubricant can remedy this situation, although in vivo use of the lubricant would likely be unneeded due to a newborn&#39;s natural oropharyngeal lubrication.
Based on the literature and the utility of the protocol, we believe that there can be many applications of SGA in the stabilization and resuscitation of appropriate newborns. With the increasing use of aerosolized surfactants, administration of this medication via SGA may be feasible in the near future. This would further enforce the utility of this alternate airway.

Birth asphyxia accounts for ~1 million deaths each year and is a primary cause of early neonatal mortality1.&#160;In high-income countries, the incidence of perinatal asphyxia is ~1/1000 live births; it can be up to 10 times higher in low-middle-income countries1. Approximately 15%-20% of asphyxiated infants die in the first month of life and up to one-fourth of survivors sustain permanent neurologic deficits2,3. As reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia account for 10% of infant mortality4. In the United States, 10% of all newborns need assistance in the delivery room to breathe, with less than 1% needing more advanced resuscitative measures such as cardiac compressions and medications5. Interventions within the first minute of life have important long-term implications for outcomes6.
Effective ventilation using a face mask is often challenging for those who infrequently perform neonatal resuscitation. Resultant hypoxia, bradycardia, and emergent tracheal intubation increase unanticipated neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions. The most common problems associated with a poor face mask technique include mask leakage, air blockage, and insufficient chest excursion7,8,9. NRP includes ventilation corrective steps, but mastery of these skills is difficult if not performed often.
The American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics developed the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) to teach an evidence-based approach to newborn care. The NRP algorithm calls for tracheal intubation when face mask ventilation is ineffective or prolonged5. However, pediatric trainees have also shown difficulty performing intubation and have few opportunities to practice10,11,12. An SGA is an appropriate alternative airway in newborns weighing &#62;1500 g when face mask ventilation is insufficient and endotracheal intubation is unsuccessful or not feasible13,14,15,16. Although many studies support the feasibility and utility of SGA for initial respiratory management in low-middle-income countries, there is a paucity of data to support the use of SGA to perform initial PPV in high-income countries9,10,11.
We speculate that the mastery of SGA use has the potential to reduce PPV interruptions and therefore improve resuscitation outcomes. Our overarching objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of focused SGA training on newborn resuscitation outcomes, including PPV duration, ventilation failures, and complications.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 detector</td>
			<td>Medtronic USA</td>
			<td>42271500</td>
			<td>Nellcor pediatric colorimetric CO2 detector (pedicap)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I-gel supraglottic airway</td>
			<td>Intersurgical</td>
			<td>8201000</td>
			<td>Neonatal size # 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lubricant</td>
			<td>Laerdal Medical AS</td>
			<td>252090</td>
			<td>Airway Lubricant Spray Can (180 mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neonatal Patient Simulator&#160;</td>
			<td>Laerdal Medical AS</td>
			<td>296-00050</td>
			<td>SimNewB Light tetherless</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive pressure ventilation device</td>
			<td>Fisher &#38; Paykel Healthcare</td>
			<td>RD900</td>
			<td>Neopuff Infant T-Piece Resuscitator</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laryngeal mask airway (lma) placement in a neonatal patient simulator using a non-inflatable supraglottic airway (sga)

The effective delivery of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) can be challenging during neonatal resuscitation. Achieving a patent airway through an appropriate interface during neonatal resuscitation is critical for avoiding airway obstruction and leakage and optimizing access to PPV. Due to the complexity of face mask ventilation, providers have explored corrective steps. However, these methods are difficult to master and thus may present a risk for ventilation delay and/or interruptions at the critical time of resuscitation and the development of complications. In addition, neonatal endotracheal intubation is an invasive procedure that requires significant practice and training. The supraglottic airway (SGA) is a useful laryngeal mask airway (LMA) interface that decreases the time required to achieve a secure airway and reduces the need for endotracheal intubation. Despite the available evidence regarding its effectiveness, insufficient training and awareness limit SGA use in the real world, and frontline providers report low confidence in SGA placement. Here we provide a detailed description of SGA placement, the instruction of which requires only minimal training and leads to a short time to proficiency. Briefly, after the administration of initial ventilatory corrective steps in a neonatal manikin, a provider inserts a non-inflatable SGA into the larynx. This method allows for a single individual to provide effective delivery of PPV in a noninvasive manner without the need for expensive equipment such as video laryngoscopy. Instructors can easily teach this technique with ease and little cost in any clinical and research setting. This is also true for different income settings, including high-, middle-, and low-income countries.

Following successful SGA placement, effective PPV can be confirmed by listening for air entry bilaterally in the lungs and visualizing chest wall movement with ventilation (Figure 1). Occasionally, an incorrect position can result in ineffective lung aeration, resulting in failure to raise heart rate, improvements in oxygen saturation, and a color change to yellow on the CO2 colorimeter.
A recent case series17 at our institution&#39;s facilities detailed the use of supraglottic airway placement in the delivery room and neonatal resuscitation in real life. Initial insertion was successful and provided immediate stabilization in all cases, with avoidance of NICU admission noted in 38% of cases when used at birth (Table 1). The only notable complication was a necessary reinsertion due to the triggering of the newborn gag reflex by excessive secretions.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64706/64706fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Confirming effective PPV. Following successful SGA placement, listen for air entry bilaterally in the lungs and visualize chest wall movement with ventilation to confirm effective PPV. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/64706/64706fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Table 1: Cohort of newborns receiving supraglottic airway intervention. This table has been adapted with permission from White et al.17. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/64706/Table 1.xlsx" target="_blank">Please click here to download this Table.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laryngeal Mask Airway LMA Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway SGA at JoVE.com

Laryngeal Mask Airway LMA Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway SGA

This protocol is designed to describe a method to place and establish a supraglottic (alternative) airway during neonatal resuscitation. It can be used in situations where frontline providers cannot ventilate or endotracheally intubate neonates requiring resuscitation.

Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway (SGA)

The effective delivery of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) can be challenging during neonatal resuscitation. Achieving a patent airway through an ...

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1.6K Views.  University of Oklahoma (OU) Health Sciences Center. This protocol is designed to describe a method to place and establish a supraglottic (alternative) airway during neonatal resuscitation. It can be used in situations where frontline providers cannot ventilate or endotracheally intubate neonates requiring resuscitation. 

Video: Laryngeal Mask Airway LMA Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway SGA

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

COPD is projected to be the third most common cause of mortality world-wide by 2020(1). Animal models of COPD are used to identify molecules that contribute to the disease process and to test the efficacy of novel therapies for COPD. Researchers use a number of models of COPD employing different species including rodents, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and dogs(2). However, the most widely-used model is that in which mice are exposed to cigarette smoke. Mice are an especially useful species in which to model COPD because their genome can readily be manipulated to generate animals that are either deficient in, or over-express individual proteins. Studies of gene-targeted mice that have been exposed to cigarette smoke have provided valuable information about the contributions of individual molecules to different lung pathologies in COPD(3-5). Most studies have focused on pathways involved in emphysema development which contributes to the airflow obstruction that is characteristic of COPD. However, small airway fibrosis also contributes significantly to airflow obstruction in human COPD patients(6), but much less is known about the pathogenesis of this lesion in smoke-exposed animals. To address this knowledge gap, this protocol quantifies both emphysema development and small airway fibrosis in smoke-exposed mice. This protocol exposes mice to CS using a whole-body exposure technique, then measures respiratory mechanics in the mice, inflates the lungs of mice to a standard pressure, and fixes the lungs in formalin. The researcher then stains the lung sections with either Gill&#8217;s stain to measure the mean alveolar chord length (as a readout of emphysema severity) or Masson&#8217;s trichrome stain to measure deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins around small airways (as a readout of small airway fibrosis). Studies of the effects of molecular pathways on both of these lung pathologies will lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD.

The goal of this protocol is to provide automated methods to quantify chronic lung pathologies in a murine model of COPD. The protocol includes exposing mice to cigarette smoke (CS), measuring pulmonary function, inflating the lungs, and using morphometry methods to measure emphysema and small airway remodeling in mice.

COPD is projected to be the third most common cause of mortality world-wide by 2020(1).  Animal models of COPD are used to identify molecules that ...

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

A patient&#39;s willingness to cooperate is an absolute precondition for successful awake intubation of the trachea. Whilst drug-sedation of patients can jeopardize their spontaneous breathing, topical anesthesia of the airway is a popular technique. The spray-as-you-go technique represents one of the simplest opportunities to anesthetize the airway mucosa. The application of local anesthetic through the working channel of the flexible endoscope is a widespread practice for anesthetists as well as pulmonologists. There is neither need for additional devices nor special training as a pre-requisite to perform this technique. However, a known clinical problem is the coughing and gagging reflex that may occur when the liquid anesthetic strikes the airway mucosa and other sensitive structures like the vocal cords. This can be avoided by the use of oxygen applied through the working channel with the aim of fogging the local anesthetic into finer particles. Furthermore, the oxygen flow provides a higher oxygen supply and contributes to a better view, dispersing mucus secretions and blood away from the lens. Using an atomizer with a high oxygen flow of 10 L/min we maximized these benefits, caused less coughing and had more satisfied and therefore cooperative patients. Possible, but very rare complications of using oxygen flow including gastric insufflation, organ rupture or barotrauma did not arise. We attribute the complication-free use of high oxygen flow to the design of the set, which permits flow and pressure release.

The topical anesthetic lidocaine was atomized using a high oxygen flow through the working channel of a flexible intubating endoscope to achieve topical airway anesthesia for awake endotracheal intubation. We prefer this modified spray-as-you-go technique for endoscopic intubation to classical bolus application because of higher patient satisfaction and better compliance.

A patient&#39;s willingness to cooperate is an absolute precondition for successful awake intubation of the trachea. Whilst drug-sedation of patients can ...

Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory

Surgery for laryngeal malignancies requires millimetric accuracy from the different endoscopic and open techniques available. Practice of this surgery is almost completely reserved to a few referral centers that deal with a large proportion of this pathology. Practice on human specimens is not always possible for ethical, economic, or availability reasons. The aim of this study is to provide a reproducible method for the organization of a laryngeal laboratory on ex vivo animal models where it is possible to approach, learn, and refine laryngeal techniques. Porcine and ovine larynges are ideal, affordable, models to simulate laryngeal surgery given their similarity to the human larynx in their anatomical layout and tissue composition. Herein, the surgical steps of transoral laser surgery, open partial horizontal laryngectomy, and total laryngectomy are reported. The merging of endoscopic and exoscopic views guarantees an inside-out perspective, which is vital for the comprehension of the complex laryngeal anatomy. The method was successfully adopted during three sessions of a dissection course &#34;Lary-Gym&#34;. Further perspectives on robotic surgical training are described.

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how to organize a reproducible laboratory for laryngeal surgery on affordable and closely similar animal laryngeal models in order to improve anatomical and surgical knowledge and skills.

Surgery for laryngeal malignancies requires millimetric accuracy from the different endoscopic and open techniques available. Practice of this surgery is ...

The Rigid Tube as an Alternative in Controlling the Problematic Airway

The unexpected problematic airway represents a large proportion of anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. The retromolar or paraglossal approach is an alternative to the majority of the rigid instruments used for tracheal intubation, which follow the midline to access the glottis. This single-center, prospective case-series study offers an option to conventional laryngoscopy in case of a poor glottic view, introducing an instrument (the rigid tube for laryngoscopy) that uses the retromolar approach to accomplish tracheal intubation. If after anesthesia induction, the modified Cormack-Lehane glottis view grade &#62;2b, the intubation is carried further with the rigid tube. The tube follows the direction of the thyroid cartilage while advancing from the labial commissure, displacing the tongue to the contralateral side. Adjusting the position of the larynx with the nondominant hand by gently pushing the thyroid cartilage and following an imaginary line towards it while advancing it improves the time needed for proper glottis visualization. Once the epiglottis is in sight, the practitioner progresses slowly, lifting the epiglottis and aiming the tip of the tube more anteriorly. When the glottis appears in the visual field, the intubating tube introducer is placed in the trachea, and a lubricated cuffed intubating tube is advanced over the introducer after the rigid tube is extracted. This tool was tested on 30 patients with an unsatisfactory glottic view when using the Macintosh laryngoscope and obtained excellent results with respect to intubation time and complications. The reduced visual field is the main limitation of this method, which requires a training period for reasonable expertise. This simple, robust, and cheap instrument could be a rescue option in case of a difficult airway.

Presented here is a protocol of tracheal intubation over an intubating tube introducer using a rigid tube for laryngoscopy with an attached light source. The main characteristics of this maneuver are the retromolar approach and the use of the thyroid cartilage as a landmark while advancing the rigid tube.

The unexpected problematic airway represents a large proportion of anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. The retromolar or paraglossal approach is ...

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla

Zygomatic implants (ZIs) are an ideal way to address cases of a severely atrophic edentulous maxilla and maxilla defects because they replace extensive bone augmentation and shorten the treatment cycle. However, there are risks associated with the placement of ZIs, such as penetration of the orbital cavity or infra-temporal fossa. Furthermore, the placement of multiple ZIs makes this surgery risky and more difficult to perform. Potential intraoperative complications are extremely dangerous and may cause irreparable losses. Here, we describe a practical, feasible, and reproducible protocol for a real-time surgical navigation system for precisely placing quad-zygomatic implants in the severely atrophic maxilla of patients with residual bone that does not meet the requirements of conventional implants. Hundreds of patients have received ZIs at our department based on this protocol. The clinical outcomes have been satisfactory, the intraoperative and postoperative complications have been low, and the accuracy indicated by infusion of the designed image and postoperative three-dimensional image has been high. This method should be utilized during the entire surgical procedure to ensure ZI placement safety.

Here, we present a protocol to achieve precise quad-zygomatic implant placement in patients with severely atrophic maxilla using a real-time dynamic navigation system.

Zygomatic implants (ZIs) are an ideal way to address cases of a severely atrophic edentulous maxilla and maxilla defects because they replace extensive ...

Design and Development of a Model to Study the Effect of Supplemental Oxygen on the Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiome

Airway microbial communities are thought to play an important role in the progression of cystic fibrosis (CF) and other chronic pulmonary diseases. Microbes have traditionally been classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen. Supplemental oxygen is a common medical therapy administered to people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF); however, existing studies on oxygen and the airway microbiome have focused on how hypoxia (low oxygen) rather than hyperoxia (high oxygen) affects the predominantly aerobic and facultative anaerobic lung microbial communities. To address this critical knowledge gap, this protocol was developed using an artificial sputum medium that mimics the composition of sputum from pwCF. The use of filter sterilization, which yields a transparent medium, allows optical methods to follow the growth of single-celled microbes in suspension cultures. To create hyperoxic conditions, this model system takes advantage of established anaerobic culturing techniques to study hyperoxic conditions; instead of removing oxygen, oxygen is added to cultures by daily sparging of serum bottles with a mixture of compressed oxygen and air. Sputum from 50 pwCF underwent daily sparging for a 72-h period to verify the ability of this model to maintain differential oxygen conditions. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on cultured and uncultured sputum samples from 11 pwCF to verify the ability of this medium to support the growth of commensal and pathogenic microbes commonly found in cystic fibrosis sputum. Growth curves were obtained from 112 isolates obtained from pwCF to verify the ability of this artificial sputum medium to support the growth of common cystic fibrosis pathogens. We find that this model can culture a wide variety of pathogens and commensals in CF sputum, recovers a community highly similar to uncultured sputum under normoxic conditions, and creates different culture phenotypes under varying oxygen conditions. This new approach might lead to a better understanding of unanticipated effects induced by the use of oxygen in pwCF on airway microbial communities and common respiratory pathogens.

The goal of this protocol is to develop a model system for the effect of hyperoxia on cystic fibrosis airway microbial communities. Artificial sputum medium emulates the composition of sputum, and hyperoxic culture conditions model the effects of supplemental oxygen on lung microbial communities.

Airway microbial communities are thought to play an important role in the progression of cystic fibrosis (CF) and other chronic pulmonary diseases. ...

A Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight infants, with high mortality and unclear pathogenesis. The cause of NEC may be related to inflammatory immune regulatory system abnormalities. An NEC animal model is an indispensable tool for NEC disease immune research. NEC animal models usually use C57BL/6J neonatal mice; BALB/c neonatal mice are rarely used. Related studies have shown that when mice are infected, Th2 cell differentiation is predominant in BALB/c mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Studies have suggested that the occurrence and development of NEC are associated with an increase in T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and are generally accompanied by infection. Therefore, this study used neonatal BALB/c mice to induce an NEC model with similar clinical characteristics and intestinal pathological changes as those observed in children with NEC. Further study is warranted to determine whether this animal model could be used to study Th2 cell responses in NEC.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal (GI) disease that often occurs in premature infants, especially very low birth weight ...

A Retrograde Implantation Approach for Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement in Mice

Murine models are employed to probe various aspects of peritoneal dialysis (PD), such as peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis. These events drive peritoneal membrane failure in humans, which remains an area of intense investigation due to its profound clinical implications in managing patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Despite the clinical importance of PD and its related complications, current experimental murine models suffer from key technical challenges that compromise the models&#39; performance. These include PD catheter migration and kinking and usually warrant earlier catheter removal. These limitations also drive the need for a greater number of animals to complete a study. Addressing these drawbacks, this study introduces technical improvements and surgical nuances to prevent commonly observed PD catheter complications in a murine model. Moreover, this modified model is validated by inducing peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis using lipopolysaccharide injections. In essence, this paper describes an improved method to create an experimental model of PD.

This article describes modifications of a procedure to implant a peritoneal dialysis catheter in a murine model to avoid major technical issues observed with the conventional techniques.

Murine models are employed to probe various aspects of peritoneal dialysis (PD), such as peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis. These events drive ...

Rapid Viscoelastic Characterization of Airway Mucus Using a Benchtop Rheometer

In muco-obstructive lung diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis) and other respiratory conditions (e.g., viral/bacterial infections), mucus biophysical properties are altered by goblet cell hypersecretion, airway dehydration, oxidative stress, and the presence of extracellular DNA. Previous studies showed that sputum viscoelasticity correlated with pulmonary function and that treatments affecting sputum rheology (e.g., mucolytics) can result in remarkable clinical benefits. In general, rheological measurements of non-Newtonian fluids employ elaborate, time-consuming approaches (e.g., parallel/cone-plate rheometers and/or microbead particle tracking) that require extensive training to perform the assay and interpret the data. This study tested the reliability, reproducibility, and sensitivity of Rheomuco, a user-friendly benchtop device that is designed to perform rapid measurements using dynamic oscillation with a shear-strain sweep to provide linear viscoelastic moduli (G&#39;, G&#34;, G*, and tan &#948;) and gel point characteristics (&#947;c&#160;and &#963;c) for clinical samples within 5 min. Device performance was validated using different concentrations of a mucus simulant, 8 MDa polyethylene oxide (PEO), and against traditional bulk rheology measurements. A clinical isolate harvested from an intubated patient with status asthmaticus (SA) was then assessed in triplicate measurements and the coefficient of variation between measurements is &#60;10%. Ex vivo use of a potent mucus reducing agent, TCEP, on SA mucus resulted in a five-fold decrease in elastic modulus and a change toward a more &#34;liquid-like&#34; behavior overall (e.g., higher tan &#948;). Together, these results demonstrate that the tested benchtop rheometer can make reliable measures of mucus viscoelasticity in clinical and research settings. In summary, the described protocol could be used to explore the effects of mucoactive drugs (e.g., rhDNase, N-acetyl cysteine) onsite to adapt treatment on a case-by-case basis, or in preclinical studies of novel compounds.

The viscoelastic properties of mucus play a critical role in mucociliary clearance. However, traditional mucus rheological techniques require complex and time-consuming approaches. This study provides a detailed protocol for the use of a benchtop rheometer that can rapidly and reliably perform viscoelastic measurements.

In muco-obstructive lung diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis) and other respiratory conditions (e.g., ...

Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope as a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway or high ventilation pressures. Endotracheal intubation is a challenging skill,&#160;requiring a minimum number of successful endotracheal intubations to achieve a high success rate under optimal conditions, which is often unachievable for non-anaesthesiology researchers. Due to the specific porcine airway anatomy, a difficult airway can usually be assumed. The impossibility of establishing a secure airway can result in injury, adverse events, or death of the laboratory animal. Using a prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation approach, it has been shown that fiberoptic-assisted endotracheal intubation takes longer but has a higher first-pass success rate than conventional intubation without causing clinically relevant drops in oxygen saturation. This model presents a standardized regimen for endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, providing a secured airway, especially for researchers who are inexperienced in the technique of endotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary death.

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway ...