This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81772423). The authors would like to thank the table tennis players who participated in this study.

This study was approved by The Human Ethics Committee of Ningbo University, China. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects after they were told about the goal, details, requirements, and experimental procedures of the table tennis experimental.
1. Laboratory preparation for table tennis
<ol>
	<li>Insert the USB dongle into the PC&#39;s parallel port and open the motion-capture infrared cameras and analog-to-digital converter. 
	NOTE: In this laboratory, the force platform (sampling frequency of 1000 Hz) is used together with the motion acquisition system, and the data collected by the force platform was displayed and preliminarily analyzed through the same system. The default sampling frequency of the force platform is 1000 Hz.</li>
	<li>Double-click the software icon on the desktop to open the tracking software. 
	NOTE: Before opening the software, remove all obstacles in the experimental environment and clean the ground.</li>
	<li>Every camera node will show a green light if the hardware connection is true. When the indicator light of all cameras is green, select eight cameras in the Local System.</li>
	<li>Click on Camera in the Perspective window and adjust the Strobe Intensity as 0.95-1, Gain to times 1 (x1), Threshold as 0.2-0.4, Minimum Circularity Ratio as 0.5, Grayscale Mode to Auto, as well as Max Blob Height to 50.</li>
	<li>Place the T correction rack in the center of the shooting area, and select eight cameras in the system. Using a 2D model, confirm that the camera can discern T correction and that there are no noise points.
	<ol>
		<li>Place the T correction rack in the center of the camera area. Click on the System Preparation, the L - Frame drop-down list, and select 5 Marker Wand &#38; L - Frame. Then, click on the Start button under the AimMX cameras option.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Select the System preparation button, and click on the Start button in the Calibrate MX Camera section in the Tool pane. Then, wave the T-wand in the capture range. When the blue light on the infrared camera stops flashing, stop the action.
	<ol>
		<li>Observe the progress bar until the calibration process is complete at 100% and returns to 0%. At the same time, observe the error of the image. When the error of the image is less than 0.3, continue the following operation.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Place the T-shaped correction frame in the center of the moving area to ensure that the axis direction is consistent with the boundary direction of the force platform.</li>
	<li>Select the Start button under the Set Volume Origin section in the Tool pane.</li>
</ol>
2. Participants&#39; preparation
NOTE: Sixteen healthy male national level 1 table tennis players volunteered to participate in the experiment (Ages: 20.75 &#177; 2.06year; Height: 173.25 &#177; 6.65 cm; Weight: 66.50 &#177; 14.27 kg; Training Year: 12.50 &#177; 2.08 year). All of them belong to the Ningbo University table tennis team. Before the formal start of the experiment, the details and process of the experiment were briefly explained to the participants again, and the written informed consent of the participant who met the conditions of the experiment were obtained.
<ol>
	<li>Select participants that are right-handed, have the right leg as dominant, and are in good physical health, free of any form of lower limb disease or injury in the last 6 months. A total of 16 male participants who met the experimental conditions were included in this experiment. The demographic information of participants is shown in Table 1. 
	NOTE: Because there are few left-handed racket users, it was easier to find enough right-handed racket users to participate in this experiment.</li>
	<li>Ask all participants to fill out a questionnaire related to fitness. 
	NOTE: Questions include: Have you had a history of table tennis competition? How often do you take part in table tennis training in a week? Have you suffered any lower-limb disorders and injuries in the last 6 months?</li>
	<li>Ensure that all participants wear professional table tennis match shoes as well as identical t-shirts and tight-fitting pants. Have all participants use the same professional table tennis racket.</li>
	<li>Give each participant 5 min to adapt to the experimental environment and 15 min to warm up with light running on the professional treadmill and stretching. Due to the short duration of the experiment, restrict subjects from eating and drinking during the formal experiment in order to keep them in a stable state. 
	NOTE: Participants first completed a 5 min jog at an adaptive speed on the lab&#39;s professional running table, followed by a 5 min stretch of their lower limb muscles. Finally, they practiced table tennis footwork technique for 5 min. After completing the warm-up task, the participants were given 2 min to adjust their state. The formal data collection began.</li>
</ol>
3. Static calibration
<ol>
	<li>Click on the Data Management button on the toolbar.</li>
	<li>Click on the New Database tab on the toolbar, click on the Location, and then import the description of the trial. Select Clinical Template and click on the Create button.</li>
	<li>Select the name of the database created in the Open Database window. Then, click on the green New Patient Category button, the yellow New Patient button, and the gray New Session button to create experimental information in the newly opened screen.</li>
	<li>Click on Subjects to create a New Subject data set in the Nexus main pane.</li>
	<li>Click on the Start button in the Subject Capture section to create a static model. Click on the Stop button when the image frames are at 140-200 to finish the establishment of the static model. 
	&#8203;NOTE: The participants were asked to stand on a force platform during the experiment. They were asked to maintain a stable posture with their hands folded and raised on their chest, looking ahead, and their feet shoulder-width apart.</li>
</ol>
4. Dynamic trials
<ol>
	<li>As shown in Figure 1, place the table tennis table and ball basket in the experimental environment to ensure that the subjects have enough space to execute two kinds of footwork. 
	NOTE: The table tennis table and balls are up to the standards of professional events.</li>
	<li>Ask the participant to hold the ready position, When the experimenter gives the start command, ask the coach to serve the table tennis balls to the first and final impact area, respectively.
	<ol>
		<li>Before the formal experiment begins, give the participants enough time to get accustomed to this position through practice.</li>
		<li>Ask the participants to start on the left side of the table, about half a meter away from the table. Then, ask them to hit the first and second served ball by forehand with maximum force and return to the ready position after finishing the second stroke task.</li>
		<li>Ask the participants to first use the chasse step footwork to complete 5 successful strokes, and then use the cross-step footwork to complete 5 successful strokes.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>In the software, click on the Capture button in the pressure platform to start the recording and click on the Stop button to end the recording. Repeat five times for each participant. 
	&#8203;NOTE: If the shot is not within the range of the target area, or if the subject&#39;s right foot is not fully on the force platform, the measurement will be re-taken.</li>
</ol>
5. Post-processing
<ol>
	<li>Double-click on the trial name in the Data Management window. Click on the Reconstruct Pipeline and Labels buttons in the toolbar to display the experiment demonstration.</li>
	<li>In the Perspective window, move the blue triangle on the time bar to intercept the desired time interval.</li>
	<li>Select the Dynamic Plug-in Gait that is in the Subject Calibration pane. Click on the Start button to run and export the data.</li>
</ol>
6. Statistical analysis
<ol>
	<li>Analyze all data using professional statistical software. Run the Shapiro-Wilks tests to check the normal distribution for all variables.</li>
	<li>Use a paired t-test to compare kinetics characteristics of chasse step footwork and cross-step footwork during table tennis stroke.</li>
	<li>Set the significance level at p &#60; 0.05. The results are presented as the mean &#177; the standard deviation throughout the text unless otherwise stated.</li>
</ol>

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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

The aim of this study is to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse steps during stroke in table tennis. The key findings of this study are stated here. The anterior ground reaction force of cross-step footwork was significantly larger than the chasse step footwork. The lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork was significantly lower than the chasse step footwork. The vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork was significantly lower than the chasse step footwork.
Marsan et al. (2020) showed that Newton&#39;s second law could be a good estimation method for the ground reaction force value except for peak ground reaction forces18. In the results of this study, the displayed value of the ground reaction force is close to the value of the measurement observed by Marsan et al. (2020). This further supports the results of this study. A perfect stroke requires coordination of the whole body. The control of footwork patterns requires a coordinated sequence of body parts interacting with each other, and the optimal activation of all links is defined as the &#34;kinetic chain&#34;11,19,20. The lower limbs, as the starting point of the kinetic chain, transfer the best-activated energy from the lower limbs to the upper limbs through the continuous movement of the kinetic chain9,21. These include the integrity of the body when hitting the ball, as well as more full transmission of the lower limb kinetic chain.
The lateral ground reaction force of the chasse step hitting movement is significantly greater than the action of the cross-step hitting movement. Lam et al. (2019) observed the same results. The maximum horizontal force of the side-step was significantly higher than the one-step22. The chasse step hitting technique can be mastered by athletes through practice, and the cross-step hitting technique has great variability compared with the chasse step hitting action. Therefore, with a lot of practice of the chasse step hitting, the lower limb kinetic chain transmission of the players could be more complete and smoother, so that the swing of hitting the ball in the process of the push force is more complete. The flow of the kinetic chain is conducive to an energy transfer from the lower limb to the upper limb, considerably influencing racket and ball speed in racket sports22,23,24,25. In general, in terms of the lateral ground reaction force, the chasse step hitting ball is higher than the cross-step hitting ball, which again confirms the results of this study regarding the vertical ground reaction force. Due to the variability and immediacy of the cross-step, the cross-step hitting technique cannot fully complete the swing action. Therefore, a greater push is required as a compensatory mechanism in the anterior direction. To compensate, the cross-step exhibits a greater anterior ground reaction force than the chasse step hitting technique. Shimokawa et al. (2020) investigated a similar result in the tennis forehand groundstroke. The peak anterior-posterior ground reaction force plays an influential role in affecting forehand post-impact ball speed26. However, a greater anterior ground reaction force may cause the center of gravity not to return to the initial position in time, thus affecting the beginning of the next movement. In the practical application of training and competition, athletes and coaches attempt to master the ability to control the center of gravity during cross-step footwork. Beginners should start from the chasse step footwork to hitting the ball. When the player has mastered the ability to control the center of gravity while hitting the ball, they can further learn to use the cross-step footwork.
There are several critical steps in the protocol. Firstly, the subject needs to accurately step on the center position of the force measuring table when executing the two footwork, to ensure that the ground reaction force data of the subject can be collected completely and accurately. Any data where the foot is placed outside the platform should be eliminated. Secondly, during the execution of the experiment, in order to accurately collect data, athletes need to execute actions after hearing the &#34;start&#34; command. The same experimenter is responsible for issuing the command. Third, in the process of data post-processing, the interpretation of the subjects&#39; movements should be extremely rigorous.
The main limitations of this study were that the whole experiment was a real match environment as this will affect the practical application of the results of this study. Secondly, in this study, only the ground reaction force information of the two footsteps in the swing stage was measured. In future further research, experimental data should be collected in a situation that is as close to a real competitive environment as possible and the ground reaction force information of the racket lead stage should also be collected together.
By comparing the ground reaction force of two footwork techniques, the anterior ground reaction force of the cross-step footwork was significantly larger than the chasse step. The cross-step footwork is often used to recover the ball from a large distance, which may be a result of the timeliness of the cross-step. The time to return to the initial position changed the center of gravity and influenced the beginning of the next action. Athletes and coaches should pay attention to using cross-step footwork and having good control over the center of gravity to avoid moving the weight forward too much and affect the next movement. At the same time, the player should adjust their step as soon as possible after the cross-step stroke to prepare for the next movement. The lateral and vertical ground reaction force of the chasse step was significantly larger than the cross-step footwork. The chasse step is an action that the athlete can learn through training to hit the ball. Enhancing the driving force of the lower limbs and optimizing the transmission of the lower limb power chain could increase the speed and power of the swing.

Table tennis has developed continuously in sports training and competition practice for more than 100 years1. With economic globalization and cultural exchanges, table tennis has developed rapidly in various countries2,3. In Croatia, for example, table tennis is not only played in clubs, but also in universities, schools, and even in dormitories4. For athletes, the establishment of sports analysis is helpful for training and competition5. In table tennis competitions, players need good strategies to try to win the match6. Additionally, footwork is a skill that must be mastered in table tennis, and it is also the basis and one of the key points of table tennis training. The chasse step and cross-step are the basic steps of table tennis7. Every sports skill has a basic mechanical structure. The study of biomechanics is of high interest to the progress and development of table tennis skills. In training and competition, table tennis players find the accurate position through their steps7. Therefore, it is necessary to study the step of table tennis.
There are differences in the step of table tennis players from different regions, with Asian players using steps more frequently than European players both during training and in competition8. During competition, a high-level table tennis player will hit the ball in a shorter time, at a more steady step, and have enough time to hit the next ball9. In table tennis, because of the cross-step hitting action, in most cases it is a technical action to save the ball, leading to the inability to complete the hitting action with high quality. On the contrary, different from cross-step hitting, chasse step hitting is a common technical action, so athletes can better grasp the hitting technical action through practice to ensure the quality of their stroke. A chasse step is when the drive leg (right leg) moves to the right side (toward the ball) and then the left leg follows to move. A cross-step is when the drive leg (right leg) moves to the right side (toward the ball) with a large distance, and the left leg does not move.
Through previous studies, lower limb muscles play an important role in table tennis performance10. Table tennis has similarities with tennis moves. There are differences in the driving stability of lower limbs of tennis players with different levels of serving skill11. Table tennis involves knee flexion and asymmetrical torsion of the trunk12. In order to improve the skills of table tennis players, attention should be paid to the rotation of the pelvis13. When playing forehand loop, excellent table tennis players have a better sole control ability14. High-level table tennis players can better control the plantar pressure deviation, increase the inner and outer pressure deviation, and reduce the front and back pressure deviation15. Compared with a straight shot, a diagonal shot has a greater knee extension during the swing16. Table tennis service technology is diverse and has complex biomechanical characteristics. Compared with standing serves, squatting serves require higher lower-limb drive17. Compared with beginners, elite athletes are more flexible in their stride in cross-step exercises7.
In light of the above, with the increasing progress of science and the continuous development of table tennis skills, more and more players and researchers have joined table tennis, which requires high-quality biomechanical research to support the sport. However, due to the complexity of table tennis, it is difficult for researchers to measure the biomechanics1. There are few studies on the biomechanics of the lower limbs of table tennis. The purpose of this study was to measure the ground reaction force of elite college table tennis players in the movement of the racket lead and swing in chasse step and cross-step. The ground reaction force data of the two steps are compared. The first hypothesis of this study is that the chasse step and cross-step have different ground reaction force characteristics. The ground reaction force of chasse step and cross-step is used to obtain the kinetic data of two kinds of steps, which provides guidance and suggestions for table tennis players.

<table><tbody><tr><td>14 mm Diameter Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>n=22</td></tr><tr><td>Double Adhesive Tape</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>For fixing markers to skin</td></tr><tr><td>Force Platform</td><td>Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Measure ground reaction force</td></tr><tr><td>Motion Tracking Cameras</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>n= 8</td></tr><tr><td>T-Frame</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Valid Dongle</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>Vicon Nexus 1.4.116</td></tr><tr><td>Vicon Datastation ADC</td><td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td><td></td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>

comparison of kinetic characteristics of footwork during stroke in table tennis: cross-step and chasse step

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis. Sixteen healthy male national level 1 table tennis players (Age: 20.75 &plusmn; 2.06 years) volunteered to participate in the experiment after understanding the purpose and details of the experiment. All participants were asked to hit the ball into the target zone by cross-step and chasse step, respectively. The ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical directions of the participant was measured by a force platform. The key finding of this study was that: the posterior ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (0.89 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly large (P = 0.014) than the chasse step footwork (0.82 &plusmn; 0.18). However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (-0.38 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (-0.46 &plusmn; 0.29) as well as the vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (1.73 &plusmn; 0.19) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (1.9 &plusmn; 0.33). Based on the mechanism of the kinetic chain, the better lower limb dynamic performance of sliding stroke may be conducive to energy transmission and thus bring gain to the swing speed. Beginners should start from the chasse step to hit the ball technically, and then practice the skill of cross-step.

As shown in Figure 2 and Table 2, the posterior ground reaction force of the cross-step footwork (0.89 &#177; 0.21) was significantly larger (P = 0.014) compared with the chasse step footwork (0.82 &#177; 0.18). However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (-0.38 &#177; 0.21) was significantly lower (P &#60; 0.001) than the chasse step footwork (-0.46 &#177; 0.29). Additionlly, the vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (1.73 &#177; 0.19) was significantly lower (P &#60; 0.001) than the chasse step footwork (1.9&#177;0.33). No differences were observed between the medial or anterior ground reaction forces between the cross-step and the chasse step footwork during stroke in table tennis (P &#62; 0.05).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/62571/62571fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Experiment setup <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/62571/62571fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/62571/62571fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: The ground reaction force in the posterior, anterior, medial, lateral, and vertical directions. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/62571/62571fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Participants (n)</td>
			<td>Ages (years)</td>
			<td>Height (cm)</td>
			<td>Weight (kg)</td>
			<td>Training Year (years)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16</td>
			<td>20.75&#177;2.06</td>
			<td>173.25&#177;6.65</td>
			<td>66.50&#177;14.27</td>
			<td>12.50&#177;2.08</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: The participant demographic information table.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ground Reaction Force</td>
			<td>Cross-Step Footwork Mean&#177;SD</td>
			<td>Chasse Step Footwork Mean&#177;SD</td>
			<td>P-value</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Sagittal Plane</td>
			<td>Posterior</td>
			<td>0.89&#177;0.21</td>
			<td>0.82&#177;0.18</td>
			<td>0.014*</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anterior</td>
			<td>-0.02&#177;0.05</td>
			<td>-0.01&#177;0.04</td>
			<td>0.705</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Frontal Plane</td>
			<td>Medial</td>
			<td>0.31&#177;0.39</td>
			<td>0.27&#177;0.33</td>
			<td>0.078</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lateral</td>
			<td>-0.38&#177;0.21</td>
			<td>-0.46&#177;0.29</td>
			<td>&#60;0.001*</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horizontal Plane</td>
			<td>Vertical</td>
			<td>1.73&#177;0.19</td>
			<td>1.9&#177;0.33</td>
			<td>&#60;0.001*</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 2: The ground reaction force information of chasse step footwork and cross-step footwork in three planes during stroke in table tennis. Significant differences between the chasse step footwork and cross-step footwork are denoted with an asterisk (*). BW means multiple of body weight.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step at JoVE.com

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step

This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis.

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force ...

comparison-kinetic-characteristics-footwork-during-stroke-table

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

2.6K Views.  Ningbo University. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis.

Video: Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step

Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for quantifying locomotor deficits in rodents is to measure minute disturbances of unconstrained gait overground (e.g., manual BBB score or automated CatWalk). However, cortical inputs are not required for the generation of basic locomotion produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG). Thus, unconstrained walking tasks test locomotor deficits due to motor cortical impairment only indirectly. In this study, we propose a novel, precise foot-placement locomotor task that evaluates cortical inputs to the spinal CPG. An instrumented peg-way was used to impose symmetrical and asymmetrical locomotor tasks mimicking lateralized movement deficits. We demonstrate that shifts from equidistant inter-stride lengths of 20% produce changes in the forelimb stance phase characteristics during locomotion with preferred stride length. Furthermore, we propose that the asymmetric walkway allows for measurements of behavioral outcomes produced by cortical control signals. These measures are relevant for the assessment of impairment after cortical damage.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for ...

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, the use of 3DGA in actual clinics remains uncommon. Possible reasons could include the time-consuming measurement process and difficulties in understanding measurement results, which are often presented using a large number of graphs. Here we present a clinician-friendly 3DGA method developed to facilitate the clinical use of 3DGA. This method consists of simplified preparation and measurement processes that can be performed in a short time period in clinical settings and intuitive results presentation to facilitate clinicians&#39; understanding of results. The quick, simplified measurement procedure is achieved by the use of minimum markers and measurement of patients on a treadmill. To facilitate clinician understanding, results are presented in figures based on the clinicians&#39; perspective. A Lissajous overview picture (LOP), which shows the trajectories of all markers from a holistic viewpoint, is used to facilitate intuitive understanding of gait patterns. Abnormal gait pattern indices, which are based on clinicians&#39; perspectives in gait evaluation and standardized using the data of healthy subjects, are used to evaluate the extent of typical abnormal gait patterns in stroke patients. A graph depicting the analysis of the toe clearance strategy, which depicts how patients rely on normal and compensatory strategies to achieve toe clearance, is also presented. These methods could facilitate implementation of 3DGA in clinical settings and further encourage development of measurement strategies from the clinician&#39;s point of view.

In this study, a clinician-friendly three-dimensional gait analysis method, which was designed to be performed in the rehabilitation clinic, is presented. The method consists of a simplified measurement method and intuitive figures to facilitate clinicians&#39; understanding of the results.

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, ...

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge movements of eight professional badminton players and eight amateur players. The purpose of this protocol is to study the differences in kinematics and joint moment of the right knee and ankle. A motion capture system and force plate were used to capture data of the joint movements of the lower extremity and the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF). Sixteen young men who did not have any sports injuries in the past 6 months took part in the study. The subjects performed a maximal right lunge from the start position with their right foot, stepping on and fully contacting with the force plate, hit the shuttlecock with an underhand stroke to the designated position in the backcourt, and then returned to the start/end position. All subjects wore the same badminton shoes to avoid a difference in impact from different badminton shoes. The amateur players showed a greater range of ankle movement and reverse joint moment on the frontal plane, and a larger internal joint rotation moment on the horizontal plane. The professional badminton players exhibited greater knee moment on the sagittal and frontal planes. Therefore, these factors should be considered in the development of the training program to reduce the risk of sports injuries in knee and ankle joints. This study simulates the real badminton court and calibrates the range of activities of each movement of the subjects so that the subjects complete the experimental action in a natural state with high quality. A limitation of this study is that it does not combine joint load and muscle activity. Another limitation is that the sample size is small and should be expanded in future studies. This research method can be applied to the lower limb biomechanical research of other footwork in the badminton project.

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the differences in injury mechanisms between professional and amateur players when performing a badminton maximal right lunge movement by analyzing lower limb kinematics.

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...

Automated Gait Analysis in Mice with Chronic Constriction Injury

The von Frey test is a classical method that has been widely used to examine the sensory function of neuropathic pain animals. However, it has some disadvantages such as subjective data and the requirement of a skilled, experienced experimenter. To date, a variety of modifications have improved the von Frey method, but it still has a few limitations. Recent reports have suggested that gait analysis produces more accurate and objective data from the neuropathic animals. This protocol demonstrates how to perform the automated gait analysis to determine the degree of neuropathic pain in mice. After several days of acclimation, the mice were allowed to walk freely on the glass floor to illuminate footprints. Then, quantification of the footprints and gait were performed through video clips with automatic analysis of various walking parameters, such as area of paw print, swing time, angle of paw, etc.
The main purpose of this study is to describe the methodology of automated gait analysis and briefly compare it with data from the classical sensory test using von Frey filament.

The precise assessment of pain response in a neuropathic animal model is critical to investigate the pathophysiology of pain diseases and develop new analgesics. We present a sensitive and objective method to determine the sensory function of the rodent hind paw by an automated gait analysis system.

The von Frey test is a classical method that has been widely used to examine the sensory function of neuropathic pain animals. However, it has some ...

Neuroscience

Applying the RatWalker System for Gait Analysis in a Genetic Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Gait abnormalities, including decreased arm swing, slower walking speed, and shorter steps are common in PD patients and appear early in the course of disease. Thus, the quantification of motor patterns in animal models of PD will be important for phenotypic characterization during disease course and upon therapeutic treatment. Most cases of PD are idiopathic; however, the identification of hereditary forms of PD uncovered gene mutations and variants, such as loss-of-function mutations in Pink1 and Parkin, two proteins involved in mitochondrial quality control that could be harnessed to create animal models. While mice are resistant to neurodegeneration upon loss of Pink1 and Parkin (single and combined deletion), in rats, Pink1 but not Parkin deficiency leads to nigral DA neuron loss and motor impairment. Here, we report the utility of FTIR imaging to uncover gait changes in freely walking young (2 months of age) male rats with combined loss of Pink1 and Parkin prior to the development of gross visually apparent motor abnormality as these rats age (observed at 4-6 months), characterized by hindlimb dragging as previously reported in Pink1 knockout (KO) rats.

Here we describe the RatWalker system, built by redesigning the MouseWalker apparatus to accommodate for the increased size and weight of rats. This system uses frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR), high-speed video capture, and open-access analysis software to track and quantify gait parameters.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars ...

Influence of Step-Width Manipulation on Running Biomechanics

Step width is a critical factor influencing lower limb biomechanics during running, significantly affecting stability, performance, and injury risk. Understanding these effects is essential for optimizing running performance and minimizing injury risk. This study evaluated the effects of varying step widths on lower limb biomechanics at different running speeds. Thirteen healthy Chinese males (aged 20-24) participated in the study, running at speeds of 3.0 m/s and 3.7 m/s using six distinct step widths: the preferred step width and five variations (reductions of 13% and 6.5%, and increases of 6.5%, 13%, and 25%, based on leg length). Data were collected using a motion capture system and force plates and analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA and correlation tests. The results indicated that wider step widths significantly reduced peak knee abduction moments and hip adduction angles, whereas narrower step widths increased knee joint loading. These findings have important implications for clinicians and runners, suggesting that careful step width selection can help reduce injury risk and enhance running efficiency. This study contributes a new dataset that lays the foundation for future research into the relationship between step width and running biomechanics and serves as a reference for training and rehabilitation practices.

The present protocol outlines an experimental setup designed to investigate the influence of step width manipulation on running biomechanics using a motion capture system. The objective is to expand relevant datasets and examine the effects of varying step widths on the kinematic chain of the human lower limb.

Step width is a critical factor influencing lower limb biomechanics during running, significantly affecting stability, performance, and injury risk. ...

Bioengineering

Postural Organization of Gait Initiation for Biomechanical Analysis Using Force Platform Recordings

Gait initiation (GI), the transient phase between orthograde posture and steady-state locomotion, is a functional task and an experimental paradigm that is classically used in the literature to obtain insight into the basic postural mechanisms underlying body motion and balance control. Investigating GI has also contributed to a better understanding of the physiopathology of postural disorders in elderly and neurological participants (e.g., patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease). As such, it is recognized to have important clinical implications, especially in terms of fall prevention.
This paper aims to provide scholars, clinicians, and higher education students information on the material and method developed to investigate GI postural organization via a biomechanical approach. The method is based on force platform recordings and the direct principle of mechanics to compute the kinematics of the center of gravity and center of pressure. The interaction between these two virtual points is a key element in this method since it determines the conditions of stability and whole-body progression. The protocol involves the participant initially standing immobile in an upright posture and starting to walk until the end of an at least 5 m track.
It is recommended to vary the GI velocity (slow, spontaneous, fast) and the level of temporal pressure - gait may be initiated as soon as possible after the deliverance of a departure signal (high level of temporal pressure) or when the participant feels ready (low level of temporal pressure). Biomechanical parameters obtained with this method (e.g., duration and amplitude of anticipatory postural adjustments, step length/width, performance, and stability) are defined, and their computation method is detailed. In addition, typical values obtained in healthy young adults are provided. Finally, critical steps, limitations, and significance of the method with respect to the alternative method (motion capture system) are discussed.

This paper describes the material and method developed to investigate the postural organization of gait initiation. The method is based on force platform recordings and on the direct principle of mechanics to compute center of gravity and center of pressure kinematics.

Gait initiation (GI), the transient phase between orthograde posture and steady-state locomotion, is a functional task and an experimental paradigm that ...

Quantifying Locomotor Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Injury Mice Using MouseWalker

Using the MouseWalker to Quantify Locomotor Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury

The execution of complex and highly coordinated motor programs, such as walking and running, is dependent on the rhythmic activation of spinal and supra-spinal circuits. After a thoracic spinal cord injury, communication with upstream circuits is impaired. This, in turn, leads to a loss of coordination, with limited recovery potential. Hence, to better evaluate the degree of recovery after the administration of drugs or therapies, there is a necessity for new, more detailed, and accurate tools to quantify gait, limb coordination, and other fine aspects of locomotor behavior in animal models of spinal cord injury. Several assays have been developed over the years to quantitatively assess free-walking behavior in rodents; however, they usually lack direct measurements related to stepping gait strategies, footprint patterns, and coordination. To address these shortcomings, an updated version of the MouseWalker, which combines a frustrated total internal reflection (fTIR) walkway with tracking and quantification software, is provided. This open-source system has been adapted to extract several graphical outputs and kinematic parameters, and a set of post-quantification tools can be to analyze the output data provided. This manuscript also demonstrates how this method, allied with already established behavioral tests, quantitatively describes locomotor deficits following spinal cord injury.

Author Spotlight: Using the MouseWalker to Quantify Locomotor Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury  

An experimental pipeline to quantitatively describe the locomotor pattern of freely walking mice using the MouseWalker (MW) toolbox is provided, ranging from initial video recordings and tracking to post-quantification analysis. A spinal cord contusion injury model in mice is employed to demonstrate the usefulness of the MW system.

The execution of complex and highly coordinated motor programs, such as walking and running, is dependent on the rhythmic activation of spinal and ...

Scalp Acupuncture Synchronizing Dual Task Gait for Enhancing Prefrontal Cortex Response

Studies have shown that motor-cognitive dual task can greatly improve motor/cognitive function. However, the therapeutic effect of motor-cognitive dual task is still limited. How to improve dual-task performance is the key to solving this problem. Scalp acupuncture is a non-drug intervention method of traditional Chinese medicine to treat brain-derived diseases by acupuncturing the corresponding projection area of cerebral cortex function on the scalp. Studies have shown that scalp acupuncture helps improve neuronal damage and cognitive dysfunction and plays a neuroprotective function in central nervous system diseases. However, no relevant studies have discussed the synergistic gain effect of motor-cognitive dual task and scalp acupuncture. Therefore, this protocol aims to demonstrate the standardized operation of scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task and motor-cognitive dual task and compares the differences between these two tasks in healthy subjects through a randomized cross-over trial. This protocol initially revealed the possible influence mechanism of scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task on cognitive performance, gait control, and cortical brain function, which can provide new ideas and a theoretical basis for clinical exploration of new and effective non-drug treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine.

This protocol demonstrates the standardized procedure of scalp acupuncture synchronizing motor-cognitive dual task and motor-cognitive dual task. This can provide an important reference for the clinical exploration of the new and effective non-drug treatment of integrated Chinese and Western medicine.

Studies have shown that motor-cognitive dual task can greatly improve motor/cognitive function. However, the therapeutic effect of motor-cognitive dual ...