이 작품은 고급 이미징 코어는 NIDCD 사단의 교내 연구 /NIH (DC000082-02 W.W.C.,) 뿐만 아니라 DC000081에서에서 기금에 의해 지원 되었다. 우리는 동물에 대 한 배려를 위한 NIDCD 동물 시설 직원에 대 한 감사입니다.

모든 동물 절차 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회 귀 먹음과 다른 커뮤니케이션 무질서 (NIDCD ASP1378-15)에 국가 학회에 의해 승인 되었다.
1. 절차 설치 및 준비
<ol><li>모든 악기는 실험의 시작 부분에서 에틸렌 산화에 의해 소독. 동물, 사이 악기 비드 살 균을 사용 하 여 청소.</li>
	<li>마이크로-인젝터에 micropipette에 바이러스 성 유전자 치료를 포함 하는 솔루션을 로드 합니다. 이 연구에 사용 되는 바이러스 성 벡터는 AAV2/8-whirlin (1 x 10 밀리 리터, 당13 게놈 사본 자료의 표 참조). 참고: 일반적으로, 1.1 µ L 총 볼륨은 micropipette에 로드 됩니다.</li>
</ol>2입니다. 마 취
참고:이 연구에 사용 된 마우스 스트레인은 whirler 마우스. Homozygous 돌연변이 (Whrnwi/wi)와 heterozygous littermates (Whrn+ wi) 사용 되었다.
<ol><li>장소 (쓰레기 별도) 별도 새 장에 어머니.</li>
	<li>쥐를 따뜻하게 유지 하는 반복 열 패드 (37.5 ° C에서 집합)에 쓰레기 (P0-P5 새끼)를 포함 하는 홈 케이지를 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>라텍스 장갑의 손가락 부분을 잘라내어 그것에 강아지를 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>~ 2 분 동안 얼음 양동이에 라텍스 장갑 엄지에 강아지를 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>강아지와 팩의 표면 사이 4 "x4" 거 즈로 큰 광장 상업 플라스틱 고정 팩에 마 취 강아지를 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>짓 눌린 얼음, 중장비 라텍스 장갑을 강아지 주위 얼음 장갑 장소.</li>
	<li>강아지 (를 포함 하 여 회사 발가락 핀치) 다양 한 자극에 응답의 완전 한 부족에 의해 적절 하 게 취 경우 확인 합니다. 수술 (대략 5-10 분) 동안 얼음 팩에 강아지를 둡니다. 참고: 수술 하는 동안 더 이상 15 분 동안 얼음 팩에 새끼를 떠나는 것이 좋습니다.</li>
</ol>3. 수술 방법 (그림 1)
<ol><li>일단 동물 마 취는 요오드 지우기와 알코올 닦아 귀 뒤 피부를 청소.</li>
	<li>Postauricular 절 개 마이크로-가 위를 사용 하 여 뒤에 ~ 2 mm를 만들고 마이크로 위 sternocleidomastoid 근육을 나눕니다.</li>
	<li>안 면 신경와는 물집 식별 합니다. 물집 및 반투명 연골이 나이에 이며 그것은 거짓말 안 면 신경에 중간. Stapedial 동맥 유용한 랜드마크이 나이에 물집을 통해 볼 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>머리 뒤로 안 면 신경에 따라 후부 반원의 운하 (PSCC)을 찾을. 근육 섬유와 부드러운 조직 overlying 후부 반원의 운하 마이크로-가 위를 사용 하 여 제거 합니다. 참고:에서 PSCC는이 나이에 연골.</li>
	<li>PSCC 유리 제 micropipette (~ 10 μ m 직경에서)를 사용 하 여 마이크로-인젝터에 침투.</li>
	<li>내가 바이러스 성 유전자 치료 주사. 참고: 일반적으로, 49의 20 주사의 총 유전자 치료의 nL는 배달 후부 반원의 운하 ~ 40에 s (전체 볼륨 ~ 1 µ L). 사용 하는 바이러스 titer mL 당 1 x 1013 게놈 복사본을 했다.</li>
	<li>5-0 polyglactin 봉합 사를 사용 하 여 피부 절 개를 닫습니다.</li>
</ol>4. 수술 후 관리
<ol><li>정상 체온으로 지속적인 수동 자극/낀된 인간의 손가락으로 마 취에서 복구 하는 동안 복원 하 온난 패드에 강아지를 두십시오.</li>
	<li>일단 강아지 깨어, 가정 그것의 감 금에 다시 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>홈 케이지 침구에 노출은 면봉으로 각 강아지를 애 무. 참고:이 목적으로 그들은 다시 그녀의 쓰레기 후 수술을 수락 하는 어머니의 가능성을 증가, 수술 전에 냄새 쥐를 것입니다. 만약에 가능 하다 면, 어머니 로부터 소변 수집 하 고 거부의 가능성을 더 감소를 면봉을 사용 하 여 강아지에 문질러 서 될 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>그녀의8, 감도를 어머니의 코에 광 유를 적용 하 고 집으로 어머니를 다시.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Chien, W. W., Monzack, E. L., McDougald, D. S., Cunningham, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+for+sensorineural+hearing+loss.">Gene therapy for sensorineural hearing loss.</a> Ear Hear. 36, 1-7 (2015).</li><li>Askew, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tmc+gene+therapy+restores+auditory+function+in+deaf+mice.">Tmc gene therapy restores auditory function in deaf mice.</a> Sci Transl Med. 7, 295 (2015).</li><li>Akil, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+hearing+in+the+VGLUT3+knockout+mouse+using+virally+mediated+gene+therapy.">Restoration of hearing in the VGLUT3 knockout mouse using virally mediated gene therapy.</a> Neuron. 75, 283-293 (2012).</li><li>Pan, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+restores+auditory+and+vestibular+function+in+a+mouse+model+of+Usher+syndrome+type+1c.">Gene therapy restores auditory and vestibular function in a mouse model of Usher syndrome type 1c.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 35, 264-272 (2017).</li><li>Isgrig, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Therapy+Restores+Balance+and+Auditory+Functions+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+Usher+Syndrome.">Gene Therapy Restores Balance and Auditory Functions in a Mouse Model of Usher Syndrome.</a> Mol Ther. 25, 780-791 (2017).</li><li>Lentz, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+hearing+and+vestibular+function+by+antisense+oligonucleotides+in+a+mouse+model+of+human+deafness.">Rescue of hearing and vestibular function by antisense oligonucleotides in a mouse model of human deafness.</a> Nat Med. 19, 345-350 (2013).</li><li>Shibata, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+Interference+Prevents+Autosomal-Dominant+Hearing+Loss.">RNA Interference Prevents Autosomal-Dominant Hearing Loss.</a> Am J Hum Genet. 98, 1101-1113 (2016).</li><li>Van Sluyters, R. C., Obernier, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+care+and+use+of+mammals+in+neuroscience+and+behavioral+research.">Guidelines for the care and use of mammals in neuroscience and behavioral research.</a> Contemp Top Lab Anim. 43, 48 (2004).</li><li>Chien, W. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Therapy+Restores+Hair+Cell+Stereocilia+Morphology+in+Inner+Ears+of+Deaf+Whirler+Mice.">Gene Therapy Restores Hair Cell Stereocilia Morphology in Inner Ears of Deaf Whirler Mice.</a> Mol Ther. 24, 17-25 (2016).</li><li>Hirose, K., Hartsock, J. J., Johnson, S., Santi, P., Salt, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+lipopolysaccharide+compromises+the+blood-labyrinth+barrier+and+increases+entry+of+serum+fluorescein+into+the+perilymph.">Systemic lipopolysaccharide compromises the blood-labyrinth barrier and increases entry of serum fluorescein into the perilymph.</a> J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 15, 707-719 (2014).</li><li>Okada, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+transfer+targeting+mouse+vestibule+using+adenovirus+and+adeno-associated+virus+vectors.">Gene transfer targeting mouse vestibule using adenovirus and adeno-associated virus vectors.</a> Otol Neurotol. 33, 655-659 (2012).</li><li>Suzuki, J., Hashimoto, K., Xiao, R., Vandenberghe, L. H., Liberman, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cochlear+gene+therapy+with+ancestral+AAV+in+adult+mice:+complete+transduction+of+inner+hair+cells+without+cochlear+dysfunction.">Cochlear gene therapy with ancestral AAV in adult mice: complete transduction of inner hair cells without cochlear dysfunction.</a> Sci Rep. 7, 45524 (2017).</li></ol>

저자 아무 관련 공개 수 있도록 있다.

몇 가지 수술 방법은 설치류 내 귀에 액세스 하려면 설명 있다. Cochleostomy 및 둥근 창 접근 가장 일반적으로 사용 됩니다 달팽이 관에 액세스 하려면 반면 후부 반원의 운하 endolymphatic sac 접근은 일반적으로 사용 되는 및 vestibular 장기1에 액세스 하. 최근 연구에서 우리는 바이러스 성 유전자 치료의 고효율 vestibular 기관과 달팽이 관5에 머리 세포 변환의 결과 후부 반원의 운하를 보였다. 사실, 달팽이 머리 세포 변환 때 후부 반원의 운하 주사를 통해 더 높은 유전 청력 손실과 vestibular 부전5,9같은 마우스 모델에서 둥근 창 주사와 비교. 둥근 창과 달팽이 관 사이 해부학 근접을 감안할 때, 그것은 역설적 둥근 창 주사 후부 반원의 운하 주사에 비해 낮은 달팽이 머리 세포 변환 발생할 수 있습니다 보인다. 이 둥근 창 인공 수로 인접해 있다는 사실에 의해 설명 될 수 있습니다. 따라서, 바이러스 성 유전자 치료 라운드 창을 통해 주입 때 인공 수로10에서 오는 중추에 의해 그것의 농도 희석 수 있습니다.
찾는 후부 반원의 운하 주입 인공 와우 및 vestibular 머리 세포 변환 귀착되는 또한12다른 연구11,의해 보고 되었습니다. 오카다 외에의해 연구, AAV GFP 달팽이 관 및 vestibular 머리 셀의 변환으로 알려졌다. 그러나, 숫자 정량화는 수행 되지 않습니다. 스즈키 외.에 의해 연구 보고는 AAV-Anc80-GFP 성인 쥐에 후부 반원의 운하 접근을 사용 하 여 달팽이 관 및 vestibular 머리 세포 변환의 높은 수준. 성인 생쥐, 작은 카 테 터와 후부 반원의 운하 cannulation이 바람직합니다, 후부 반원의 운하 뼈 덮 음 이기 때문에 완전히 굳어진12. 성인 쥐에 후부 반원의 운하 catheterization 변환 효율성을 줄일 수 주입 역류를 최소화 시킬 수 있습니다. 이 단계 이후 후부 반원의 운하 뼈 덮 음 그 나이에 여전히 연골 신생아 쥐에 필요 하지 않습니다.
후부 반원의 운하 주사의 단점 중 하나는 하나 확신할 수 없습니다 perilymph 또는 endolymph에 주입 된 유전자 치료를 전달 하는 여부 사실 이다. 이 결손에도 불구 하 고 후부 반원의 운하 해부학 쉽게 찾을 고의 식별에 대 한 측의 최소한의 조작 필요 합니다. 이 수술 외상으로 인 한 내가 손상의 기회를 줄인다. 후부 반원의 운하 주입 내가 유전자 치료 납품을 위한 매력적인 옵션입니다.

내가 유전자 치료의 급속 하 게 발전 분야 이다. 그것은 다양 한 동물 모델에서 전투 ototoxicity, 소음 외상, 그리고 유전 청력 손실1에 적용 되었습니다. 여러 최근 연구의 청각과 균형 기능 기능 복구 돌연변이 생쥐에서 내가 유전자 치료 배달2,3,,45,6, 후 7. 핵심 중 하나는 내가 유전자 치료의 성공을 내가 액세스 하는 데 사용 하는 외과 접근은 결정 요인. 이상적으로, 외과 접근은 실행 하기 쉬운 것, 해부학 랜드마크 일관 되 고 쉽게 식별, 것 및 타겟된 세포 유형의 결과 변환 높은 것입니다.
최근 연구에서 우리는 바이러스 성 유전자 치료는 whirler 돌연변이 마우스 (청력 손실과 vestibular 부전의 모델)의 후부 반원의 운하를 통해 주입 했다 때 감각 머리 세포의 효율적인 변환 보였다는 vestibular에 보였다 달팽이 관5에서 기관 뿐만 아니라. 감각 머리 세포 변환의 높은 효율 결과 이러한 돌연변이 생쥐에서 청각과 vestibular 기능 개선.
이 문서에서는, 우리가 자세히 설명 신생아 마우스 내가 액세스 하려면 후부 반원의 운하 접근.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Operating microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>OPMI Pico ENT microscope. Other dissection microscopes would also work.</td></tr><tr><td>Micro-forcepts</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-10, 11295-51</td><td>#5 and #55 Dumont</td></tr><tr><td>Micro-scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15002-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanoliter2000 microinjector</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating pad</td><td>Mastex</td><td>Model 500/600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-0 vicryl sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV8-whirlin</td><td>Vector Biolabs</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass pipette</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>B100-75-10</td><td>Borosilicate glass</td></tr></tbody></table>

posterior semicircular canal approach for inner ear gene delivery in neonatal mouse

내가 유전자 치료는 난청과 현기증에 대 한 잠재적인 치료로 큰 약속을 제공합니다. 내가 유전자 치료의 성공의 중요 한 결정 요인의 한 청력 손실을 최소화 하면서 타겟된 세포 유형의 일관 변환 효율 귀착되는 전달 방법을 찾는 것입니다. 이 연구에서 우리 신생아 쥐에 내가 유전자 납품을 위한 실행 가능한 방법으로 후부 반원의 운하 접근 방식을 설명합니다. 우리 후부 반원의 운하를 통해 유전자 배달 전체 내가 perfuse 수 보여줍니다. 후부 반원의 운하의 쉬운 해부학 식별 뿐만 아니라 필요한 측 뼈의 최소한의 조작, 게가 외과 접근 내가 유전자 납품을 위한 매력적인 선택권.

주입 후부 반원의 운하를 통해 신생아 whirler 쥐로 AAV8 whirlin 유전자 치료의 결과 utricular 세포 (그림 2)에서 식 (그린) whirlin 53.1%의 전반적인 감염 효율 (SD 38.1, n = 28)5 . 머리 세포 transduced stereocilia (레드) contralateral 비 주입 귀에서 머리 세포에 비해 길쭉한 했다 (3.20 ± 0.34 µ m와 5.35 ± 2.11 µ m 각각)5.
AAV8 whirlin의 후부 반원의 운하 주사도 whirler 쥐 (그림 3)에 있는 달팽이 관 세포의 변환 결과. 평균 내 면 머리 세포 감염 효율성은 77.1% (SD 12.7, n = 8)5. 머리 세포 transduced stereocilia 팁 whirlin (녹색) 표현과 stereocilia (레드) contralateral 비 주입 귀에서 머리 세포에 비해 길쭉한 했다 (5.04 ± 0.72 µ m 인공 정점에 1.01 ± 0.08 µ m 대 각각)5.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56648/56648fig1.jpg"> 그림 1 : 자가 이미지. 자가 이미지 P0 마우스에 수술에 대 한 액세스 후부 반원의 운하 (PSCC)을 보여주는. 왼쪽된 귀에 표시 됩니다. PSCC 검정 파선 요약. <a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56648/56648fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56648/56648fig2.jpg"> 그림 2 : Vestibular 세포 PSCC 유전자 납품을 사용 하 여 불리고 있다. PSCC 통해 전달 AAV8 whirlin 접근 utricular 머리 세포 감염의 높은 수준의 결과. <a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56648/56648fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56648/56648fig3.jpg"> 그림 3 : 인공 세포 PSCC 유전자 납품을 사용 하 여 불리고 있다. PSCC 통해 전달 AAV8 whirlin 접근 달팽이 머리 세포 감염의 높은 수준의 결과. <a href="//cloudflare-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/56648/56648fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Posterior Semicircular Canal Approach for Inner Ear Gene Delivery in Neonatal Mouse at JoVE.com

Posterior Semicircular Canal Approach for Inner Ear Gene Delivery in Neonatal Mouse

이 연구에서 우리 신생아 쥐에 있는 내가 유전자 납품에 대 한 신뢰할 수 있는 방법으로 후부 반원의 운하 접근 방식을 설명합니다. 우리 후부 반원의 운하를 통해 유전자 배달 전체 내가 perfuse 수 보여줍니다.

신생아 마우스에서 내가 유전자 납품을 위한 후부 반원의 운하 접근

Inner ear gene therapy offers great promise as a potential treatment for hearing loss and dizziness. One of the critical determinants of the success of ...

posterior-semicircular-canal-approach-for-inner-ear-gene-delivery

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.7K 조회수.  National Institutes of Health. 이 연구에서 우리 신생아 쥐에 있는 내가 유전자 납품에 대 한 신뢰할 수 있는 방법으로 후부 반원의 운하 접근 방식을 설명합니다. 우리 후부 반원의 운하를 통해 유전자 배달 전체 내가 perfuse 수 보여줍니다.

비디오: Posterior Semicircular Canal Approach for Inner Ear Gene Delivery in Neonatal Mouse

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

Electroporation에 의한 배아 마우스 달팽이의 Explants의 문화 유전자 전송

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

연구

발생학

Canalostomy As a Surgical Approach to Local Drug Delivery into the Inner Ears of Adult and Neonatal Mice

Local delivery of therapeutic drugs into the inner ear is a promising therapy for inner ear diseases. Injection through semicircular canals (canalostomy) has been shown to be a useful approach to local drug delivery into the inner ear. The goal of this article is to describe, in detail, the surgical techniques involved in canalostomy in both adult and neonatal mice. As indicated by fast-green dye and adeno-associated virus serotype 8 with the green fluorescent protein gene, the canalostomy facilitated broad distribution of injected reagents in the cochlea and vestibular end-organs with minimal damage to hearing and vestibular function. The surgery was successfully implemented in both adult and neonatal mice; indeed, multiple surgeries could be performed if required. In conclusion, canalostomy is an effective and safe approach to drug delivery into the inner ears of adult and neonatal mice and may be used to treat human inner ear diseases in the future.

Here we describe canalostomy procedure which allows local drug delivery into the inner ears of adult and neonatal mice through the semicircular canal with minimum damage to hearing and vestibular function. This method can be used to inoculate viral vectors, pharmaceuticals, and small molecules into the mouse inner ear.

성인 및 신생아 쥐의 내 귀에 로컬 약물 전달에 대 한 외과 접근으로 Canalostomy

Local delivery of therapeutic drugs into the inner ear is a promising therapy for inner ear diseases. Injection through semicircular canals (canalostomy) ...

유전학

A Novel Surgical Approach for Intratracheal Administration of Bioactive Agents in a Fetal Mouse Model

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and acquired diseases. Apart from congenital or inherited abnormalities with the requirement for long-term expression of the delivered gene, several non-inherited perinatal conditions, where short-term gene expression or pharmacological intervention is sufficient to achieve therapeutic effects, are considered as potential future indications for this kind of approach. Candidate diseases for the application of short-term prenatal therapy could be the transient neonatal deficiency of surfactant protein B causing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome1,2 or hyperoxic injuries of the neonatal lung3. Candidate diseases for permanent therapeutic correction are Cystic Fibrosis (CF)4, genetic variants of surfactant deficiencies5 and &alpha;1-antitrypsin deficiency6.
Generally, an important advantage of prenatal gene therapy is the ability to start therapeutic intervention early in development, at or even prior to clinical manifestations in the patient, thus preventing irreparable damage to the individual. In addition, fetal organs have an increased cell proliferation rate as compared to adult organs, which could allow a more efficient gene or stem cell transfer into the fetus. Furthermore, in utero gene delivery is performed when the individual's immune system is not completely mature. Therefore, transplantation of heterologous cells or supplementation of a non-functional or absent protein with a correct version should not cause immune sensitization to the cell, vector or transgene product, which has recently been proven to be the case with both cellular and genetic therapies7.
In the present study, we investigated the potential to directly target the fetal trachea in a mouse model. This procedure is in use in larger animal models such as rabbits and sheep8, and even in a clinical setting9, but has to date not been performed before in a mouse model. When studying the potential of fetal gene therapy for genetic diseases such as CF, the mouse model is very useful as a first proof-of-concept because of the wide availability of different transgenic mouse strains, the well documented embryogenesis and fetal development, less stringent ethical regulations, short gestation and the large litter size.
Different access routes have been described to target the fetal rodent lung, including intra-amniotic injection10-12, (ultrasound-guided) intrapulmonary injection13,14 and intravenous administration into the yolk sac vessels15,16 or umbilical vein17. Our novel surgical procedure enables researchers to inject the agent of choice directly into the fetal mouse trachea which allows for a more efficient delivery to the airways than existing techniques18.

We developed a novel surgical approach for intratracheal administration of bioactive agents into the mouse fetus. The delivery route is more efficient in targeting the fetal mouse lungs than the commonly used intra-amniotic injection. This procedure has to date not been described in a mouse model.

태아 마우스 모델에서 Bioactive 에이전트의 Intratracheal 관리를위한 소설 외과 접근

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and ...

의학

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and the organ of Corti in the coiled cochlea. The cristae and maculae contain vestibular hair cells that transduce mechanical stimuli to subserve the special sense of balance, while auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti are the primary transducers for hearing 1. Cell fate specification in these sensory epithelia and morphogenesis of the semicircular canals and cochlea take place during the second week of gestation in the mouse and are largely completed before birth 2,3. Developmental studies of the mouse inner ear are routinely conducted by harvesting transgenic embryos at different embryonic or postnatal stages to gain insight into the molecular basis of cellular and/or morphological phenotypes 4,5. We hypothesize that gene transfer to the developing mouse inner ear in utero in the context of gain- and loss-of-function studies represents a complimentary approach to traditional mouse transgenesis for the interrogation of the genetic mechanisms underlying mammalian inner ear development6.
The experimental paradigm to conduct gene misexpression studies in the developing mouse inner ear demonstrated here resolves into three general steps: 1) ventral laparotomy; 2) transuterine microinjection; and 3) in vivo electroporation. Ventral laparotomy is a mouse survival surgical technique that permits externalization of the uterus to gain experimental access to the implanted embryos7. Transuterine microinjection is the use of beveled, glass capillary micropipettes to introduce expression plasmid into the lumen of the otic vesicle or otocyst. In vivo electroporation is the application of square wave, direct current pulses to drive expression plasmid into progenitor cells8-10. 
We previously described this electroporation-based gene transfer technique and included detailed notes on each step of the protocol11. Mouse experimental embryological techniques can be difficult to learn from prose and still images alone. In the present work, we demonstrate the 3 steps in the gene transfer procedure. Most critically, we deploy digital video microscopy to show precisely how to: 1) identify embryo orientation in utero; 2) reorient embryos for targeting injections to the otocyst; 3) microinject DNA mixed with tracer dye solution into the otocyst at embryonic days 11.5 and 12.5; 4) electroporate the injected otocyst; and 5) label electroporated embryos for postnatal selection at birth. We provide representative examples of successfully transfected inner ears; a pictorial guide to the most common causes of otocyst mistargeting; discuss how to avoid common methodological errors; and present guidelines for writing an in utero gene transfer animal care protocol.

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mouse inner ear is a placode-derived sensory organ whose developmental program is elaborated during gestation. We define an in utero gene transfer technique consisting of three steps: mouse ventral laparotomy, transuterine microinjection, and in vivo electroporation. We use digital video microscopy to demonstrate the critical experimental embryological techniques.

에 의해 개발 마우스 내이 (内耳)에 진 전송<em&gt; VIVO에서</em&gt; Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and ...

신경과학

Surgical Method for Virally Mediated Gene Delivery to the Mouse Inner Ear through the Round Window Membrane

Gene therapy, used to achieve functional recovery from sensorineural deafness, promises to grant better understanding of the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms that contribute to hearing loss. Introduction of vectors into the inner ear must be done in a way that widely distributes the agent throughout the cochlea while minimizing injury to the existing structures. This manuscript describes a post-auricular surgical approach that can be used for mouse cochlear therapy using molecular, pharmacologic, and viral delivery to mice postnatal day 10 and older via the round window membrane (RWM). This surgical approach enables rapid and direct delivery into the scala tympani while minimizing blood loss and avoiding animal mortality. This technique involves negligible or no damage to essential structures of the inner and middle ear as well as neck muscles while wholly preserving hearing. To demonstrate the efficacy of this surgical technique, the vesicular glutamate transporter 3 knockout (VGLUT3 KO) mice will be used as an example of a mouse model of congenital deafness that recovers hearing after delivery of VGLUT3 to the inner ear using an adeno-associated virus (AAV-1).

The described post-auricular surgical approach allows rapid and direct delivery into the mouse cochlear scala tympani while minimizing blood loss and animal mortality. This method can be used for cochlear therapy using molecular, pharmacologic and viral delivery to postnatal mice through the round window membrane.

라운드 창 멤브레인을 통해 마우스 내부 귀에 바이러스로 매개 유전자 전달을위한 수술 방법

Gene therapy, used to achieve functional recovery from sensorineural deafness, promises to grant better understanding of the underlying molecular and ...

Direct Visualization of the Murine Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus for Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Pathway

Investigation into the use of virus-mediated gene transfer to arrest or reverse hearing loss has largely been relegated to the peripheral auditory system. Few studies have examined gene transfer to the central auditory system. The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of the brainstem, which contains second order neurons of the auditory pathway, is a potential site for gene transfer. In this protocol, a technique for direct and maximal exposure of the murine DCN via a posterior fossa approach is demonstrated. This approach allows for either acute or survival surgery. Following direct visualization of the DCN, a host of experiments are possible, including injection of opsins into the cochlear nucleus and subsequent stimulation by an optical fiber coupled to a blue light laser.&#160;Other neurophysiology experiments, such as electrical stimulation and neural injector tracings are also feasible.&#160;The level of visualization and the duration of stimulation achievable make this approach applicable to a wide range of experiments.

The goal of this protocol is to outline a surgical approach to provide direct access to the dorsal cochlear nucleus in a murine model.

청각 통로의 Optogenetic 자극에 대한 쥐의 등쪽 달팽이 핵의 직접 시각화

Investigation into the use of virus-mediated gene transfer to arrest or reverse hearing loss has largely been relegated to the peripheral auditory system. ...

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a condition that typically involves damage to or loss of the delicate mechanosensory structures of the inner ear. Sophisticated in vitro and ex vivo assays have emerged in recent years, enabling the screening of an increasing number of potentially therapeutic compounds while minimizing resources and accelerating efforts to develop cures for SNHL. Though homogenous cultures of certain cell types continue to play an important role in current research, many scientists now rely on more complex organotypic cultures of murine inner ears, also known as cochlear explants. The preservation of organized cellular structures within the inner ear facilitates the in situ evaluation of various components of the cochlear infrastructure, including inner and outer hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, neurites, and supporting cells. Here we present the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The careful preparation of these explants facilitates the identification of mechanisms that contribute to SNHL and constitutes a valuable tool for the hearing research community.

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The technique can be utilized as an in vitro screening tool in hearing research.

신생아 쥐의 달팽이관 Explant 기법으로<em&gt; 체외에서</em&gt; 청력 연구의 스크리닝 도구

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a ...

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Hearing research has long been facilitated by rodent models, although in some diseases, human symptoms cannot be recapitulated. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small, easy-to-handle New World monkey which has a similar anatomy of the temporal bone, including the middle ear ossicular chains and inner ear to humans, than in comparison with that of rodents. Here, we report a reproducible, safe, and rational surgical approach to the cochlear round window niche for the drug delivery to the inner ear of the common marmoset. We adopted posterior tympanotomy, a procedure used clinically in human surgery, to avoid manipulation of the tympanic membrane that may cause conductive hearing loss. This surgical procedure did not lead to any significant hearing loss. This approach was possible due to the large bulla structure of the common marmoset, although the lateral semicircular canal and vertical portion of the facial nerve should be carefully considered. This surgical method allows us to perform the safe and accurate administration of drugs without hearing loss, which is of great importance in obtaining pre-clinical proof of concept for translational research.

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

We report a surgical method to administrate drugs to the inner ear of a non-human primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), via the round window membrane.

비 인간 영장류 일반 비단 (Callithrix jacchus)에서 내가 의약품의 관리에 대 한 수술

Hearing research has long been facilitated by rodent models, although in some diseases, human symptoms cannot be recapitulated. The common marmoset ...

A Comparative Study of Drug Delivery Methods Targeted to the Mouse Inner Ear: Bullostomy Versus Transtympanic Injection

We present two minimally invasive microsurgical techniques in rodents for specific drug delivery into the middle ear so that it may reach the inner ear. The first procedure consists of perforation of the tympanic bulla, termed bullostomy; the second one is a transtympanic injection. Both emulate human clinical intratympanic procedures.
Chitosan-glycerophosphate (CGP) and Ringer&#180;s Lactate buffer (RL) were used as biocompatible vehicles for local drug delivery. CGP is a nontoxic biodegradable polymer widely used in pharmaceutical applications. It is a viscous liquid at RT&#160;but it congeals to a semi solid phase at body temperature. RL is an isotonic solution used for intravenous administrations in humans. A small volume of this vehicle is precisely placed on the Round Window (RW) niche by means of a bullostomy. A transtympanic injection fills the middle ear and allows less control but broader access to the inner ear.
The safety profiles of both techniques were studied and compared by using functional and morphological tests. Hearing was evaluated by registering the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) before and several times after microsurgery. The cytoarchitecture and preservation level of cochlear structures were studied by conventional histological techniques in paraformaldehyde-fixed and decalcified cochlear samples. In parallel, unfixed cochlear samples were taken and immediately frozen to analyze gene expression profiles of inflammatory markers by quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR).
Both procedures are suitable as drug delivery methods into the mouse middle ear, although transtympanic injection proved to be less invasive compared to bullostomy.

A Comparative Study of Drug Delivery Methods Targeted to the Mouse Inner Ear: Bullostomy Versus Transtympanic Injection

Two microsurgery approaches for local drug delivery to the inner ear are described here and compared in terms of impact on hearing parameters, cochlear cytoarchitecture and expression of inflammatory markers.

마우스 내부 귀를 대상으로 약물 전달 방법의 비교 연구 : Bullostomy<em&gt; 대</em&gt; Transtympanic 주입

We present two minimally invasive microsurgical techniques in rodents for specific drug delivery into the middle ear so that it may reach the inner ear. ...

생물학

Canalostomy for Local Drug Delivery into the Inner Ear of an Adult Mouse

Source: Guo, J. et al., <a href="https://app-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/v/57351">Canalostomy as a Surgical Approach to Local Drug Delivery into the Inner Ears of Adult and Neonatal Mice.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video showcases canalostomy, a procedure that allows local drug delivery into the inner ear of a mouse through the semicircular canal with minimal damage to hearing and vestibular function. This method enables the inoculation of viral vectors, pharmaceuticals, and small molecules into the mouse&#39;s inner ear.

성체 쥐의 내이(inner ear of a adult mouse)로의 국소 약물 전달을 위한 관절개술(canalostomy for local drug delivery into the inner ear of a adult mouse)

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Device ...

신생아 마우스에서 내가 유전자 납품을 위한 후부 반원의 운하 접근

요약

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