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All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
All mice used in the study were maintained and housed in the vivarium of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) under specific pathogen-free conditions with controlled temperature and humidity. Animal experiments were performed with 8-14 weeks-old female C57BL/6 mice according to guidelines and protocols approved by the LJI Animal Care Committee.
1. Preparation of cultured tumor cells for implantation
<ol>
	<li>Culture B16-F10 melanoma cells in Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s medium (IMDM) containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1 mM minimum essential medium (MEM) nonessential amino acids, and 100 U/mL each of penicillin and streptomycin. Maintain the cell line at 37 &#176;C under 5% CO2.</li>
	<li>Seed 1.5-2 x 106 B16-F10 cells in a 175T flask and culture for 2 days. Harvest cells when they are 75%-80% confluent.</li>
	<li>Remove the culture medium and wash the flask once with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Aspirate PBS and add 5 mL of 0.25% trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) followed by harshly tapping the rim of the culture flask.</li>
	<li>Add 15 mL of culture medium to neutralize the trypsin-EDTA and pour the contents of the flask into a 50 mL centrifuge tube. Wash the dish surface with 10 mL of PBS and pour into the same 50 mL tube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the cells for 5 min at 200 x g. Discard the supernatant and break the cell pellet by finger-tapping the bottom of the tube.</li>
	<li>Add cold 10 mL of PBS and gently pipet the cell suspension; then, manually count cells using a hemocytometer. Keep the cells on ice before injection.</li>
</ol>
2. Tumor implantation
<ol>
	<li>Gas anesthetize mice with 5% isoflurane at gas flow rate of 1.0 L per min in the fume hood. Change the flow rate to the maintenance dose of 2% isoflurane once the mice are fully anesthetized. For this protocol, anesthetization was performed by the veterinarian following the institutional animal care and use guidelines.</li>
	<li>Shave the hair on the left flank of the mice and sterilize the injection site using alcohol wipes. Intradermally (i.d.) implant B16-F10 tumor cells at 5 x 105 cells in 50 &#181;L of cold PBS in the left flank using a 30 G needle. 
	NOTE: The dose of implanted B16-F10 tumor cells may need to be adjusted in the range of 0.5-5 x 105 cells for successful tumor development.</li>
	<li>After implantation, measure the tumor length and width three times a week using an electronic digital caliper. Calculate the tumor volume (mm3) using the formula: 
	Tumor volume (mm3) = width2 &#215; length &#215; 0.5 
	Treat mice with tumor vaccine when tumors have reached a size of &#8805;2 mm. 
	NOTE: Tumors usually can be measured on day 3 after implantation of 5 x 105 tumor cells. Faster B16-F10 tumor growth rate was observed in male C57BL/6, Rag1-/-, or Rag2-/-&#947;c-/-mice. A similar observation was described in other studies. Keeping the gender of the mice consistent is recommended. However, note that the NIH places emphasis on sex as an important biological variable in biomedical research.</li>
</ol>
3. Vaccine preparation and injection of Flt3L-expressing B16-F10 (B16-Flt3L) cells
<ol>
	<li>Maintain the B16-Flt3L cells in Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing 8% heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mM glutamine, and 100 U/mL each of penicillin and streptomycin at 37 &#176;C under 5% CO2.</li>
	<li>Seed 1 x 106 B16-Flt3L cells in a 175T flask and culture for 2 days. Harvest cells when they are 75%-80% confluent, as described in steps 1.3 to 1.6, and suspend in 1 mL of cold PBS.</li>
	<li>Irradiate cells at 150 Gy dose of gamma rays using an X-ray Irradiator with 160 kV and 25 mA parameter setting. Count and check the cell viability by trypan blue staining before injection.</li>
	<li>Gas anesthetize mice as described earlier and sterilize the injection site using alcohol wipes. Intradermally inject the mice with 1 x 106 irradiated B16-Flt3L cells in 50 &#181;L of cold PBS on the same flank as the original tumor implantation, ~1 cm away from the site of the primary tumor on days 3, 6, and 9 after the initial cell implantation.</li>
	<li>Mark the vaccine injection sites with a colored pen to distinguish it from the primary tumor. 
	NOTE: If 0.5 x 105 B16-F10 cells are initially implanted, it is recommended to perform vaccine treatment on days 8, 11, and 14.</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% heat-inactivated FBS</td>
			<td>Omega Scientific</td>
			<td>FB-02</td>
			<td>Lot# 209018</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30G needle</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>305106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B16 cell line expressing Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (B16-Flt3L)</td>
			<td>Gift of Dr. Stephen Schoenberger, LJI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flt3L cDNAs were cloned into the pMG-Lyt2 retroviral vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B16-F10 cell lines</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-6475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10013CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic digital caliper</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>14-648-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove&#39;s modified Dulbecco&#39;s medium (IMDM)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>12440053</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM nonessential amino acids</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicillin and streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RS2000 X-ray Irradiator</td>
			<td>Rad Source Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

tumor implantation and injection of a tumor vaccine in a mouse model

Source: Liu, H. Y., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/64082">Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2023).
This video demonstrates a cell-based tumor vaccination assay. A mouse, intradermally injected with B16-F10 melanoma cells for tumor formation, is vaccinated with B16-F10 cells secreting Flt3L cytokine near the developed tumor. The secreted Flt3L from the vaccine promotes the maturation and proliferation of dendritic cells that then present tumor antigens to T cells in lymph nodes, triggering a targeted anti-tumor immune response.

Tumor Implantation and Injection of a Tumor Vaccine in a Mouse Model

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
All mice ...

Take an anesthetized and shaved mouse. Inject mouse skin cancer cells.
Due to the same genetic background, the host immune system does not reject the cancer cells, allowing them to grow into a tumor.
Measure the tumor dimensions periodically.
Take a tumor vaccine containing non-dividing skin cancer cells modified to secrete a cytokine that activates immune cells against the tumor.
Once the tumor grows to the desired size, inject the vaccine near the tumor.
The secreted cytokine binds to specific immune cells in the tumor region, triggering an immune signaling cascade.
This process recruits more immune cells to the tumor site.
Together, they target and destroy the cancer cells, suppressing the tumor growth.

tumor-implantation-and-injection-of-a-tumor-vaccine-in-a-mouse-model

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

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Immunogenics and Vaccine Development

190 Views. Źródło: Liu, H. Y., et al. Eksperymentalny model immunoterapii czerniaka z wykorzystaniem szczepienia nowotworu za pomocą cytokiny krwiotwórczej. J. Vis. Exp. (2023). Ten film demonstruje test szczepienia nowotworów na bazie komórek. Mysz, której śródskórnie wstrzyknięto komórki czerniaka B16-F10 w celu powstania guza, jest szczepiona komórkami B16-F10 wydzielającymi cytokinę Flt3L w pobliżu rozwiniętego guza. Wydzielany Flt3L ze szczepionki wspomaga dojrzewanie i proliferacj?...

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Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Adoptive immunotherapy holds promise for the treatment of cancer and infectious disease. We describe a simple approach to transduce primary human T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and expand their progeny ex vivo. We include assays to measure CAR expression as well as differentiation, proliferative capacity and cytolytic activity. We describe assays to measure effector cytokine production and inflammatory cytokine secretion in CAR T cells. Our approach provides a reliable and comprehensive method to culture CAR T cells for preclinical models of adoptive immunotherapy.

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

We describe an approach to reliably generate chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and test their differentiation and function in vitro and in vivo.

Adoptive immunotherapy holds promise for the treatment of cancer and infectious disease. We describe a simple approach to transduce primary human T cells ...

JoVE Journal

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Testing Cancer Immunotherapeutics in a Humanized Mouse Model Bearing Human Tumors

Reversing the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment is critical for the successful treatment of cancers with immunotherapy drugs. Murine cancer models are extremely limited in their diversity and suffer from poor translation to the clinic. To serve as a more physiological preclinical model for immunotherapy studies, this protocol has been developed to evaluate the treatment of human tumors in a mouse reconstituted with a human immune system. This unique protocol demonstrates the development of human immune system (HIS, &#34;humanized&#34;) mice, followed by implantation of a human tumor, either a cell-line derived xenograft (CDX) or a patient derived xenograft (PDX). HIS mice are generated by injecting CD34+ human hematopoietic stem cells isolated from umbilical cord blood into neonatal BRGS (BALB/c Rag2-/- IL2R&#947;C-/- NODSIRP&#945;) highly immunodeficient mice that are also capable of accepting a xenogeneic tumor. The importance of the kinetics and characteristics of the human immune system development and tumor implantation is emphasized. Finally, an in-depth evaluation of the tumor microenvironment using flow cytometry is described. In numerous studies using this protocol, it was found that the tumor microenvironment of individual tumors is recapitulated in HIS-PDX mice; &#34;hot&#34; tumors exhibit large immune infiltration while &#34;cold&#34; tumors do not. This model serves as a testing ground for combination immunotherapies for a wide range of human tumors and represents an important tool in the quest for personalized medicine.

This protocol outlines the generation of human immune system (HIS) mice for immuno-oncology studies. Instructions and considerations in the use of this model for testing human immunotherapeutics on human tumors implanted in this model are presented with an emphasis on characterizing the response of the human immune system to the tumor.

Reversing the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment is critical for the successful treatment of cancers with immunotherapy drugs. Murine ...

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI)-Induced RA Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Patients with active RA present fewer iNKT cells, defective cell function, and excessive polarization of Th1. In this study, an RA animal model was established using a mixture of hGPI325-339 and hGPI469-483 peptides. The iNKT cells were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification, followed by infusion into RA mice for adoptive immunotherapy. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) tracking revealed that iNKT cells were mainly distributed in the spleen and liver. On day 12 after cell therapy, the disease progression slowed down significantly, the clinical symptoms were alleviated, the abundance of iNKT cells in the thymus increased, the proportion of iNKT1 in the thymus decreased, and the levels of TNF-&#945;, IFN-&#947;, and IL-6 in the serum decreased. Adoptive immunotherapy of iNKT cells restored the balance of immune cells and corrected the excessive inflammation of the body.

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

This protocol uses G6PI mixed peptides to construct rheumatoid arthritis models that are closer to that of human rheumatoid arthritis in CD4+ T cells and cytokines. High purity invariant natural killer T cells (mainly iNKT2) with specific phenotypes and functions were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification for adoptive immunotherapy.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T ...

Tumor Implantation and Injection of a Tumor Vaccine in a Mouse Model

Transkrypcja

Tumor Implantation and Injection of a Tumor Vaccine in a Mouse Model