M.C. Schiewe would like to thank Mr. Forest Garner at the Fertility Center of Las Vegas for his statistical expertise in analyzing and evaluating annual CDC and SART data. Also, the authors wish to thank their Medical Director, Dr. Robert E. Anderson, for his dedicated support and faith in our technical abilities and expertise.

The development of the &#181;S-VTF procedure was conducted as part of an approved Institutional Review Board (IRB) study in 2008-2009 (Aspire IRB, Santee, CA) on human oocyte and embryo cryopreservation. The procedure has since been routinely applied to the clinical treatment of infertility patients who have signed informed consent forms.
1. Quality-control Considerations
<ol>
	<li>Use different colors (e.g., pens, labels, or identification (ID) rods or plugs) to distinguish patients if cryopreserving more than one group of embryos in a day.</li>
	<li>Use different dishes and pipettes for each patient. Minimize the volume of medium transferred when moving the blastocysts from one solution to another.</li>
	<li>Cryopreserve one blastocyst per straw or device. Maintain aseptic/sterile technique and adhere to all safety precautions.</li>
	<li>Confirm the Physicians&#39; Referral Form and signed patient consent before initiating the procedures. Check the disposition of the patients&#39; embryo(s) in inventory.</li>
	<li>Use a &#34;Release of Liability and Consent for Transport&#34; if the blastocysts are to be transferred to another facility. Ensure that all signatures are witnessed onsite or notarized.</li>
	<li>Confirm proper quality-control measures for the medium and the protein supplements, as appropriate, including bioassays, endotoxin determinations, and expiration/lot number verification and tracking.</li>
	<li>Establish critical limits (i.e., low levels of concern) for clinical cryopreservation outcome monitoring and evaluation, such as recovery rates: &#60; 95%, survival rates: &#60; 80%, and clinical pregnancy rates using single-euploid blastocysts: &#60; 50%.</li>
</ol>
2. Cryopreservation Procedure
<ol>
	<li>Preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Complete the appropriate paperwork, including entering data into the worksheets and the cryopreservation database and inventory log(s).</li>
		<li>Prepare fresh cryopreservation solutions or use a commercial source (abiding by the manufacturer&#39;s recommended storage and shelf-life conditions).</li>
		<li>Straw preparation.
		<ol>
			<li>Open the labeling side of the individualized sterile packets. Detach the filling nozzle found on the traditional 0.3-mL embryo straw by grasping it against the packaging and partially lifting and pulling the straw out; this will expose the label end to ambient conditions while the straw rests aseptically inside the plastic package.
			<ol>
				<li>(Modification) For 0.3-mL semen/embryo straws, push the plug down 0.5 cm. Apply an internal seal in front of the cotton-PVP plug through use of a basic tabletop impulse sealer.</li>
				<li>Set the straw onto the Teflon surface of the electrode, just in front of the plug. Depress the handle to activate the heat. Release the handle when the red light appears. To ensure a complete weld seal, heat at a temperature that sufficiently flattens the opposing surfaces, then flip it over 180&#176; and reseal the opposite surface19 as needed.</li>
			</ol>
			</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Using a cryomarker, label each straw/device and cryogoblet with the patient name, a unique ID number (e.g., SSN, DOB, or patient ID number), and the date of freezing. Also include a unique number on each straw/device (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.).
		<ol>
			<li>Secure the label (preferably colored) onto a color-weighted ID rod to be inserted and sealed into a 0.3-mL embryo straw. Return the straw to its individual sterile package until use. 
			Note: If only 30-mm color-weighted ID rods are available, then the additional insertion of two ball bearings is needed, adjacent to each side of the ID rod.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Identify each cane with a unique inscribed ID number. Identify a LN2 storage tank number and a canister number where each patient&#39;s specimen(s) can be stored long-term.</li>
		<li>Prepare fresh cryo dishes (100 mm) by labeling the bottom surface with the patient name, solution ID, and embryo/holding droplet ID (Figure 1A). Specifically, set up 4 rows of droplets: isotonic hepes-buffered medium (top), V1 (equilibration solution (ES)), V2 (intermediate solution (IS)), V3 (vitrification solution (VS); bottom). Write the embryo ID on the upper-right side with labeled columns. 
		Note: A series of 25- to 50-&#181;L wash droplets (n = 3) is used to ensure that each individual final 10- to 15-&#181;L holding droplet/solution type (i.e., V1, V2, or V3) is pure and undiluted. Using this approach, up to five individual embryos can by vitrified using a single dish. Keep each dish covered when not in use to avoid any room temperature evaporation/dehydration of the droplets.</li>
		<li>Prepare sterile flexipettes by cutting 3 cm off their base end (referred to as &#34;VTF tips&#34;). Insert them onto individual pipettes (set at 3 &#181;L) and set the pipette-VTF tips upright in a styrofoam tube rack (Figure 1B).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Embryo Selection
	<ol>
		<li>Confirm patient/specimen identification.</li>
		<li>Using an inverted microscope (200 - 400X magnification), grade and classify the blastocysts according to the Gardner grading system20, using a numeric classification of 1 to 6 for early to hatched blastocysts, respectively, and an A, B, or C grade assigned to the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE). 
		Note: In preparation for blastocyst biopsy and euploidy analysis, the zona pellucida is pre-hatched by laser ablation on Day 3 to promote the early herniation of the TE and thus requires a modified grading classification2. In brief, Grade 3 full blastocysts exhibit up to 10% TE herniation, Grade 4 expanded blastocysts are 10 - 50% hatched, and Grade 5 hatching blastocysts have &#62; 50% TE extrusion (Figure 2A-C). 
		Note: Our preference is to cryopreserve Grade 3 or higher blastocysts of &#8805;BB quality on Day 5 or 6. However, vitrified blastocysts of lower quality (C) and post-compaction embryos at earlier stages (including late morula to Grade 1 or 2 blastocysts) can certainly survive warming completely intact and yield viable embryos capable of achieving live births.</li>
		<li>Collapse the blastocoele of each blastocyst prior to the onset of the cryodilution process by micropuncturing a trophectoderm junction or by performing a laser pulse ablation of a trophectodermal cell21 if using low-molarity vitrification solutions (&#60; 6.5 M or 40% v/v). 
		Note: The need to collapse the blastocysts is not device dependent. In our own early development of &#181;S-VTF (2008), we initially used ethylene glycol (EG)/DMSO solutions successfully with oocytes (1 out of 1 full-term pregnancy), but a sub-optimal (&#60; 80%) survival/development of mouse blastocysts16 was experienced by others21. Since high molar glycerol-based solutions (exceeding 7.9 M) are used in our current VTF system (since 2009), physical blastocoele collapse is unnecessary. However, the selective hatching of hatched blastocysts is advisable in general.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Cryodilution and Blastocyst Loading
	<ol>
		<li>Remove the patient culture dish from the incubator and confirm patient/specimen identification with another person (i.e., witnessed by a secondary source) before removing the embryo(s) to be vitrified.</li>
		<li>Confirm blastocyst development per step 2.2.2, update the cryo data sheet, and, under stereomicroscopy, pipette blastocyst(s) from the culture dish into an isotonic holding droplet of the cryo dish.</li>
		<li>Move each blastocyst into individual holding droplets using the vitrification flexipette (i.e., the VTF tip).</li>
		<li>Move each blastocyst into V1 (ES) solution.
		<ol>
			<li>Prefill the flexipette with V1 solution (3 &#181;L) and place half the contents onto the embryo.</li>
			<li>Aspirate the embryo and move to the first of three V1 wash droplets (referred to in step 2.1.6), pipette the embryo 2 - 3 times around perimeter, and clear the pipette contents in the droplet (avoiding bubble formation) or outside on the dish surface.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Fill the VTF tip with the next V1 wash drop and repeat the aspiration of the embryo(s). Repeat a third time and move the blastocyst(s) to an individual V1 holding drop. The dilution/washing steps should take 30 to 45 s. Pre-load each VTF tip with the next solution (e.g., V2), insert the pipette in a rack, and use the next pipette (according to the setup in step 2.1.7) (Figure 1B). 
		Note: Since the total exposure time in non-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) containing V1 and V2 solutions is 5 min each, the pipetting of individual blastocysts should be evenly staggered within that interval, considering that the final V3 step will require at least 1 min per blastocyst to perform. For example, if there are 4 blastocysts in a vitrification group, pipette blastocysts #1-2-3-4 at 75-s intervals. 
		Note: The Innovative Cryo Enterprises (ICE) dilution protocol described above is distinctly different than most other commercial vitrification procedures, which generally involve DMSO-containing solutions. Those protocols achieve the same stepwise dilutions through a gradual, but less controlled, merging of wash solution (i.e., isotonic medium), ES, and VS.</li>
		<li>Repeat steps 2.3.4 and 2.3.5 using V2 (IS) solutions.</li>
		<li>Repeat steps 2.3.4 and 2.3.5 using V3 (VS) solutions.</li>
		<li>Upon placing each blastocyst in the V3 holding droplet, clear the residual solution and bubbles from the VTF tip (outside the droplet), and then fill the tip completely with clean V3 around the embryo. Expel approximately one-third of the volume (1 &#181;L) and pipette the blastocyst(s) and remaining V3 completely into the VTF tip.</li>
		<li>Remove the VTF tip from the pipette, wipe the tip dry of residual V3 on the outer surface by using a sterile gauze pad, and insert the tip end-first into the open end of the pre-labeled straw. A &#34;dry tip&#34; is critical to preventing possible inner straw adherence.</li>
		<li>Invert the straw (label end down), observe the tip at the inner plug or seal, and safely seal the open end with 1 cm of air space. Preferably, use an automatic sealing device (e.g., Syms I) to eliminate technical variation. 
		Note: The advantage of using straws that are composed of an ionomeric resin plastic (e.g., HSV or &#181;S-VTF) is that using any properly-operated heat sealing device creates a reliable &#34;weld&#34; seal, as noted in step 2.1.3.1.</li>
		<li>Once sealed, plunge the closed straw directly into LN2 in a stainless steel Dewar flask and place the straw(s) into the open goblet attached to the patient&#39;s cane for storage. 
		Note: Because &#181;S-VTF straws use 40-mm weighted ID rods to offset the buoyancy of the air-filled straw, the use of inverted goblets or empty cryovials to cover the specimen(s) is not required unless transportation is involved.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Warming and Cryo-solution Elution/Dilution
	<ol>
		<li>Confirm the Physicians&#39; Referral Form regarding vitrified embryo transfer date, scheduled time, and embryo details (number to thaw/transfer, specific embryo number if PGS tested, etc.).</li>
		<li>Prepare fresh warming solutions (1.0 M sucrose stock solution) and/or use a commercial source (recommended 1 week-1 month of shelf life once in use, 4 &#176;C storage).
		<ol>
			<li>Aliquot 17.1 g of sucrose into 50-mL sterile flasks upon initial opening (e.g., weekly supply source) due to the risks of endotoxin accumulation in sucrose granules upon repeated ambient exposure.</li>
			<li>Mix pre-weighed granular sucrose into solution (1.0 M stock = 3.42 g/10 mL of hepes-buffered human tubal fluid [H-HTF]) and warm the solution up to 37 &#176;C to increase the solubility of the granules. Repeatedly invert the container to help speed up and complete the final mixing. 
			Note: Filtration (0.22-&#181;m filter) performed using positive pressure filtration units is recommended for viscous solutions (&#62; 0.5 M sucrose) or high volumes. Hand pressure pumps are sufficient and inexpensive, whereas an electrical pump is noisy, causes vibrations, and is simply not required.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Warm (37 &#176;C) one 10-mL tube each of 1.0 M sucrose solution and H-HTF medium per patient for &#181;S-VTF warming bath use.</li>
		<li>Prepare fresh thawing dishes (6-well plate) by labeling the cover surface with the patient name and the solution IDs. 
		Note: In this case, we used: (1) T1 wash (200 &#181;L without oil overlay, (2) T1 (100 &#181;L) with 1 mL of oil, (3) T2 (100 &#181;L) with oil, (4) T3 (100 &#181;L) with oil, (5) T4 (100 &#181;L) with oil, and (6) T5/200 &#181;L isotonic HEPES-buffered medium with 10% human serum albumin (HSA) or 20% serum substitute without an oil overlay. Apply a universal sucrose solution step-down protocol-T1 = 1.0 M, T2 = 0.5 M, T3 = 0.25 M, and T4 = 0.125 M-if the ICE or another commercial source is not available, as proposed for slow-frozen embryos22. Furthermore, note that the initial T1 wash and the final T5 equilibrations can be performed in 30-mm Petri dishes and the 4-well dish used for steps 2-5 above, involving an oil overlay.</li>
		<li>Thaw only one patient&#39;s embryo(s) at a time.
		<ol>
			<li>Check the Physicians&#39; Referral Form and confirm the cycle before warming the indicated number (i.e., 1 or 2 blastocysts); assess survival/probable viability by observing osmotic changes (i.e., shrinkage and rehydration) and intact membranes, and, if questionable, contact the physician and/or patient before warming another blastocyst.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Confirm patient/specimen identification with a co-worker (i.e., witnessed by a secondary source).</li>
		<li>Place the patient cane in a Dewar flask filled with LN2 and isolate identify the straw to be warmed.</li>
		<li>Bring the 6-well dilution dish to the center of the stereomicroscope stage. Placing a 60-mm Petri dish off to one side (i.e., depending on the left-hand or right-hand preference of the technician), add the warmed sucrose (1.0 M) and H-HTF solutions to create a 0.5 M sucrose warming bath (uncovered). 
		Note: VTF tips are only warmed in 0.5 M sucrose solutions as a QC safeguard, to insure the retention of embryo viability in the rare event that an embryo is expelled upon rapid warming22.</li>
		<li>Hold the upper straw seal above liquid level to confirm the identity, and then grasp and secure the straw below the internal plug using Mayo scissors (the VTF tip should still be submerged in LN2).
		<ol>
			<li>Firmly tap the scissors on the Dewar flask (a couple times) to remove the VTF tip from the inner straw sidewall as a QC precaution; if the VTF tip is adherent, the tapping ensures that the tip base drops to the sealed end opposite the labeled end, thus providing an air space near the plug end.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Lift the straw with the scissors into ambient air in a horizontal position (next to or below the stereoscope surface) and grasp the non-labeled end (label to the right side). Cut the straw at the inner plug or seal and lift it above the warming bath dish. Pour the VTF tip into the warm sucrose bath at a 60&#176; angle until it is completely extruded and has been rapidly warmed (&#62; 6,000 &#176;C/min); the base of the flexipette will rest above the dish sidewall.
		<ol>
			<li>Allow the VTF tip to free-fall into the bath. Gently tap the upper straw surface if the tip does not immediately emerge. If it only appears part way, assist in the extrusion by grasping the shaft of the flexipette with the scissors or fine forceps.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>After 5 - 10 s, grasp the pipette base and insert into a disposable pipetting device; a hole in the bulb acts to release pressure upon insertion. Cover the bulb hole with an index finger and gently squeeze the bulb to release the vitrified blastocyst into the T1 wash (#1) while viewing by stereomicroscopy. Once confirmed, clear the residual V3 (VS) solution and bubbles by positive pressure, evacuating the contents into the center, unused discard well. Start a 5-min timer. 
		Note: All sucrose dilution steps are performed at room temperature (21 &#177; 2 &#186;C).</li>
		<li>Remove VTF tip and place it onto a pipette. Proceed by moving the embryo into T1 #2 under oil for the remaining time (approximately 3 - 4 min).
		<ol>
			<li>If a second blastocyst is required for transfer, immediately warm a second straw and VTF tip (repeating steps 2.4.9 - 2.4.11) from the patient before initiating step 2.4.12. Move both blastocysts together for a minimum elution in T1 (1.0 M sucrose) of at least 3 min.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Pre-fill the flexipette with the next solution, and then move and dilute the blastocyst(s) in T2, T3, and T4 at 3-min intervals. If the zona pellucida has not been previously laser ablated (i.e., hatched), do so in T4. Place the dish onto the stage of an inverted microscope and image the embryo on a computer monitor. Align the zona within a designated red circle and activate 2 or 3 impulses of a diode laser (beginning at the edge of the perivitelline space and moving outward) to create an opening2,19.</li>
		<li>Equilibrate the blastocysts in T5 (i.e., isotonic medium) for 5 min on a warm surface (37 &#176;C).</li>
		<li>Assess the initial embryo survival based on the predominant presence of intact cell membranes with even, translucent cytoplasms devoid of pyknotic darkening. Place the embryo(s) into culture for 2 - 6 h before embryo transfer, at which time, the embryo development/survival should be re-evaluated and documented. 
		Note: If more than 1 viable blastocyst exists at the time of transfer and the patient opts to proceed with only 1 blastocyst, the supplemental blastocyst can then be successfully re-vitrified (rVTF) by repeating steps 2.3.3 - 2.3.11. We have several confirmed live births following single rVTF events. 
		Note: rVTF has been experimentally performed up to 5 times without a significant effect on the survival/viability of aneuploidy human blastocysts vitrified in a metastable glycerol-based solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+microSecure+vitrification+(&#181;S-VTF)+for+the+effective+cryopreservation+of+human+embryos+and+oocytes.">Validation of microSecure vitrification (&#181;S-VTF) for the effective cryopreservation of human embryos and oocytes.</a> Cryobiology. 71, 264-272 (2015).</li><li>Schiewe, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroSecure+vitrification+for+oocytes+and+embryos:+optimum+simplicity,+security+and+cost+and+effectiveness+combining+FDA-approved+products.">MicroSecure vitrification for oocytes and embryos: optimum simplicity, security and cost and effectiveness combining FDA-approved products.</a> J. Clin. Embryol. 13, 33-51 (2010).</li><li>Rall, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+the+survival+of+mouse+embryos+cryopreserved+by+vitrification.">Factors affecting the survival of mouse embryos cryopreserved by vitrification.</a> Cryobiology. 24, 387-402 (1987).</li><li>Seki, S., Mazur, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+warming+rate+on+the+survival+of+vitrified+mouse+oocytes+and+on+the+recrystallization+of+intracellular+ice.">Effect of warming rate on the survival of vitrified mouse oocytes and on the recrystallization of intracellular ice.</a> Biol. Reprod. 79, 727-737 (2008).</li><li>Schiewe, M. C., Stringfellow, D. A., Givens, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+hygiene+and+quality+control+practices+in+an+embryo-production+laboratory.">General hygiene and quality control practices in an embryo-production laboratory.</a> Manual of the International Embryo Transfer Society: A Procedural Guide and General Information for the Use of Embryo Transfer Technology, Emphasizing Sanitary Precautions. , (2008).</li><li>Whitney, J. B., Nugent, N. L., Anderson, R. E., Schiewe, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+center+validation+of+routine+blastocyst+biopsy+implementation.">Single center validation of routine blastocyst biopsy implementation.</a> J. Asst. Reprod. Genet. , (2016).</li><li>Liebermann, L., Conaghan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artificial+collapse+prior+blastocyst+vitrification:+improvement+of+clinical+outcomes.">Artificial collapse prior blastocyst vitrification: improvement of clinical outcomes.</a> J. Clin. Embryol. 16, 107-118 (2014).</li><li>Parmegiani, L., Tatone, C., Cognigni, G. E., Bernardi, S., Troilo, E., Arnone, A., Maccarini, A. M., Di Emidio, G., Vitti, M., Filicori, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+warming+increases+survival+of+slow-frozen+sibling+oocytes:+a+step+towards+a+single+warming+procedure+irrespective+of+the+freezing+protocol.">Rapid warming increases survival of slow-frozen sibling oocytes: a step towards a single warming procedure irrespective of the freezing protocol.</a> Reprod Biomed Online. , (2014).</li></ol>

M.C. Schiewe serves as a member of the scientific advisory board to Innovative Cryo Enterprises and as a Technical Director to the California Cryobank. Production of this video-article has been&#160;paid for by Ovation Fertility. &#160;The authors have no competing financial agreements or conflicts of interests to disclose regarding the vitrification of gametes and embryos.

Today, there is a high expectation of attaining complete blastocyst survival (&#62; 95%) and achieving implantation success similar to that of fresh embryos. Some groups have suggested that the live birth rates of vitrified embryo transfer cycles are perhaps even higher than fresh blastocysts when the intact cryopreserved embryo is transplanted into a healthy, non-hormonally-stimulated uterus. Our data clearly indicate that vitrification effectively and reliably maintains the viability of the fresh embryo. Furthermore, we have proven that our aseptic, closed method, called MicroSecure Vitrification (&#181;S-VTF), can achieve an optimal outcome comparable to or greater than the commercial standards (i.e., open device systems) used in the IVF industry.
Variation is associated with technical repeatability and reliability between individuals using a multitude of vitrification devices/methods. In turn, this has resulted in inconsistencies between programs applying vitrification. Therefore, it is not surprising that device familiarity is an important factor regarding laboratory proficiency and successful outcomes. It is this concept of &#34;technical signature&#34;11 that explains why repeatability between programs may be problematic. Not only has the development of more than a dozen commercial devices complicated this phenomenon, it has created quality-control concerns. Fortunately, closed vitrification systems, like &#181;S-VTF, Rapid-I, and VitriSafe, are now proving to be equally effective to open device systems12,13,14.
MicroSecure VTF is a novel, aseptic vitrification technique developed with technical ease, reliability, and cryo-security in mind. By combining the use of two previously-approved, FDA-compliant devices, it is a non-commercial vitrification system with the distinct advantage of having an established low cost, in contrast to specialized devices. In addition, its unique tamperproof and internalized dual-colored labeling system, as well as numerous other quality-control advantages, have made &#181;S-VTF an attractive global option11. As a non-commercial VTF device, however, its widespread industry application is evolving slowly. Only through the continued publication of its safety, security, and clinical effectiveness will &#181;S-VTF gain growing utilization.
In August 2014, when faced with the inability to acquire the original 0.3-mL embryo straw manufactured with an inner, non-wicking hydrophobic plug, we were able to reliably modify the &#181;S-VTF method. In short, the new 0.3-mL semen/embryo straws with their cotton-PVP plugs were effectively adapted. This was simply achieved by creating an inner seal before the cotton plug, thus preventing contact and fluid wicking with the open-ended VTF tip (i.e., the flexipette containing the embryo or eggs). Furthermore, if 40-mm ID rods are not accessible, the buoyancy issue associated with the lighter 30-mm rods can be counterweighted using two ball bearings.
These additional steps have made the technique slightly less simple, but still highly effective. Today, economics and efficacy are becoming increasingly important concerns, as biopsied blastocysts are typically vitrified individually until their euploidy status is confirmed on a genetics report. Blastocysts with a confirmed non-viable aneuploidy status typically get discarded, with patient consent, within weeks. Thus, a majority (&#62; 50%) of VTF devices are discarded after short-term storage, causing an escalating annual cost when using commercial devices. Overall, &#181;S-VTF is a highly-effective, reliable, and repeatable procedure for the cryopreservation of human blastocysts. The superior quality-control design securely labels and safely stores embryos/oocytes while eliminating recovery failure and optimizing post-warming survival and viability, which justifies the system&#39;s use as a universal approach to embryo vitrification.

Vitrification is the single most impactful assisted reproductive technology in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) industry since the development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Today, blastocysts are cryopreserved without the loss in embryo viability previously associated with conventional slow-freezing methods1. With reliable post-warming embryo survival, the infertility industry is transforming into the preferred use of cryopreserved embryo transfer cycles, which yield similar or higher pregnancy outcomes than traditional fresh embryo transfer. In association with blastocyst biopsy and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), vitrification has become a vital clinical tool to optimize healthy live birth outcomes via euploid single embryo transfer2,3.
Murine embryo vitrification was developed in the mid-1980s4,5 and adapted to animal agriculture by 19906. Based on the premise that vitrification solutions form a metastable glasseous state, free of damaging ice crystal formation, it has proven to more efficiently preserve the complete cellular integrity of embryos. Interestingly, the promising acceptance of vitrification into human embryology did not begin to be realized until the 21st century. Early publications promoting the use of vitrification coincided with the development of unique &#34;open&#34; system devices7,8,9. However, the adoption of vitrification into clinical practice was slow, as it came at a time when improvements in slow blastocyst freezing were also occurring. Successful conventional slow-rate freezing, in addition to vitrification, were aligned with improvements in embryo culture systems, as well as with the incorporation of blastocoele-collapsing approaches, which enhanced both the overall survival of trophectoderm and, subsequently, implantation10.
In the last decade, vitrification technology has rapidly supplanted conventional freezing practices. To a great extent, this was due to the development of specialized vitrification devices. Some of these devices have handicapped the overall safety, efficiency and effectiveness of clinical vitrification by introducing inherent design flaws to devices used in the IVF industry11. Indeed, the nuances of different devices introduce significant technical variation between programs, commonly referred to as &#34;technical signatures&#34;12. Thus, scientific journals, like the Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE), can serve as a valuable resource for demonstrating technical details, which will help to reduce outcome variation. Another ongoing problem is that some embryologists continue to be misinformed, even today, based on claims that the &#34;ultra-rapid cooling of embryos or oocytes in an &#39;open vitrification system&#39; (i.e., direct embryo contact with liquid nitrogen (LN2)) is a prerequisite to optimizing success rates.&#34; Clearly, this belief is inaccurate, based on the proven success of aseptic closed systems13,14,15.
Based on the cryobiological principles of vitrification, the efficacy of vitrification is more highly dependent upon warming rates than on cooling rates16,17,18. In general, independent of the vitrification device used, the warming rate must exceed the cooling rate to insure high survival rates. High warming rates minimize the opportunity for any ice growth (i.e., the recrystallization of nucleated impurities in cryo-solutions) during the devitrification phase of warming. Granted, the stability of the vitrification solution (i.e., the type and concentration of cryoprotective agents used) may have a confounding effect, but this is addressed in a separate publication11. Considering the cooling-warming rate issues, MicroSecure Vitrification (&#181;S-VTF) was developed in 2008 as an inexpensive, non-commercial, FDA-compliant method that optimized the quality-control aspects of vitrification. It was unique in that it offered tamper-proof, internalized, dual-colored labeling. Furthermore, by loading and storing the embryos directly in the sterile flexipette used for pipetting (i.e., without pipetting to a secondary device surface) and by using ionomeric-resin straws that completely weld seal using an automated sealer, technical variation has been effectively eliminated.
When assessing the completeness of vitrification devices for potential use, there are several quality-control factors that should be taken into account, including: 1) Labeling potential&#8212;Can labels be securely adhered? Are they tamperproof? Do they offer dual-color identification potential? Does it require a secondary label, and can the label be easily removed for record-keeping purposes (i.e., patient verification) post-warming? 2) Technical ease&#8212;Can embryos be easily loaded into/onto the device in a timely manner and simply identified and tracked post-warming? 3) Procedural simplicity/Repeatability&#8212;Does the vitrification method offer simplicity and reliability that easily allows for repeatability, which minimizes the variation between technicians (internal) and programs (external)? 4) LN2 storage capacity&#8212;Can the devices be easily and safely handled and identified? Is their storage potential space efficient? Does the device offer security and safety from physical damage or possible contaminants as an aseptic closed system? 5) Recovery potential /Survivability&#8212;Is the device design prone to potential problems in the guaranteed recovery of embryos, and will they reliably vitrify and maintain complete cellular integrity post-warming? The latter specific quality concern, the recovery rate, has actually been surprisingly minimized in published reports; this is done by generally hiding the unfavorable outcome (i.e., lost embryo or egg) in typically-good survival rates. Any device prone to inconsistent recovery (&#60;99%) is seriously flawed and constitutes a procedural liability.
Our aseptic, closed &#181;S-VTF method has been strategically developed to account for each quality-control measure. However, after 5 years of superior clinical success and validation14, the procedure had to be modified. The original 0.3-mL embryo straws (possessing a hydrophobic plug) were removed from the IVF industry and replaced with a 0.3-mL semen straw possessing a standard cotton/PVP plug (i.e., relabeled as a semen/embryo straw). This procedural paper outlines the specific steps and strategies needed to implement &#181;S-VTF safely, simply, and effectively. Furthermore, we highlight the modification(s) needed to reliably account for supply limitations, until such time as an alternative ideal straw container is reintroduced back into the clinical laboratory.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Aluminum Cane</td><td>IVM</td><td>XC055</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ball bearings, 3/32&quot;</td><td>VXB.com</td><td>KIT15977</td><td>stainless steel</td></tr><tr><td>CBS semen/embryo straw, 0.3 mL</td><td>CryoBioSystems</td><td>25292</td><td>individual sterile</td></tr><tr><td>Color, ID rods, 30 mm</td><td>CryoBioSystems</td><td>019021-26</td><td>weighted</td></tr><tr><td>Culture tubes, 15 mL</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352099</td><td>Conical</td></tr><tr><td>Culture tubes, 10 mL</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352057</td><td>Snap-cap</td></tr><tr><td>Cryosleeves</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>5016-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter, 250 mL</td><td>Fisher Sci.</td><td>09-740-2A</td><td>0.22 &amp;mu;m</td></tr><tr><td>Flasks, Tissue Culture 50 mL</td><td>Falcon</td><td>353014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flexipettes, 300 &amp;mu;m ID</td><td>Cook Med.</td><td>K-FPIP-1300-10BS-5</td><td>Sterile, 20/pack</td></tr><tr><td>Forcep, Large</td><td>Miltex</td><td>6-30TC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forcep, Splinter - fine</td><td>Miltex</td><td>17-305</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goblet</td><td>IVM</td><td>PA003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat Sealer, SYMS 1</td><td>CryoBioSystems</td><td>16399</td><td>110 V or 220 V with adapter</td></tr><tr><td>Hepes-buffered media&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Global or</td><td>LGGH-100; 100&amp;nbsp;mL, or</td><td>stored at 2 - 8 &amp;ordm;C</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Irvine Scientific</td><td>H-HTF; 90126; 100 mL</td><td>with non-essential AA&#039;s</td></tr><tr><td>Labels, Cryo</td><td>GA International</td><td>CL-23T1</td><td>Various colors</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Nitrogen Tank, 40&amp;nbsp;L</td><td>MVE or Taylor Warton</td><td>various</td><td>liquid storage&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>LN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;; Dewar flask, 0.5&amp;nbsp;L</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR4-695</td><td>Stainless steel</td></tr><tr><td>6-well Custer Dishes</td><td>Biogenics</td><td>015/020</td><td>plasticware by case</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette Bulb, Micro Cap</td><td>Drummond</td><td>Fisher#13681451</td><td>Hole on bulb apex</td></tr><tr><td>Petri Dishes, 35 mm</td><td>Falcon</td><td>351006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri Dishes, 58 mm</td><td>Nunc</td><td>150288</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri Dishes, 100 mm</td><td>Falcon</td><td>351029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipette Tips, ART long</td><td>Fisher Sci.</td><td>02-707-80</td><td>10 - 100 &amp;mu;L</td></tr><tr><td>Pipet Aid</td><td>Drummond or Falcon</td><td>various</td><td>rechargeable</td></tr><tr><td>Pipetting Device, Stripper</td><td>Cooper Surgical</td><td>MXL3-STR</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettes, Serological 1&amp;nbsp;mL</td><td>Falcon</td><td>357521</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettes, Serological 2&amp;nbsp;mL</td><td>Falcon</td><td>357507</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettes, Serological 5&amp;nbsp;mL</td><td>Falcon</td><td>357543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettes, Serological 10&amp;nbsp;mL</td><td>Falcon</td><td>357551</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scissors, Surgical Mayo</td><td>Miltex</td><td>5-SC-16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope</td><td>Nikon, Olympus, Leica</td><td>various</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Gauze pads, 4&quot; x 4&quot;</td><td>Kendall Healthcare</td><td>6939</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Synthetic serum</td><td>Life Global, or</td><td>LGPS-20; 20 mL, or</td><td>stored at 2 - 8 &amp;ordm;C</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Irvine Scientific</td><td>SS-99193; 12 x 10 mL</td><td>purchase low endotoxin lot</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma Chemical Co.</td><td>#S9378</td><td>Aliquot into 50&amp;nbsp;mL flasks, 1 year;&lt;br/&gt;
17.1 g/flask + Medium to 50 mL;&lt;br/&gt;
makes a 1 M solution;&lt;br/&gt;
Filter with 0.22 &amp;micro;m unit</td></tr><tr><td>Timer</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>5016-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thawing Solution</td><td>Innovative Cryo Enterprises</td><td>BL-TS (&amp;le;1.0 M Sucrose)</td><td>T1, T2, T3, T4; tored at 2 - 8 &amp;ordm;C for &amp;le;1 month after opening</td></tr><tr><td>Vitrification Solution*,**</td><td>Innovative Cryo Enterprises</td><td>BL-VS (&amp;ge;7.9 M [Glycerol/EG])</td><td>V1, V2, V3; stored at 2 - 8 &amp;ordm;C for &amp;le;1 month after opening</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">* Non-permeating cryoprotective additives may include: sucrose, ficoll and sodium hyaluronate&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">** Other commercial preparations are typically ethylene glycol (EG)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 30% v/v; 4.8 M), but could be EG/propylene glycol (32% v/v; 5.2 M). Mixed solutions are typically used to reduce cryo-toxicity concerns of a high molar solution. Commercial solutions typically include an ES and VS solution. The formulation of commercial preparation is typically proprietary property.</td></tr></tbody></table>

modified microsecure vitrification: a safe, simple and highly effective cryopreservation procedure for human blastocysts

Clinical embryo vitrification evolved with the development of unique vitrification devices in the 21st century and with the misconception that ultra-rapid cooling in an &#34;open&#34; system (i.e., direct LN2 contact) was a necessity to optimize vitrification success. The dogma surrounding the importance of cooling rates led to unsafe practices subject to technical variation and to the creation of vitrification devices that disregarded important quality-control factors (e.g., ease of use, repeatability, reliability, labeling security, and storage safety). Understanding the quality-control flaws of other devices allowed for the development of a safe, secure, repeatable, and reliable &#181;S-VTF method aimed to minimize intra- and inter-technician variation. Equally important, it combined the availability of two existing FDA-compliant devices: 1) a 0.3-mL ionomeric resin embryo straw with internalized, dual-colored, tamper-proof labeling with repeatable weld seal potential; and 2) shortened, commonly-used, 300-&#181;m ID sterile flexipettes to directly load the embryo(s) in order to create a highly-effective global vitrification device. Like other aseptic, closed vitrification systems (e.g., High Security Vitrification (HSV), Rapid-i, and VitriSafe) effectively used in reproductive medicine, microSecure Vitrification (&#181;S-VTF) has proven that it can achieve high post-warming survival and pregnancy outcomes with its attention to simplicity, and reduced technical variation. Although the 0.3-mL embryo straw containing an internal hydrophobic plug was commercially replaced with a standard semen straw possessing cotton-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) plugs, it maintained its ionomeric resin composition to ensure weld sealing. However, the cotton plugs can wick out the fluid-embryo contents of the flexipettes upon contact. A modified &#181;S-VTF method was adapted to include an additional internal weld seal before the plug on the device loading side. The added technical step to the &#181;S-VTF procedure has not affected its successful application, as high survival rates (&#62; 95%) and pregnancy rates continue today.

1,341 vitrified blastocysts were warmed between 2012 to June 2014, and 1,341 embryos recovered (100%) while 1,316 survived (98.1%). Biopsied blastocysts experienced over 99.5% survival. Upon transferring predominantly single, genetically tested, euploid, vitrified embryos, we were able to achieve some of the highest implantation rates and live birth rates in the USA, independent of age (Figure 3)20, according to recent national statistics reported by the Center for Disease Control and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technologies (Tables 1 and 2). Evaluating a good prognosis patient population (less than 35 years old) for cryopreserved cycles alone (Table 1), our laboratory outperformed the national average for both implantation rates (i.e., the efficiency of an embryo to establish a pregnancy) and ultimately live birth rates by over 30%. Additionally, the initial validation/verification of our modified storage straws in mid-2014 using 70 research-consented, re-vitrified aneuploid blastocysts resulted in 100% recovery and 100% survival.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54871/54871fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. MicroSecure VTF Setup. The VTF dish (A) is assembled with 3 distinct rows of vitrification solutions, which utilize 3 wash droplets before placement in distinct, numbered holding droplets. Additionally, individual pipettes with shortened VTF tips (i.e., 300-&#181;m ID flexipettes) are secured and organized in a styrofoam tube rack (B), which can be rotated for orderly use. Note that a representative disposable micropipette bulb pipetting assembly is resting on the styrofoam rack. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54871/54871fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54871/54871fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Modified Blastocyst Grading System. Our modified Gardner blastocyst grading system accounts for the induced herniation of TE cells to facilitate blastocyst biopsy. The modification considers the premature hatching of full blastocysts (A: Grade 3 = less than 10% herniation) and expanded blastocysts (B: Grade 4 = up to 50% herniation), while a hatching blastocyst (C) has greater than 50% herniation16. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54871/54871fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54871/54871fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. Comparative Pregnancy Outcomes. Over a cumulative 1.5-year interval, pregnancy data were compared to assess the effects of transferring vitrified-warmed euploid blastocysts (n = 172 cycles/144 transfers) compared to non-PGS cycles (n = 160 cycles/153 transfers) involving predominantly fresh transfers18. For our experimental purposes, this data clearly reveals that biopsied blastocysts vitrified by the &#181;S-VTF procedure maintain their viability. <a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54871/54871fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Source</td>
			<td># Cycles</td>
			<td>Mean # of embryos transferred</td>
			<td>Implantation Rates (%)</td>
			<td>Live Birth&#160;Rates (%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NB Lab *</td>
			<td>144</td>
			<td>1.2</td>
			<td>74.00%</td>
			<td>74.50%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>National Average</td>
			<td>20,423</td>
			<td>1.7</td>
			<td>39.60%</td>
			<td>44.10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="5">* Data were averaged based on the 2014 performance of Orange County Fertility,&#160;Southern California Fertility Center and the Southern California Center for Reproductive Medicine clinics using the current Ovation Fertility laboratory (NB Lab) which founded&#160;the microSecure vitrification procedure in 2008.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. 2014 CDC Assisted Reproductive Statistics. Frozen embryo transfer pregnancy data of women under 35 years old from three reporting physician clinics using our NB Lab compared to the US 2013 national average of over 450 reporting clinics.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">SART National Averages</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clinic - State</td>
			<td>&#160;Women&#160;</td>
			<td>Women&#160;</td>
			<td>Women&#160;</td>
			<td>Women&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;&#60; 35 yrs</td>
			<td>35-37 yrs</td>
			<td>38-40 yrs</td>
			<td>41-42 yrs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCCRM-CA *</td>
			<td>63.1%</td>
			<td>58.3%</td>
			<td>40.6%</td>
			<td>32.3%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCRM-CO *</td>
			<td>64.7%</td>
			<td>61.5%</td>
			<td>40.4%</td>
			<td>32.2%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RMA-NJ *</td>
			<td>63.2%</td>
			<td>59.7%</td>
			<td>34.6%</td>
			<td>18.7%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>National Average</td>
			<td>48.6%</td>
			<td>38.3%</td>
			<td>24.3%</td>
			<td>12.3%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="5">&#160;&#160; SCCRM&#8212;Southern California Center for Reproductive Medicine; CCRM&#8212;Colorado Center for&#160;for Reproductive Medicine; and RMA&#8212;Reproductive Medicine Associates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="5">*&#160; These leading clinics have all predominantly implemented vitrified embryo transfer cycles, in association with preimplantation genetic testing, into their standard practice of patient care to optimize live birth success per embryo transplanted.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 2. 2014 Cumulative live birth rates, as reported by the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technologies (SART), for the SCCRM Clinic using our Ovation Fertility Lab in Newport Beach, CA, contrasted with several other respected programs, as well as with the SART national averages.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified MicroSecure Vitrification: A Safe, Simple and Highly Effective Cryopreservation Procedure for Human Blastocysts at JoVE.com

Modified MicroSecure Vitrification: A Safe, Simple and Highly Effective Cryopreservation Procedure for Human Blastocysts

MicroSecure Vitrification was developed as a non-commercial, aseptic closed vitrification device system that is compliant with FDA good manufacturing and tissue-handling practices. Due to the withdrawal of hydrophobic plugged embryo straws from the industry, the vitrification procedure was modified to include an inner seal before the standard internal cotton plug.

Clinical embryo vitrification evolved with the development of unique vitrification devices in the 21st century and with the misconception that ultra-rapid ...

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Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

11.9K Views.  Ovation Fertility. MicroSecure Vitrification was developed as a non-commercial, aseptic closed vitrification device system that is compliant with FDA good manufacturing and tissue-handling practices. Due to the withdrawal of hydrophobic plugged embryo straws from the industry, the vitrification procedure was modified to include an inner seal before the standard internal cotton plug.

Video: Modified MicroSecure Vitrification: A Safe, Simple and Highly Effective Cryopreservation Procedure for Human Blastocysts

Minimally Invasive Embryo Transfer and Embryo Vitrification at the Optimal Embryo Stage in Rabbit Model

Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as in vitro embryo culture or embryo cryopreservation, affect natural development patterns with perinatal and postnatal consequences. To ensure the innocuousness of ART applications, studies in animal models are necessary. In addition, as a last step, embryo development studies require evaluation of their capacity to develop full-term healthy offspring. Here, embryo transfer to the uterus is indispensable to perform any ARTs-related experiment.
The rabbit has been used as a model organism to study mammalian reproduction for over a century. In addition to its phylogenetic proximity to the human species and its small size and low maintenance cost, it has important reproductive characteristics such as induced ovulation, a chronology of early embryonic development similar to humans and a short gestation that allow us to study the consequences of ART application easily. Moreover, ARTs (such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection, embryo culture, or cryopreservation) are applied with suitable efficiency in this species.
Using the laparoscopic embryo transfer technique and the cryopreservation protocol presented in this article, we describe 1) how to transfer embryos through an easy, minimally invasive technique and 2) an effective protocol for long-term storage of rabbit embryos to provide time-flexible logistical capacities and the ability to transport the sample. The outcomes obtained after transferring rabbit embryos at different developmental stages indicate that morula is the ideal stage for rabbit embryo recovery and transfer. Thus, an oviductal embryo transfer is required, justifying the surgical procedure. Furthermore, rabbit morulae are successfully vitrified and laparoscopically transferred, proving the effectiveness of the described techniques.

Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) are in continuous evaluation to improve outcomes and reduce the associated risks. This manuscript describes a minimally invasive embryo transfer procedure with an efficient cryopreservation protocol that allows the use of rabbits as an ideal animal model of human reproduction.

Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as in vitro embryo culture or embryo cryopreservation, affect natural development patterns with perinatal ...

Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification

Blastocyst biopsy is performed to obtain a reliable genetic diagnosis during IVF cycles with preimplantation genetic testing. Then, the ideal workflow entails a safe and efficient vitrification protocol, due to the turnaround time of the diagnostic techniques and to transfer the selected embryo(s) on a physiological endometrium in a following natural cycle. A biopsy approach encompassing the sequential opening of the zona pellucida and retrieval of 5-10 trophectoderm cells (ideally 7-8) limits both the number of manipulations required and the exposure of the embryo to sub-optimal environmental conditions. After proper training, the technique was reproducible across different operators in terms of timing of biopsy (~8 min, ranging 3-22 min based on the number of embryos to biopsy per dish), conclusive diagnoses obtained (~97.5%) and live birth rates after vitrified-warmed euploid blastocyst transfer (&#62;40%). The survival rate after biopsy, vitrification and warming was as high as 99.8%. The re-expansion rate at 1.5 h from warming was as high as 97%, largely dependent on the timing between biopsy and vitrification (ideally &#8804;30 min), blastocyst morphological quality and day of biopsy. In general, it is better to vitrify a collapsed blastocyst; therefore, in non-PGT cycles, laser-assisted artificial shrinkage might be performed to induce embryo collapse prior to cryopreservation. The most promising future perspective is the non-invasive analysis of the IVF culture media after blastocyst culture as a putative source of embryonic DNA. However, this potential avant-garde is still under investigation and a reliable protocol yet needs to be defined and validated.

Blastocyst biopsy and vitrification are required to efficiently conduct preimplantation genetic testing. An approach entailing the sequential opening of the zona pellucida and retrieval of 7-8 trophectoderm cells in day 5-7 post-insemination limits both the number of manipulations required and the exposure of the embryo to sub-optimal environmental conditions.

Blastocyst biopsy is performed to obtain a reliable genetic diagnosis during IVF cycles with preimplantation genetic testing. Then, the ideal workflow ...

Minimum Volume Vitrification of Immature Feline Oocytes

In wild animals&#8217; conservation programs, gamete banking is crucial to safeguard genetic resources of valuable individuals and rare species and to promote biodiversity preservation. In felids, most species are threatened with extinction, and domestic breeds are used as a model to increase the efficiency of protocols for germplasm banking. Among oocyte cryopreservation techniques, vitrification is more and more popular in human and veterinary assisted reproduction. Cryotop vitrification, which was at first developed for human oocytes and embryos, has demonstrated to be well-suited for cat oocytes. This method offers several advantages, such as the feasibility in field conditions and the speed of the procedure, which can be helpful when several samples need to be processed. However, the efficiency is strongly dependent on the operator&#8217;s skills, and intra- and inter-laboratory standardization are needed, as well as personnel training. This protocol describes minimum volume vitrification of immature feline oocytes on a commercial support in a step by step field-friendly protocol, from oocyte collection to warming. Following the protocol, preservation of oocyte integrity and viability at warming (as high as 90%) can be expected, although there is still room for improvement in post-warming maturation and embryonic development outcomes.

This manuscript describes a protocol for the minimum volume vitrification of immature cat oocytes with laboratory-made media on commercial supports. It covers every step from oocyte isolation from ex vivo gonads to vitrification and warming.

In wild animals&#8217; conservation programs, gamete banking is crucial to safeguard genetic resources of valuable individuals and rare species and to ...

Vitrification of In Vitro Matured Oocytes Collected from Adult and Prepubertal Ovaries in Sheep

In livestock, in vitro embryo production systems can be developed and sustained thanks to the large number of ovaries and oocytes that can be easily obtained from a slaughterhouse. Adult ovaries always bear several antral follicles, while in pre-pubertal donors the maximal numbers of oocytes are available at 4 weeks of age, when ovaries bear peak numbers of antral follicles. Thus, 4 weeks old lambs are considered good donors, even if the developmental competence of prepubertal oocytes is lower compared to their adult counterpart. 
Basic research and commercial applications would be boosted by the possibility of successfully cryopreserving vitrified oocytes obtained from both adult and prepubertal donors. The vitrification of oocyte collected from prepubertal donors would also allow shortening the generation interval and thus increasing the genetic gain in breeding programs. However, the loss of developmental potential after cryopreservation makes mammalian oocytes probably one of the most difficult cell types to cryopreserve. Among the available cryopreservation techniques, vitrification is widely applied to animal and human oocytes. Despite recent advancements in the technique, exposures to high concentrations of cryoprotective agents as well as chilling injury and osmotic stress still induce several structural and molecular alterations and reduce the developmental potential of mammalian oocytes. Here, we describe a protocol for the vitrification of sheep oocytes collected from juvenile and adult donors and matured in vitro prior to cryopreservation. The protocol includes all the procedures from oocyte in vitro maturation to vitrification, warming and post-warming incubation period. Oocytes vitrified at the MII stage can indeed be fertilized following warming, but they need extra time prior to fertilization to restore damage due to cryopreservation procedures and to increase their developmental potential. Thus, post-warming culture conditions and timing are crucial steps for the restoration of oocyte developmental potential, especially when oocyte are collected from juvenile donors.

The protocol aims at providing a standard method for the vitrification of adult and juvenile sheep oocytes. It includes all the steps from the preparation of the in vitro maturation media to the post-warming culture. Oocytes are vitrified at the MII stage using Cryotop to ensure the minimum essential volume.

In livestock, in vitro embryo production systems can be developed and sustained thanks to the large number of ovaries and oocytes that can be easily ...

Morphometric Protocol for the Objective Assessment of Blastocyst Behavior During Vitrification and Warming Steps

This article describes the noninvasive method of blastocyst morphometry based on time-lapse microphotography for the accurate monitoring of a blastocyst&#39;s volume changing during individual phases before and after vitrification. The method can be useful in searching for the most optimal timing of blastocyst exposure to different concentrations of cryoprotectants by observing blastocyst shrinkage and re-expansion in different pre- and post-vitrification phases. With this methodology, the blastocyst vitrification protocol can be optimized. For a better demonstration of the usefulness of this morphometric method, two different blastocyst preparation protocols for vitrification are compared; one with using an artificial blastocoel collapsing and one without this intervention before vitrification. Both blastocysts&#39; volume changes are followed by time-lapse microphotography and measured by photo-editing software tools. The measurements are taken every 20 seconds in previtrification phases and every 5 minutes in the post-warming period. The changes of the blastocyst dimensions per time unit are presented graphically in line diagrams. The results show a long equilibration previtrification phase in which the intact blastocyst first shrinks and then slowly refills the blastocoel, entering vitrification with a fluid-filled blastocoel. The artificially collapsed blastocyst remains in its shrunken stage through the entire equilibration phase. During the vitrification phase, it also does not change its volume. Since the blastocyst morphometry shows a constant volume of the artificially collapsed blastocysts during the previtrification step, it seems that this stage could be shorter. The described protocol provides many additional comparative parameters of blastocyst behavior during and after cryopreservation on the basis of the speed and intensity of the volume changes, the number of partial blastocoel contractions or total blastocyst collapses, and the time to a total blastocoel re-expansion or the time to hatching.

Here we present a time-lapse morphometric protocol to follow the intensity of blastocyst shrinkage and re-expansion during previtrification interventions and post-warming recovery. The application of the protocol is possible in in vitro fertilization laboratories equipped with time-lapse microscopes and is recommended in the development of an optimal blastocyst vitrification method.

This article describes the noninvasive method of blastocyst morphometry based on time-lapse microphotography for the accurate monitoring of a ...

Bioengineering

Cryopreservation of Mouse Embryos by Ethylene Glycol-Based Vitrification

Cryopreservation of mouse embryos is a technological basis that supports biomedical sciences, because many strains of mice have been produced by genetic modifications and the number is consistently increasing year by year. Its technical development started with slow freezing methods in the 1970s1, then followed by vitrification methods developed in the late 1980s2. Generally, the latter technique is advantageous in its quickness, simplicity, and high survivability of recovered embryos. However, the cryoprotectants contained are highly toxic and may affect subsequent embryo development. Therefore, the technique was not applicable to certain strains of mice, even when the solutions are cooled to 4&deg;C to mitigate the toxic effect during embryo handling. At the RIKEN BioResource Center, more than 5000 mouse strains with different genetic backgrounds and phenotypes are maintained3, and therefore we have optimized a vitrification technique with which we can cryopreserve embryos from many different strains of mice, with the benefits of high embryo survival after vitrifying and thawing (or liquefying, more precisely) at the ambient temperature4.
Here, we present a vitrification method for mouse embryos that has been successfully used at our center. The cryopreservation solution contains ethylene glycol instead of DMSO to minimize the toxicity to embryos5. It also contains Ficoll and sucrose for prevention of devitrification and osmotic adjustment, respectively. Embryos can be handled at room temperature and transferred into liquid nitrogen within 5 min. Because the original method was optimized for plastic straws as containers, we have slightly modified the protocol for cryotubes, which are more easily accessible in laboratories and more resistant to physical damages. We also describe the procedure of thawing vitrified embryos in detail because it is a critical step for efficient recovery of live mice. These methodologies would be helpful to researchers and technicians who need preservation of mouse strains for later use in a safe and cost-effective manner.

An ethylene glycol-based vitrification method for mouse embryos is described. It is advantageous to other methods in its simplicity and low embryonic toxicity, and therefore can be broadly applicable to many strains of mice, including inbred and gene-modified mice.

Cryopreservation of mouse embryos is a technological basis that supports biomedical sciences, because many strains of mice have been produced by genetic ...

Biology

Bulk Droplet Vitrification for Primary Hepatocyte Preservation

Vitrification is a promising ice-free alternative for classic slow-freezing (at approximately 1 &#176;C/min) cryopreservation of biological samples. Vitrification requires extremely fast cooling rates to achieve transition of water into the glass phase while avoiding injurious ice formation. Although pre-incubation with cryoprotective agents (CPA) can reduce the critical cooling rate of biological samples, high concentrations are generally needed to enable ice-free cryopreservation by vitrification. As a result, vitrification is hampered by CPA toxicity and restricted to small samples that can be cooled fast. It was recently demonstrated that these inherent limitations can be overcome by bulk droplet vitrification. Using this novel method, cells are first pre-incubated with a low intracellular CPA concentration. Leveraging rapid osmotic dehydration, the intracellular CPA is concentrated directly ahead of vitrification, without the need to fully equilibrate toxic CPA concentrations. The cellular dehydration is performed in a fluidic device and integrated with continuous high throughput generation of large sized droplets that are vitrified in liquid nitrogen. This ice-free cryopreservation method with minimal CPA toxicity is suitable for large cell quantities and results in increased hepatocyte viability and metabolic function as compared to classical slow-freezing cryopreservation. This manuscript describes the methods for successful bulk droplet vitrification in detail.

This manuscript describes an ice-free cryopreservation method for large quantities of rat hepatocytes whereby primary cells are pre-incubated with cryoprotective agents at a low concentration and vitrified in large droplets.

Vitrification is a promising ice-free alternative for classic slow-freezing (at approximately 1 &#176;C/min) cryopreservation of biological samples. ...

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Preserving female fertility is crucial in a multifunctional healthcare system that takes care of patients' future quality of life. Oocyte cryopreservation is recognized by several international scientific societies as the gold standard for fertility preservation in postpubertal women, for both medical and non-medical indications. The main medical indications are oncologic diseases, gynecologic diseases such as severe endometriosis, systemic diseases compromising the ovarian reserve, and genetic conditions involving premature menopause. This paper describes the whole clinical and laboratory work-up of a fertility preservation treatment by outlining recommendations for objective and evidence-based counseling. Furthermore, it focuses on the effectiveness of the procedure and describes the most appropriate strategies to fully exploit the ovarian reserve and maximize the number of oocytes retrieved in the shortest possible time. The evaluation of the ovarian reserve, the definition of an ideal stimulation protocol, as well as oocyte retrieval, denudation, and vitrification procedures have been detailed along with approaches to maximize their efficacy, efficiency, and safety.

Oocyte cryopreservation is recognized by several international scientific societies as the gold standard for fertility preservation in postpubertal women. Appropriate clinical and laboratory strategies ensure maximum efficacy, efficiency, and safety of fertility preservation treatments.

Preserving female fertility is crucial in a multifunctional healthcare system that takes care of patients' future quality of life. Oocyte cryopreservation ...

Medicine

Single Cell Collection of Trophoblast Cells in Peri-implantation Stage Human Embryos

Human implantation, the apposition and adhesion to the uterine surface epithelia and subsequent invasion of the blastocyst into the maternal decidua, is a critical yet enigmatic biological event that has been historically difficult to study due to technical and ethical limitations. Implantation is initiated by the development of the trophectoderm to early trophoblast and subsequent differentiation into distinct trophoblast sublineages. Aberrant early trophoblast differentiation may lead to implantation failure, placental pathologies, fetal abnormalities, and miscarriage. Recently, methods have been developed to allow human embryos to grow until day 13 post-fertilization in vitro in the absence of maternal tissues, a time-period that encompasses the implantation period in humans. This has given researchers the opportunity to investigate human implantation and recapitulate the dynamics of trophoblast differentiation during this critical period without confounding maternal influences and avoiding inherent obstacles to study early embryo differentiation events in vivo. To characterize different trophoblast sublineages during implantation, we have adopted existing two-dimensional (2D) extended culture methods and developed a procedure to enzymatically digest and isolate different types of trophoblast cells for downstream assays. Embryos cultured in 2D conditions have a relatively flattened morphology and may be suboptimal in modeling in vivo three-dimensional (3D) embryonic architectures. However, trophoblast differentiation seems to be less affected as demonstrated by anticipated morphology and gene expression changes over the course of extended culture. Different trophoblast sublineages, including cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast and migratory trophoblast can be separated by size, location, and temporal emergence, and used for further characterization or experimentation. Investigation of these early trophoblast cells may be instrumental in understanding human implantation, treating common placental pathologies, and mitigating the incidence of pregnancy loss.

Here, we describe a method for warming vitrified human blastocysts, culturing them through the implantation period in vitro, digesting them into single cells and collecting early trophoblast cells for further investigation.

Human implantation, the apposition and adhesion to the uterine surface epithelia and subsequent invasion of the blastocyst into the maternal decidua, is a ...

Follicular Viability Assessment in Vitrified Human Ovarian Cortex Tissues

Vitrification of Ovarian Cortex Tissue to Achieve a Glassy State of Aggregation

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) is an important option for fertility preservation. For patients whose gonadotoxic treatments cannot be postponed or for pre-pubertal girls, it is often the only option for fertility protection. Cryopreservation can be performed either by vitrification or by slow freezing. Slow freezing is currently the standard approach. An increasing number of studies indicate that vitrification can replace slow freezing in the state-of-the-art in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories, significantly improving thawing survival rates and simplifying the technical aspects of cryopreservation. A metal grid-based, high-throughput protocol for rapid vitrification of ovarian cortex tissue, suitable for clinical routine, is described. The sterilization of metal grids and liquid nitrogen ensures high quality, meeting good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards. Vitrification was conducted to ensure ultra-rapid cooling rates. Instead of slowly thawing, samples were rapidly warmed. To assess follicular viability, calcein staining was performed both prior to cryopreservation and after rapid warming. The successful application of vitrification and rapid warming using metal grids is reported. No significant differences in follicular viability were observed prior to vitrification and after rapid warming. These results substantiate the high capacity of tissue vitrification for clinical routine applications as a potential substitute for the widely used slow-freezing method.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Fertility Preservation in Young Female Cancer Patients Through Ovarian Tissue Vitrification and In Vitro Follicular Growth

A protocol for the vitrification of ovarian tissue, as an alternative cryopreservation method to the widely used slow freezing protocol, is presented.

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) is an important option for fertility preservation. For patients whose gonadotoxic treatments cannot be postponed or ...

Modified MicroSecure Vitrification: A Safe, Simple and Highly Effective Cryopreservation Procedure for Human Blastocysts

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