저자는 NSFC WT (보조금 번호 41272368)에 QKX (보조금 번호 41630205)의 재정 지원을 인정 한다.

NOTE: The data processing procedures include: synthetic seismogram calculation, synthetic-real seismic trace correlation, and geo-body extraction. Below are the step-by-step details of each procedure.
1. Calculation of Synthetic Seismogram
<ol>
	<li>Calculate the acoustic impedance at each interval of the down-well logging curve. 
	NOTE: Acoustic impedance is the product of &#39;seismic wave velocities&#39; and &#39;density&#39; (&#961;*&#957;)). The data are often averaged to sampling intervals larger than 1 ft, in order to reduce the computation time and aliasing.</li>
	<li>Calculate the reflection coefficients (R0) at each interface by using the acoustic impedance calculation: 
	<img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930eq1.jpg" /> 
	where &#957;1 and &#957;2 are the averaged velocities of the layers below and above the interface, respectively; &#961;1 and &#961;2 are the corresponding averaged densities.
	<ol>
		<li>If the well does not intersect the igneous bodies, use nearby wells that have intersected the target rocks to obtain the parameters (velocity, density, etc.).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Chose a wavelet that has an amplitude and phase spectrum similar to that of the nearby seismic data.</li>
	<li>Convolve the synthetic wavelet with the reflection series for the entire well survey and generate a synthetic seismic trace. The final simulated seismic trace T(t) can be described by the convolutional model as below: 
	<img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930eq2.jpg" /> 
	where R0(t) is the reflection coefficient, w(t) is the wavelet and n(t) is the noise.</li>
	<li>If the frequency of the seismic data has large variations throughout the whole well, re-compute the synthetic seismic trace using a wavelet with a different phase and a dominant frequency at different depth intervals.
	<ol>
		<li>Repeat the process if the match between the synthetic trace and the seismic data is not satisfactory.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Perform the calculation with the provided software (e.g., Petrel E&#38;P Software Platform).
	<ol>
		<li>Start the software. Select File | Open Project | and then select the demo research project tlm (users can select their own desired projects). The project should contain well data, wired log, well tops, seismic cube, and interpretation surface in the research area.</li>
		<li>Click on Home | Windows | 2D Windows | 3D Windows to open two display windows to show the data sets according to user&#39;s preference.</li>
		<li>In the &#34;Wells Tree of Input Pane&#34;, right click the desired well. Open the Settings window of the well and select the Time tab to create a new time log. Select Velocity Function, then select DT data in the new time log. Click the OK button to close settings window. A new one-way time log is automatically created and will be shown in the &#34;Wells Tree of Input Pane&#34;. 
		NOTE: A one-way time log is a time-depth relationship of this well. Wired log domains can be transformed to time domains and be shown in the time domain window.</li>
		<li>Activate an existing 3D Window by clicking the displayed window. If there is no 3D Window displayed, create a new 3D Window by clicking Home | Windows | 3D Windows. Select TWT in the toolbar of the 3D Window to show the 3D Window in time domain.</li>
		<li>Select representative wired logs (such as &#39;GR&#39;, &#39;DT&#39;, or &#39;RT&#39;) in the Wells Tree to show them in the 3D Window; at the same time, select the seismic profile in the &#39;seismic&#39; tree of the &#39;input&#39; pane to show them in the same 3D Window.</li>
		<li>Use the Manipulate Plane tool in the toolbar of the 3D Window to adjust the location of the profile to intersect the well; the user will see that the wired log has been transformed to the time domain and displayed with the seismic profile in the same 3D window.</li>
		<li>Click Seismic Interpretation | Seismic Well Tie | Seismic Well Tie Process. Choose Integrated Seismic Well Tie in the type of study row, and add desired well in the Well row. Choose calibrated one-way time log as time-depth relationship in the TDR row of the input tab, choose seismic cube in the seismic row. Choose any log in the RC calculation method.</li>
		<li>Click Launch Wavelet Toolbox to create a Ricker wavelet to apply in this process. Click OK and a new well section window and synthetic seismogram display will be created.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Correlate the Synthetic Traces with the Real Seismic Reflectors
<ol>
	<li>Use an automated correlation application, like Seismic Well Tie in the platform, to adapt the resulting synthetic trace to the vertical scale of the seismic section.</li>
	<li>Adjust the synthetic seismogram to increase the overlapping of high amplitude reflectors of the synthetic trace and real trace.</li>
	<li>Adjust the synthetic seismogram and the real trace repeatedly. When the overlapping trace reaches the maximum, the interpreter has reached the &#34;best fits&#34; between the obtained synthetic seismogram and real traces.
	<ol>
		<li>Repeat the process until the correlations reach the desired level.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Perform the correlation with the provided software.
	<ol>
		<li>Activate the window created in step 1.6.3, which is the one-way time log automatically created from the acoustic log. 
		NOTE: This automatically created &#39;one-way time log&#39; is not perfectly correlated with the real seismic reflectors. The users should calibrate the correlations between the one-way time log and the real seismic reflectors.</li>
		<li>To calibrate their correlations, choose a continual and representative reflector that is intersected by the well. Then manually adjust the depth of the well log. For example, to adjust the depth of the DT log, right click the One-Way Time Log in well tree | select the Calculator tool | then add a small time increment (for example, 10 ms) by typing &#39;DT=DT+10&#39; in the input dialog of the Calculator tool.</li>
		<li>If the &#39;10 ms&#39; increment is too large or too small, change the increment to another time (can be negative value) in the &#39;calculator&#39; tool. Check the correlation between the well log and the selected seismic horizon repeatedly and then adjust the time increment repeatedly, until the correlation is perfectly calibrated.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Extraction of Basaltic Sills
<ol>
	<li>Pick 2 high-amplitude reflectors encasing the target sills. 
	NOTE: Most intrusions are expressed in seismic data as tuned reflection packages, whereby the reflections from the upper and lower intrusion contacts cannot be distinguished. Tuning occurs when the vertical intrusion thickness is between &#955;/4 and &#955;/8 (&#955; is seismic wavelength)19. Therefore, sills are shown as a set of strong reflections in the seismic section, and their apparent thickness is false.</li>
	<li>Extract probes between the horizons corresponding to the two high-amplitude reflectors. 
	NOTE: There are different tools based on the rendering technique that can help the interpreters better visualize the targets, such as &#34;box probes&#34;, &#34;surfaces probes&#34; and &#34;well probes&#34;. However, for identification of contacts between the sills and encasing strata, the best tool is &#34;surface probe&#34;. (&#34;Surface probe, etc.&#34; are terms in &#39;Petrel&#39; software. The software users should be familiar with these terms).</li>
	<li>Remove the areas surrounding the geological objects of interest by changing the Voxel connectivity opacity threshold value. Set the default threshold value to 20%. The visualization method of &#34;opacity rendering&#34; is used here to display the result of the extraction of basaltic sills ( Figure 2C). 
	NOTE: There are high amplitude reflections along the surface between igneous rock and sedimentary rock because of their significant difference in acoustic impedance. Make the low amplitude parts transparent to highlight the shape of the igneous bodies.</li>
	<li>As the value for isolation can be higher than 20 - 30%, change the value with small increments to make sure all important igneous bodies are not lost; the larger the value, the higher the risk of losing the volume of the real igneous bodies.</li>
	<li>Perform the operation with the provided software.
	<ol>
		<li>Click the Seismic Interpretation pane, click Insert a Horizon Probe. A probe will be added in the geobody interpretation probes tree of input pane. Double click the added horizon probe and a pop-up window will appear.</li>
		<li>Click the Horizons tab in the pop-up window and choose two seismic surfaces that isolate the zone of sills. Click OK to apply the operation.</li>
		<li>Check the newly added probe in the geobody interpretation probes tree shown in the input pane. A seismic cube will then appear in the 3D window.</li>
		<li>Double click the probe and choose the Opacity tab. A histogram of seismic amplitude will be shown in the tab. Use the left mouse button to draw a line in the histogram to control the opacity of the seismic cube. The low amplitude parts of the tube should be invisible and the high amplitude parts will be left.</li>
		<li>Adjust the histogram repeatedly until the desired shape of the interested geobody is achieved.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Extraction of the Feeding Conduits
<ol>
	<li>Choose continuous and high energy reflection horizons at different depths beneath the surface lava flow.</li>
	<li>Do time slicing along the selected horizons, to find out discontinuities corresponding to the vertical conduits.</li>
	<li>Adjust the Two-Way Time (TWT) repeatedly, to achieve the best imaging of the discontinuities of the conduits. 
	NOTE: Seismic data cannot image vertical structures well, so better images from amplitude volumes and variance volumes are chosen by comparing clearness at different travel times.</li>
	<li>Try different slicing techniques, and then choose which can better image the discontinuities. 
	NOTE: Different tools can be used here, such as variance body slicing. Its theoretical basis is the similarity between each seismic section and adjacent seismic traces in the seismic data. Another tool, the variance cube, is a new data body processed by the conventional seismic data, which is helpful for the identification of changes in the structure and lithology, plane combination of the fault, etc.20</li>
	<li>Plot the slices at different travel times or depths into a 3D space.</li>
	<li>Perform the operation with the provided software.
	<ol>
		<li>Double click Volume Attributes in the geophysics tree of the processes pane. Check Structural Methods in the category column and Variance in the attribute column. Select the seismic cube to input box and adjust the other parameter in the parameter tab. For better reading performance, check the box in the realize column. A variance cube is created in the seismic tree of the input pane.</li>
		<li>Right click the variance cube and click Insert Time Slice Intersection to show more horizontal intersections in the 3D window. Use the Manipulate Plane tool in the toolbar of the 3D window to adjust the location of the slices to optimize the display of conduits.</li>
		<li>Right click the seismic amplitude cube and click Insert Time Slice Intersection to show more horizontal intersections in 3D window. Do the same operation as step 4.6.2 to adjust the location of the slices to optimize the display of conduits.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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저자는 공개 없다.

여기 묻혀 있는 현무암 화산; 배관 시스템의 구조와 형태를 보여주는 2 방법 설명 하나는 불투명도 렌더링, 다른 자르는 시간 이다.
불투명도 렌더링 메서드는 연속 및 수평 인터페이스 encasing 지층과 가까운 지리적 시체에 적합 합니다. 이 방법으로, 하나는 마그마 돌출부의 3D 형태를 추출할 수 있습니다. 일반적으로, 흐름 방향 마그마 돌출부의 긴 축을 해야 합니다. 그것은 또한 표면 시야 높은 반사 계수 (R0) 있어야입니다. R0 는 인터페이스에 너무 낮은 경우에, 통역 대상 시야에 표면 프로브를 삽입 수 없습니다. 예를 들어 현무암 sills의 소닉 속도 약 5500 m/s, 그리고 탄산염 6000 m/s12의 비슷한 속도가지고. 따라서, 창문 탄산 연락처에서 반사 계수 표면 프로브에 의해 식별 너무 낮은 것입니다. 이 기술을 사용 하 여, 대상 바위의 속도의 정확한 지식이 필요 합니다. 속도 데이터는 사용할 수 없거나 제대로 예상 하지 않습니다, 경우 지진 큐브를이 방법의 응용 프로그램이 매우 제한 됩니다.
자르는 방법 시간 지리적-시체 없는 연속 및 수평 표면에 적용할 수 있습니다. 폭파 침입 (대부분의 경우에, encasing 바위 보다 더 높은) 소닉 속도 encasing 바위에서 매우 다른 경우, 통역 이미지 사이의 경계는 침입과 주변 바위를 자르는 기술 시간을 사용할 수 있습니다. 만약 벽 바위 비슷한 소닉 속도, 그것도 국가 바위에서 폭파 침입을 식별 하는 데 매우 어렵다.

퇴적 분 지에서 산업 지진 이미징 프로젝트의 대부분의 목적은 탄화수소 저수지에 대 한 탐구입니다. 최근 몇 년 동안, 탄화수소 탐험 volcanogenic 분 지의 많은 상당한 석유와 가스 저수지 때문에 폭파 바위의 다량을 포함 하는 분 지를 확장 했다. 그러나, volcanogenic 분 지에 폭파 바위의 인터페이스 때문에 지진 데이터 처리는 감소 에너지 전송, 본질적인 감쇠, 간섭 효과, 굴절, 산란1등 다양 한 침입에 의해 유도 된 과제의 일련을 제공 합니다. 따라서, 유전 회사 맞추고 있습니다 감소 등 "부정적인 영향"에 지진 이미징2,,34.
퇴적 분 지 내에서 폭파 시체 encasing 바위1,,56큰 음향 임피던스 대비로 인해 2 차원 또는 3 차원 지진 반사 영상으로 쉽게 식별 됩니다. 이 메서드는 화산 배관 시스템7,8,9,10,11,,1213의 수직 및 수평 구조의 화려한 이미지를 제공할 수 있습니다. 그러나, 표면 유황 이미징의 전략은 석유와 가스 탐사8,,1415의 매우 다릅니다. 이 연구의 몇 가지 성공 사례10,,1516외 표면 화산 산업 지진 데이터의 사용을 제한 했다. 이 문서에서 우리는 표면 화산의 해석에 대 한 사용자 지정 지진 데이터 처리, 상세한 절차 보고 합니다. 우리는 두 개의 지진 큐브, TZ47 및 YM2 처리 (그림 1), 타림 홍수 현무암17에 묻혀 폭파 시체를 시각화 하는 방법을 보여 줍니다.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">The Petrel E&#38;P software platform</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Schlumberger</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">software version:2014</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

data processing methods for 3d seismic imaging of subsurface volcanoes: applications to the tarim flood basalt

배관 시스템의 구조와 형태 분화 속도 현무암 용암의 스타일에 중요 한 정보를 제공할 수 있습니다. 표면 지 오-시체를 공부 하는 가장 강력한 방법은 산업 3D 반영 지진학 이미지를 사용 하는 것입니다. 그러나, 전략 이미지 표면 화산을 석유와 가스 저수지의 매우 다르다. 이 연구에서 우리는 타림 분 지, 중국 북부, 불투명도 렌더링 기법을 통해 욕실을 시각화 하는 방법과 시간 조각화는 도관의 이미지를 설명 하기에서 지진 데이터 큐브를 처리 합니다. 첫 번째 경우, 우리 고립 프로브 지진 시야 욕실 사이의 연락처를 표시 하 고 지층 인 지진 큐브에서 욕실 추출 불투명도 렌더링 기술을 적용. 결과 자세한 문 턱 형태학 흐름 방향으로 돔 센터에서 테두리를 보여 줍니다. 두 번째 지진 큐브 사용 하 여 시간 조각 도관, 이미지를 해당 표시 된 불연속 encasing 바위에서 하는. 시간 조각에서 다른 깊이의 집합 타림 홍수 basalts 별도 파이프 모양의 도관에 의해 먹이 중앙 화산에서 폭발을 보여줍니다.

폭파, 수평 욕실 몸과 수직 화산 도관의 2 종류를 적용 하 여 위에서 설명한 기술의 유용성을 설명 합니다. 욕실의 추출 불투명 렌더링 기술을 사용 하 여 실시 하 고 해석 화산 도관의 슬 라이 싱 기법을 사용 하 여 수행 됩니다.
욕실의 추출
산업 드릴링 우물에서 북부 타림 분 지17, Yingmai-2 지역에 많은 문 턱 교차는 하지만 욕실의 3D 배포 불분명 남아. 욕실을 해석 하기 위해 우리는이 지역에서 지진 큐브에서 3D 지진 데이터 처리 합니다. 첫째, 우리는 지진 큐브에서 sills의 존재와 관련 된 합성 seismograms 지진 횡단면 (그림 2A)와 연관 하 여 시야를 식별 합니다. 다음 우리는 욕실의 측면 범위를 제한 하려면 시야에 표면 프로브 (그림 2B)를 삽입 합니다. 마지막으로, 우리는 지진 큐브에서 욕실 (그림 2C)의 지리적 시체를 추출 하 불투명도 렌더링을 사용 합니다. 우리는 욕실 분리 된 용암 흐름 방향 임을 나타냅니다 돔 센터에서 돔 (그림 2C)의 가장자리에 원심 끝에 돌출부를 설정 발견.
화산 도관의 해석
섹션 4에에서 자세히 설명 하는 단계에 따라 우리는 원래 지진 큐브 (그림 3A)에 다른 깊이에서 6 개의 시간 조각의 얻을. 분산 체 시간 조각도 (그림 3B) 표시 됩니다. 우리는 분산에 대 한 다른 조각화 깊이 몸 시간 조각 때문에 선택이 방법의 가장 좋은 해상도 원래 지진 큐브에서 다른 깊이에서 이루어집니다. 그것은 분명는 도관 슬라이스 기법에 의해 몇 군데 될 수 있습니다.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig1.jpg"> 
그림 1: 스케치 타림 대륙의 지질 지도 홍수 현무암18 및 지진 큐브의 위치. 1. 타림 블록; 2입니다. 사막; 3. 주요 오류; 4. 홍수 현무암; 5. 지진 큐브입니다. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig2.jpg"> 
그림 2: 퇴적암 지층에 쌌 다 현무암 Sills의 지리적 시체 추출의 절차. 
A. 합성 seismogram (녹색 바는 드릴링 우물 주위)와 지진 횡단면; 사이의 상관 관계 B. 욕실;의 지평선을 따라 표면 프로브 C. 돔 센터 (그레이 스케일과 컬러); 위에 있는 욕실의 추출 된 지리적 시체 D. 시추 코어 샘플 TZ47 지역에서 전형적인 현무암. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig3.jpg"> 
그림 3: 3 차원 구조는 도관입니다. 다시 계산 된 일관 된 몸 지진 큐브 (B)와 원래 지진 큐브 (A)의 시간 조각으로 몇 군데. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭 하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt at JoVE.com

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

3 차원 (3D) 반영 지진학 표면 화산 이미징에 대 한 강력한 방법입니다. 타림 분 지에서 산업 3D 지진학 데이터를 사용 하 여 우리는 지진 데이터 큐브에서 욕실 및 표면 화산 도관을 추출 하는 방법을 보여 줍니다.

표면 화산 3 차원 지진 이미징 데이터 처리 방법: 응용 프로그램 타림 홍수 현무암을

The morphology and structure of plumbing systems can provide key information on the eruption rate and style of basalt lava fields. The most powerful way ...

data-processing-methods-for-3d-seismic-imaging-subsurface-volcanoes

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.2K 조회수.  Peking University. 3 차원 (3D) 반영 지진학 표면 화산 이미징에 대 한 강력한 방법입니다. 타림 분 지에서 산업 3D 지진학 데이터를 사용 하 여 우리는 지진 데이터 큐브에서 욕실 및 표면 화산 도관을 추출 하는 방법을 보여 줍니다.

비디오: Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail millet. Recently, the 510 Mb genome of foxtail millet, S. italica, has been sequenced 1,2 and a 25x coverage genome sequence of the weedy relative S. viridis is in progress. S. viridis has a number of characteristics that make it a potentially excellent model genetic system including a rapid generation time, small stature, simple growth requirements, prolific seed production 3 and developed systems for both transient and stable transformation 4. However, the genetics of S. viridis is largely unexplored, in part, due to the lack of detailed methods for performing crosses. To date, no standard protocol has been adopted that will permit rapid production of seeds from controlled crosses.
The protocol presented here is optimized for performing genetic crosses in S. viridis, accession A10.1. We have employed a simple heat treatment with warm water for emasculation after pruning the panicle to retain 20-30 florets and labeling of flowers to eliminate seeds resulting from newly developed flowers after emasculation. After testing a series of heat treatments at permissive temperatures and varying the duration of dipping, we have established an optimum temperature and time range of 48 &deg;C for 3-6 min. By using this method, a minimum of 15 crosses can be performed by a single worker per day and an average of 3-5 outcross progeny per panicle can be recovered. Therefore, an average of 45-75 outcross progeny can be produced by one person in a single day. Broad implementation of this technique will facilitate the development of recombinant inbred line populations of S. viridis X S. viridis or S. viridis X S. italica, mapping mutations through bulk segregant analysis and creating higher order mutants for genetic analysis.

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

We have developed a methodology for performing crosses in Setaria viridis (S. viridis). The method involves pruning the panicle prior to a hot water treatment to kill viable pollen. Crosses are performed following a well-controlled growth regime and typically result in the recovery of 1 to 7 cross-pollinated seed/s per panicle.

에 십자가를 수행하는 방법<em&gt; 강아지풀</em목초에 대한&gt;, 새로운 모델 시스템

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail ...

연구

환경과학

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences. For many scientists without formal training in atmospheric science, these techniques are relatively inaccessible. Surface renewal and other flux measurement methods require an understanding of boundary layer meteorology and extensive training in instrumentation and multiple data management programs. To improve accessibility of these techniques, we describe the underlying theory of surface renewal measurements, demonstrate how to set up a field station for surface renewal with eddy covariance calibration, and utilize our open-source turnkey data logger program to perform flux data acquisition and processing. The new turnkey program returns to the user a simple data table with the corrected fluxes and quality control parameters, and eliminates the need for researchers to shuttle between multiple processing programs to obtain the final flux data. An example of data generated from these measurements demonstrates how crop water use is measured with this technique. The output information is useful to growers for making irrigation decisions in a variety of agricultural ecosystems. These stations are currently deployed in numerous field experiments by researchers in our group and the California Department of Water Resources in the following crops: rice, wine and raisin grape vineyards, alfalfa, almond, walnut, peach, lemon, avocado, and corn.

Surface renewal is a micrometeorological method that is being used increasingly to determine energy fluxes, but its technical complexity makes it inaccessible to a broad audience. We describe the steps needed to set up and calibrate a surface renewal field station, to acquire and process data, and to correctly interpret results.

표면 갱신 : 밀도 데이터를 측정하고 처리 현장 규모 에너지 유출에 대한 고급 미기상 방법

Advanced micrometeorological methods have become  increasingly important in soil, crop, and environmental sciences.  For many scientists without formal ...

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study evaporation under various surface boundary conditions to improve our current understanding and characterization of this multiphase phenomenon as well as to validate numerical heat and mass transfer theories that couple Navier-Stokes flow in the atmosphere and Darcian flow in the porous media. Experimental data were collected using a unique soil tank apparatus interfaced with a small climate controlled wind tunnel. The experimental apparatus was instrumented with a suite of state of the art sensor technologies for the continuous and autonomous collection of soil moisture, soil thermal properties, soil and air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. This experimental apparatus can be used to generate data under well controlled boundary conditions, allowing for better control and gathering of accurate data at scales of interest not feasible in the field. Induced airflow at several distinct wind speeds over the soil surface resulted in unique behavior of heat and mass transfer during the different evaporative stages.

A protocol for the design and construction of a soil tank interfaced to a small climate controlled wind tunnel to study the effects of atmospheric forcings on evaporation is presented. Both the soil tank and wind tunnel are instrumented with sensor technologies for the continuous in situ measurement of environmental conditions.

증발에 대기 강제력의 효과를 탐구 : 대기 경계층과 얕은 표면 하의의 실험 통합

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study ...

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC) pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. The methodology provided in this paper allows for an assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to EDC removal.

폐수 처리 프로세스의 효능의 평가를위한 화학 및 생체 독성 방법의 배터리를 사용하면 에스트로겐 효능을 제거하는 방법

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and estimating fish abundance. We developed and implemented a rotating stereo-video camera tool that covers a full 360 degrees of sampling, which maximizes sampling effort compared to stationary camera tools. A variety of studies have detailed the ability of static, stereo-camera systems to obtain highly accurate and precise measurements of fish; the focus here was on the development of methodological approaches to quantify fish density using rotating camera systems. The first approach was to develop a modification of the metric MaxN, which typically is a conservative count of the minimum number of fish observed on a given camera survey. We redefine MaxN to be the maximum number of fish observed in any given rotation of the camera system. When precautions are taken to avoid double counting, this method for MaxN may more accurately reflect true abundance than that obtained from a fixed camera. Secondly, because stereo-video allows fish to be mapped in three-dimensional space, precise estimates of the distance-from-camera can be obtained for each fish. By using the 95% percentile of the observed distance from camera to establish species-specific areas surveyed, we account for differences in detectability among species while avoiding diluting density estimates by using the maximum distance a species was observed. Accounting for this range of detectability is critical to accurately estimate fish abundances. This methodology will facilitate the integration of rotating stereo-video tools in both applied science and management contexts.

We describe a new method for counting fishes, and estimating relative abundance (MaxN) and fish density using rotating stereo-video camera systems. We also demonstrate how to use distance from camera (Z distance) to estimate species-specific detectability.

수 중 스테레오 비디오 도구를 사용 하 여 물고기 밀도 측정을 위한 새로운 방법의 개발

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

먼지가 충전 및 자외선 또는 플라즈마에 노출 표면에 동원의 실험 방법

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Heteropteran insects such as assassin bugs (Reduviidae) and giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) descended from a common predaceous and venomous ancestor, and the majority of extant heteropterans retain this trophic strategy. Some heteropterans have transitioned to feeding on vertebrate blood (such as the kissing bugs, Triatominae; and bed bugs, Cimicidae) while others have reverted to feeding on plants (most Pentatomomorpha). However, with the exception of saliva used by kissing bugs to facilitate blood-feeding, little is known about heteropteran venoms compared to the venoms of spiders, scorpions and snakes.
One obstacle to the characterization of heteropteran venom toxins is the structure and function of the venom/labial glands, which are both morphologically complex and perform multiple biological roles (defense, prey capture, and extra-oral digestion). In this article, we describe three methods we have successfully used to collect heteropteran venoms. First, we present electrostimulation as a convenient way to collect venom that is often lethal when injected into prey animals, and which obviates contamination by glandular tissue. Second, we show that gentle harassment of animals is sufficient to produce venom extrusion from the proboscis and/or venom spitting in some groups of heteropterans. Third, we describe methods to harvest venom toxins by dissection of anaesthetized animals to obtain the venom glands. This method is complementary to other methods, as it may allow harvesting of toxins from taxa in which electrostimulation and harassment are ineffective. These protocols will enable researchers to harvest toxins from heteropteran insects for structure-function characterization and possible applications in medicine and agriculture.

Although many insects in the suborder Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) are venomous, their venom composition and the functions of their venom toxins are mostly unknown. This protocol describes methods to harvest heteropteran venoms for further characterization, using electrostimulation, harassment, and gland dissection.

독 독 소 암살자 버그와 다른 Heteropteran 곤충에서 수확

Heteropteran insects such as assassin bugs (Reduviidae) and giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) descended from a common predaceous and venomous ancestor, ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

구성 및 다른 환경 조건에서 Bioaerosols의 유통 분석

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

Processing Embryo, Eggshell, and Fungal Culture for Scanning Electron Microscopy

Although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is being widely used for the ultra-structural analysis of various biological and non-biological samples, methods involved in processing different biological samples involve unique practices. All conventional practices described in the literature for processing samples still find useful applications, but subtle changes in the sample preparation can alter image quality, as well as, introduce artifacts. Hence, using a unique sample preparation technique specific to the type of tissue analyzed is required to obtain a good quality image with ultrastructural resolution. The focus of this study is to provide the optimal sample preparation protocols for imaging embryos, rigid eggshells, and fungal cultures using SEM. The following optimizations were recommended to yield good results for the three different delicate biological samples studied. Use of milder fixatives like 4% paraformaldehyde or 3% glutaraldehyde followed by dehydration with ethanol series is mandatory. Fungal mycelium on agar blocks obtained by slide cultures yields a better ultrastructural integrity compared to cultures taken directly from agar plates. Chemical drying of embryos with HMDS provides drying without introducing surface tension artifacts compared to critical point drying. HMDS prevents cracking caused by shrinkage as samples are less brittle during drying. However, for fungal culture, critical point drying provides acceptable image quality compared to chemical drying. Eggshells can be imaged with no special preparation steps except for thorough washing and air drying prior to mounting. Preparation methodologies were standardized based on acceptable image quality obtained with each trial.&#160;

Here, we present detailed processing protocols for imaging delicate tissue samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three different processing methods, namely, hexamethyl disilazana (HMDS) chemical drying, simple air drying, and critical point drying are described for preparing rigid eggshells, embryos at early developmental stages, and fungal cultures respectively.

전자 현미경 검사법을 검사하기위한 배아, 달걀 껍질 및 곰팡이 배양 처리

Although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is being widely used for the ultra-structural analysis of various biological and non-biological samples, ...