Chapter 11
Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
Porównanie molekularne gazów, cieczy i ciał stałych
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no ...
Siły międzycząsteczkowe i wewnątrzcząsteczkowe
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular ...
Siły międzycząsteczkowe
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions ...
Porównanie sił międzycząsteczkowych: temperatura topnienia, temperatura wrzenia i mieszalność
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...
Napięcie powierzchniowe, działanie kapilarne i lepkość
Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded ...
Przejścia fazowe
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the ...
Przemiany fazowe: parowanie i kondensacja
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...
Ciśnienie pary
When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally ...
Równanie Clausiusa-Clapeyrona
The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor ...
Przemiany fazowe: topnienie i zamrażanie
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy ...
Przejścia fazowe: sublimacja i osadzanie
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and ...
Krzywe ogrzewania i chłodzenia
When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance ...
Diagramy fazowe
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. ...
Struktury brył
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds ...
Molekularny i jonowy
Brył
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their ...
Jonowe struktury krystaliczne
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is ...
Metaliczne ciała stałe
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a ...
Teoria pasma
When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, ...
Sieciowe kowalencyjne ciała stałe
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, ...
Krystalografia rentgenowska
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, ...
Liczba centrowania i koordynacji sieci
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its ...
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