연구 자금 절약 효과 평가 프로젝트 (CEAP)에서 때문에 가능 했다. 우리는 특히 감사 사이트 액세스 권한을 생산자에서 미국 농 무부-ARS-델타 물 관리 연구 단위, Ecotoxicology 연구 시설, 아칸소 주립 대학 직원에 의해 샘플 분석 위원에서 연구 지원에 대 한. 이 연구의 일부는 ARS 참여 프로그램, 미국 에너지 부와 농 무부 사이 부처간 합의 통해 과학 교육 (ORISE)에 대 한 오크 리 지 연구소에 의해 관리 하는 약속에 의해 지원 되었다. ORISE는 DOE 계약 번호 드-AC05-06OR23100에서 ORAU에 의해 관리 됩니다. 이 문서에 모든 의견 저자의 이며 반드시 정책 및 USDA, ARS, 미상, 또는 ORAU/ORISE을 반영 하지 않습니다.

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저자는 공개 없다.

전반적으로, 양분 및 앙금의 지속적인 모니터링 잡아 샘플링 방법을 사용 하 여 모니터링 하는 여러 가지 장점이 있다. Hydrological와 물 품질 프로세스 시간의 아주 짧은 기간 동안 강우량에 의해 영향을 받습니다. 사용자는 영양분과 복잡 한 문제를 공부 하는 앙금에 높은 시간 해상도 데이터를 얻을 수 있습니다. 물 품질 같은 다른 매개 변수, 전도도, pH, 온도, 고 마, 동시에 그리고 질산염, 암모늄,...

수 질 모니터링 분수령 음모 또는 필드에서 범위 수 있습니다 기여 영역의 크기에 따라 다양 한 공간 스케일에서 오염 물질의 농도에 정보를 제공 합니다. 이 모니터링 수행 시간, 단일 이벤트, 하루, 계절, 또는 1 년의 기간 동안 됩니다. (예: 질소와 인) 영양분과 침전 물, 주로 관련 된 수 질 모니터링에서 획득 정보를 사용할 수 있습니다: 1) hydrological 프로세스와 전송 스트림, 오염 물질의 변화를 이해 등 농업 배수도 랑; 2) 양분 및 앙금 부하 감소 및 증가 수 질; 분수령에 적용 하는 관리 관행의 효율성을 평가 3) 평가 하류; 물에 침전 물과 영양분의 배달 그리고 4) 영양분과 토사는 hydrological 이해 및 물 오염 물질 수송 및 역학의 시간적, 공간적 범위 결정 하는 품질 프로세스의 모델링 개선.
이 정보는 수생 생태계 복원, 지속 가능한 계획, 및 물 자원1의 관리에 매우 중요 합니다.
가장 일반적으로 사용 되는 방법은 영양소에 대 한 그리고 침전 물 분수령에 모니터링 잡아 샘플링. 잡아 샘플링 샘플링2시 스냅숏 농도를 정확 하 게 나타냅니다. 자주 샘플링 한다면 그것 또한 시간 오염 물질 농도의 변화를 묘사할 수 있다. 그러나, 자주 샘플링은 집중 하 고 비싼, 자주 허무2그것을 만드는 시간 이다. 또한, 잡아 샘플링 아래 수 있습니다-또는 샘플링 시간2,,34외부 실제 오염 물질 농도과 대 평가. 따라서, 이러한 농도 사용 하 여 계산 하는 중 정확 하지 않을 수 있습니다.
또는 지속적인 모니터링 제공 정확 하 고 시기 적절 한 정보를 수 질 분, 시간, 또는 하루 등 미리 정해진된 시간 간격으로. 사용자는 그들의 요구에 따라 적절 한 시간 간격을 선택할 수 있습니다. 연구원, 계획자 및 관리자 샘플 컬렉션을 최적화할 수 있습니다 지속적인 모니터링 개발 하 고 모니터 시간 통합 통계, 총 최대 매일 같은 로드 (TMDLs); 평가 물 몸;의 레크리에이션 사용 평가 기준 스트림 조건; 그리고 공간 및 일시적으로 평가 원인-효과 관계를 확인 하 고 개발 관리 계획5,6에 오염 물질의 변형. 양분과 앙금의 지속적인 모니터링 최근 수신 진보로 인해 증가 관심 컴퓨팅 및 센서 기술, 저장 장치, 향상 된 용량 및 더 복잡 한 과정을 공부 하는 데 필요한 증가 데이터 요구 사항 1 , 5 , 7. 700 물 전문가의 세계적인 조사에서 sondes 여러 매개 변수를 사용 하 여 26%에서 2012 년 2002에서 61%로 증가 하 고 2022566%에 도달할 것으로 예상 된다. 같은 조사에서 응답자의 72%는 그들의 데이터에 맞게 그들의 모니터링 네트워크의 확장에 대 한 필요5필요 표시. 2012 년에 역 당 모니터링 변수의 수와 모니터링 네트워크에서 방송국의 수 20225각각 53%, 64%로 증가 예상 된다.
그러나, 지속적인 수 질 및 수량 농업 watersheds에서 모니터링 도전 이다. 큰 강 우 이벤트 침전 물 및 macrophytes, 센서 및 sondes에 높은 퇴적 부하와 파편 형성에 기여 하 고 씻어. 초과 질소와 인 농업 분야에 적용의 결선 현미경과 거시적인 생물의 성장에 대 한 그리고 특히 여름에 instream 센서와 sondes, 파울에 대 한 이상적인 조건을 만듭니다. 오염 및 침전 물 형성 실패, 드리프트, 신뢰할 수 없는 데이터를 생산 하는 센서를 발생할 수 있습니다. 이러한 어려움에도 불구 하 고 미세한 (분 당 낮은)으로 일시적인 해상도 데이터는 필요한 결선 프로세스 및 포인트 소스 오염, 공부 하 유역 특성 (예: 크기, 토양, 경사면, 등에 의해 영향을 받습니다. ) 타이밍 및 강 우7의 강도. 주의 필드 관찰, 자주 교정, 그리고 적절 한 청소 및 유지 보수는 센서와 미세한 시간 해상도 에서도 sondes에서 좋은-품질 데이터를 보장할 수 있습니다.
여기, 우리는 제자리에서 연속 다중 매개 물 품질 sondes, 지역 속도 및 압력 트랜스듀서 센서, autosamplers;을 사용 하 여 두 개의 농업 watersheds의 모니터링 하는 방법 토론 그들의 교정 및 유지 보수 분야; 그리고 데이터 처리입니다. 프로토콜에는 지속적인 수 질 모니터링 수행 될 수 있는 방법을 보여 줍니다. 프로토콜은 일반적으로 지속적인 수 질과 수량 어떤 종류 또는 크기 분수령의 모니터링에 적용 됩니다.
프로토콜은 작은 랑 유역 (HUC 080202040803, 53.4 km2 지역)에 동북 아칸소 낮은 세인트 프랜시스 분 지 (HUC 080202030801, 23.4 km2 지역)에서 실시 됐다. 이 두 watersheds 미시시피 강의 속국으로 배수. 미시시피 강의 지류를 모니터링 하기 위한 필요 더 낮은 미시시피 강 보존 위원회, 멕시코 Hypoxia 태스크 포스의 걸프 유역 관리 계획을 개발 하 고 관리 작업의 진행 상황을 기록 하 여 확인 되었다 8 , 9. 또한, 이러한 watersheds 초점 watersheds 미국 농 무부의 자연 자원 보존 서비스 (NRCS 미국 농 무부)에 의해 양분과 앙금 오염 감소에 대 한 잠재력을 기반으로 특징 수 질10개선. 가장자리의 필드 모니터링 되 고 수행 됩니다 이러한 watersheds에11주 미시시피 강 분 지 건강 한 분수령 이니셔티브 (MRBI) 네트워크 일환으로. (즉, 사이트 위치, 유역 특성, 등) watersheds의 자세한 내용은 (2017)6Aryal Reba에 제공 됩니다. 즉, 작은 강 버렸다고 분 지는 주로 갯벌 명 개 토양, 하 고 면화, 콩은 주요 작물, 반면 낮은 세인트 프랜시스 분 지는 주로 Sharkey 점토 토양, 그리고 쌀과 콩은 주요 작물. 각 유역에서 제자리에서 지속적인 물 수량 및 품질 (즉, 방전 온도, pH, 할, 탁도, 전도도, 질산염, 및 암모늄) 모니터링 실시 되었다 3 개의 역이 프로토콜을 사용 하 여 주류에서 오염 부하와 hydrological 과정에서 공간과 일시적인 가변성을 이해 합니다. 또한, 주간 물 샘플 수집 되었고 부유 토사 co에 대 한 분석ncentration입니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="812">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Multiparameter sonde</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach Hydrolab</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DS5X</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">measures temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:149px;">Area velocity flow module and sensor</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">2150</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">measures average stream velocity and flow depth, and calculates flow rate and total flow based on provided cross-section area of the ditch. Stored data can be downloaded directly to computer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Automatic portable water sampler</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">ISCO 6712</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">automatically samples water in the set interval or in conjunction with flow module and sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Pressure Transducer</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">In-situ</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Rugged Troll 100</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">measures presure, level and temperature in the water. Stored data can be directly downloaded to the computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Portable flow meter</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Flo-mate (Hach)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Marsh-McBirney 2000</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For manual discharge measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Battery, 12 v, rechargeable</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">UPG</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">UB 1270</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">To power sonde</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Battery, 12 v, rechargeable</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Interstate Batteries</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SRM 27</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Lead acid battery to power autosampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Solar panel</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Alt E</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">ALT20-12P</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">To recharge battery at the site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">C-8 batteries</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Calibration standards</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach or Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">mulitple</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Standards of pH (4,7,10), conductivity (1412 uS/cm), nitrate (5 and 50 mg/L), ammonium (5 and 50 mg/L), and turbidity (50,100,200 NTU)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">High nitrate standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">013810HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">50 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Low nitrate standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">013800HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">5 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">High ammonium standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">002588HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">50 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Low ammonium standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">002587HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">5 mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Turbidity standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>R8819050-500G</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">50 NTU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Turbidity standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>88-061-6</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">100 NTU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Turbidity standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>R8819200500 C</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">200 NTU</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Potassium chloride salt pellets</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">005376HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">to maintain electrolyte for pH electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Potassium chloride standard</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">5890-16</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">1412 us/cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Buffer solution, pH 4</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SB99-1</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">for pH sensor calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Buffer solution, pH 7</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SB108-1</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">for pH sensor calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Buffer solution, pH 10</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">SB116-1</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">for pH sensor calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Silicon sealant</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">00298HY</td>
			<td style="width:419px;">For sealing sensor battery cover water tight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">All purpose cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Sunshine Makers Inc</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Simple green</td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Wipes</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">L-bracket</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:149px;">Telsbar post</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Unistrut Service Company</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Secure sensors and sondes in the stream</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Steel wire</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">supend sonde and PT sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Carabiner</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">supend sonde and PT sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Allen wrench</td>
			<td style="width:109px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:149px;">Copper wire mesh</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Bird B Gone</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Rodent and bird control copper mesh roll</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:149px;">Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td style="width:109px;">Agri Drain Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:419px;">Tile tape, works in wet and cold weather</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

continuous instream monitoring of nutrients and sediment in agricultural watersheds

오염 물질 농도 및 watersheds 로드 시간과 공간으로 상당히 다릅니다. 수 자원 오염 물질의 크기에 대 한 정확 하 고 시기 적절 한 정보 및 결정 정보 물 자원 관리에 대 한 오염 부하의 드라이버를 이해 하기 위한 전제 조건입니다. 일반적으로 사용 되는 "샘플링 잡아" 방법 (즉, 스냅숏 농도) 샘플링 시간에 오염 물질의 농도 제공 하 고 아래 수 있습니다-또는 오염 물질 농도 및 로드 overpredict. 양분과 앙금의 지속적인 모니터링 최근 받았습니다 진보로 인해 더 많은 관심 컴퓨팅, 기술 및 저장 장치를 감지. 이 프로토콜에 센서, sondes, 계측 지속적으로 제자리에 질산염, 암모늄, 탁도, pH, 전도도, 온도 및 용 존된 산소 (DO)를 모니터링 하 고 두 개의 스트림 (도 랑)에서 부하 계산의 사용을 보여 줍니다. 2 농업 watersheds입니다. 적절 한 교정, 유지 보수, 및 센서 및 sondes 파울와 파편 형성 등 어려운 상황을 극복 하 여 좋은 수 질 데이터를 얻을 수 있습니다. 메서드 또한 다양 한 크기의 watersheds에서 사용 하 고 농업, 숲, 그리고/또한 도시 토지에 의해 특징 수 있습니다.

Aryal와 레바 (2017) 간행물에서이 프로토콜 전송 영양분과 두 개의 작은 농업 watersheds6에 앙금의 변화를 공부 하 고 사용 되었다. 이 프로토콜에서 추가 결과 아래 설명 되어 있습니다.
강 우 유출 수 질 관계:
지속적인 모니터링의 강도 15 분 데이터 (그?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds at JoVE.com

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

기술 및 최종 사용자 기대에 상승의 발전 필요 및 오염 부하 추정에 대 한 더 높은 시간 해상도 데이터의 사용 증가 했다. 이 프로토콜 연속 제자리에 수 질 모니터링 데이터를 얻기 위해 더 높은 시간 해상도 정보 물에 대 한 리소스 관리 결정 하는 방법을 설명 합니다.

연속 Instream 영양분과 농업 Watersheds에 앙금의 모니터링

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

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11.1K 조회수.  Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education (ORISE). 기술 및 최종 사용자 기대에 상승의 발전 필요 및 오염 부하 추정에 대 한 더 높은 시간 해상도 데이터의 사용 증가 했다. 이 프로토콜 연속 제자리에 수 질 모니터링 데이터를 얻기 위해 더 높은 시간 해상도 정보 물에 대 한 리소스 관리 결정 하는 방법을 설명 합니다.

비디오: Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. Radioisotope tracing is a major technique used to measure such fluxes, both within plants, and between plants and their environments. Flux data obtained with radiotracer protocols can help elucidate the capacity, mechanism, regulation, and energetics of transport systems for specific mineral nutrients or toxicants, and can provide insight into compartmentation and turnover rates of subcellular mineral and metabolite pools. Here, we describe two major radioisotope protocols used in plant biology: direct influx (DI) and compartmental analysis by tracer efflux (CATE). We focus on flux measurement of potassium (K+) as a nutrient, and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) as a toxicant, in intact seedlings of the model species barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). These protocols can be readily adapted to other experimental systems (e.g., different species, excised plant material, and other nutrients/toxicants). Advantages and limitations of these protocols are discussed.

In planta measurement of nutrient and toxicant fluxes is essential to the study of plant nutrition and toxicity. Here, we cover radiotracer protocols for influx and efflux determination in intact plant roots, using potassium (K+) and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) fluxes as examples. Advantages and limitations of such techniques are discussed.

방사성 트레이서와 식물에 미네랄 영양 성분 및 독성 물질의 플럭스를 측정

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. ...

연구

환경과학

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions

We demonstrate a method for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters while maintaining oxygen-free conditions. A simple, inexpensive system is built and can be transported to a temporary work space close to field sampling site(s) to facilitate rapid analysis. Cores are extruded into a portable glove bag, where they are sectioned and each 1-3 cm thick section (depending on core diameter) is sealed into 50 ml centrifuge tubes. Pore waters are separated with centrifugation outside of the glove bag and then returned to the glove bag for separation from the sediment. These extracted pore water samples can be analyzed immediately. Immediate analyses of redox sensitive species, such as sulfide, iron speciation, and arsenic speciation indicate that oxidation of pore waters is minimal; some samples show approximately 100% of the reduced species, e.g. 100% Fe(II) with no detectable Fe(III). Both sediment and pore water samples can be preserved to maintain chemical species for further analysis upon return to the laboratory.

A protocol for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters under anoxic conditions in order to permit analysis of redox sensitive species in both solids and fluids is presented.

무산소 조건에서 퇴적물 코어 단면과 기공 워터스의 추출

We demonstrate a method for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters while maintaining oxygen-free conditions. A simple, inexpensive system is ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

물에 농약의 모니터링을위한 특성화 및 패시브 샘플러의 응용 프로그램

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in nutrient and gas cycles. After cores with intact sediment-water interfaces are collected, they are submerged in incubation tanks and kept under aerobic conditions at in situ temperatures. To initiate a time course of overlying water chemistry, cores are sealed without bubbles using a top cap with a suspended stirrer. Time courses of 4-7 sample points are used to determine the rate of sediment water exchange. Artificial illumination simulates day-time conditions for shallow photosynthetic sediments, and in conjunction with dark incubations can provide net exchanges on a daily basis. The net measurement of N2 is made possible by sampling a time course of dissolved gas concentrations, with high precision mass spectrometric analysis of N2:Ar ratios providing a means to measure N2 concentrations. We have successfully applied this approach to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, wetlands and storm water ponds, and with care, this approach provides valuable information on biogeochemical balances in aquatic ecosystems.

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Here, we present small core incubations for the measurement of sediment-water gas and solute exchange. These will provide reliable measurements of sediment-water exchange that assess the role of sediment in influencing biological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems.

O의 저서 교환<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, N<sub&gt; 2</sub작은 코어 항온 사용&gt;와 용존 영양소

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

측정 및 토양 침식과 토양 탄산 농도 농업 관리에 관련 된 증 착 패턴 매핑

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

지속적인 문학적 품질 모니터링 Vernal 연못의 물

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

The Hawaii Protocol for Scientific Monitoring of Coffee Berry Borer: a Model for Coffee Agroecosystems Worldwide

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at capturing and quantifying the dynamics and impact of this invasive insect pest as well as the development of its host plant across a heterogeneous landscape. The cornerstone of this comprehensive monitoring system is timely georeferenced data collection on CBB movement, coffee berry infestation, mortality by the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and coffee plant phenology via a mobile electronic data recording application. This electronic data collection system allows field records to be georeferenced through built-in global positioning systems, and is backed by a network of weather stations and records of farm management practices. Comprehensive monitoring of CBB and host plant dynamics is an essential part of an area-wide project in Hawaii to aggregate landscape-level data for research to improve management practices. Coffee agroecosystems in other parts of the world that experience highly variable environmental and socioeconomic factors will also benefit from implementing this protocol, in that it will drive the development of customized integrated pest management (IPM) to manage CBB populations.

Comprehensive monitoring of coffee berry borer and host plant dynamics is essential for aggregating landscape-level data to improve management of this invasive pest. Here, we present a protocol for scientific monitoring of coffee berry borer movement, infestation, mortality, coffee plant phenology, weather, and farm management via a mobile electronic data recording application.

커피 베리 보어의 과학적 모니터링을 위한 하와이 프로토콜: 커피 Agroecosystems 전세계에 대 한 모델

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

식물 감염 테스트: 스프레이 식물 병원 체 Magnaporthe Grisea 와 상처-중재 접종

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

Denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process removing reactive nitrogen from the biosphere. The quantitative evaluation of this process has become particularly relevant for assessing the anthropogenic-altered global nitrogen cycle and the emission of greenhouse gases (i.e., N2O). Several methods are available for measuring denitrification, but none of them are completely satisfactory. Problems with existing methods include their insufficient sensitivity, and the need to modify the substrate levels or alter the physical configuration of the process using disturbed samples.This work describes a method for estimating sediment denitrification rates that combines coring, acetylene inhibition, and microsensor measurements of the accumulated N2O. The main advantages of this method are a low disturbance of the sediment structure and the collection of a continuous record of N2O accumulation; these enable estimates of reliable denitrification rates with minimum values up to 0.4-1 &#181;mol N2O m-2 h-1. The ability to manipulate key factors is an additional advantage for obtaining experimental insights. The protocol describes procedures for collecting the cores, calibrating the sensors, performing the acetylene inhibition, measuring the N2O accumulation, and calculating the denitrification rate. The method is appropriate for estimating denitrification rates in any aquatic system with retrievable sediment cores. If the N2O concentration is above the detection limit of the sensor, the acetylene inhibition step can be omitted to estimate the N2O emission instead of denitrification. We show how to estimate both actual and potential denitrification rates by increasing nitrate availability as well as the temperature dependence of the process. We illustrate the procedure using mountain lake sediments and discuss the advantages and weaknesses of the technique compared to other methods. This method can be modified for particular purposes; for instance, it can be combined with 15N tracers to assess nitrification and denitrification or field in situ measurements of denitrification rates.

Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors

This method estimates sediment denitrification rates in sediment cores using the acetylene inhibition technique and microsensor measurements of the accumulated N2O. The protocol describes procedures for collecting the cores, calibrating the sensors, performing the acetylene inhibition, measuring the N2O accumulation, and calculating the denitrification rate.

코어를 사용 하 여 N2O Microsensors 앙금 탈 질 작용 속도 추정

Denitrification is the primary biogeochemical process removing reactive nitrogen from the biosphere. The quantitative evaluation of this process has ...

Two-Dimensional Visualization and Quantification of Labile, Inorganic Plant Nutrients and Contaminants in Soil

We describe a method for two-dimensional (2D) visualization and quantification of the distribution of labile (i.e., reversibly adsorbed) inorganic nutrient (e.g., P, Fe, Mn) and contaminant (e.g., As, Cd, Pb) solute species in the soil adjacent to plant roots (the &#8216;rhizosphere&#8217;) at sub-millimeter (~100 &#181;m) spatial resolution. The method combines sink-based solute sampling by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique with spatially resolved chemical analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The DGT technique is based on thin hydrogels with homogeneously distributed analyte-selective binding phases. The variety of available binding phases allows for the preparation of different DGT gel types following simple gel fabrication procedures. For DGT gel deployment in the rhizosphere, plants are grown in flat, transparent growth containers (rhizotrons), which enable minimal invasive access to a soil-grown root system. After a pre-growth period, DGT gels are applied to selected regions of interest for in situ solute sampling in the rhizosphere. Afterwards, DGT gels are retrieved and prepared for subsequent chemical analysis of the bound solutes using LA-ICP-MS line-scan imaging. Application of internal normalization using 13C and external calibration using matrix-matched gel standards further allows for the quantification of the 2D solute fluxes. This method is unique in its capability to generate quantitative, sub-mm scale 2D images of multi-element solute fluxes in soil-plant environments, exceeding the achievable spatial resolution of other methods for measuring solute gradients in the rhizosphere substantially. We present the application and evaluation of the method for imaging multiple cationic and anionic solute species in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants and highlight the possibility of combining this method with complementary solute imaging techniques.

This protocol presents a workflow for sub-mm 2D visualization of multiple labile inorganic nutrient and contaminant solute species using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) combined with mass spectrometry imaging. Solute sampling and high-resolution chemical analysis are described in detail for quantitative mapping of solutes in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants.