Die Autoren erkennen die finanzielle Unterstützung der NSFC, WT (Grant Nr. 41272368) und QKX (Grant Nr. 41630205).

NOTE: The data processing procedures include: synthetic seismogram calculation, synthetic-real seismic trace correlation, and geo-body extraction. Below are the step-by-step details of each procedure.
1. Calculation of Synthetic Seismogram
<ol>
	<li>Calculate the acoustic impedance at each interval of the down-well logging curve. 
	NOTE: Acoustic impedance is the product of &#39;seismic wave velocities&#39; and &#39;density&#39; (&#961;*&#957;)). The data are often averaged to sampling intervals larger than 1 ft, in order to reduce the computation time and aliasing.</li>
	<li>Calculate the reflection coefficients (R0) at each interface by using the acoustic impedance calculation: 
	<img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930eq1.jpg" /> 
	where &#957;1 and &#957;2 are the averaged velocities of the layers below and above the interface, respectively; &#961;1 and &#961;2 are the corresponding averaged densities.
	<ol>
		<li>If the well does not intersect the igneous bodies, use nearby wells that have intersected the target rocks to obtain the parameters (velocity, density, etc.).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Chose a wavelet that has an amplitude and phase spectrum similar to that of the nearby seismic data.</li>
	<li>Convolve the synthetic wavelet with the reflection series for the entire well survey and generate a synthetic seismic trace. The final simulated seismic trace T(t) can be described by the convolutional model as below: 
	<img alt="Equation" src="/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930eq2.jpg" /> 
	where R0(t) is the reflection coefficient, w(t) is the wavelet and n(t) is the noise.</li>
	<li>If the frequency of the seismic data has large variations throughout the whole well, re-compute the synthetic seismic trace using a wavelet with a different phase and a dominant frequency at different depth intervals.
	<ol>
		<li>Repeat the process if the match between the synthetic trace and the seismic data is not satisfactory.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Perform the calculation with the provided software (e.g., Petrel E&#38;P Software Platform).
	<ol>
		<li>Start the software. Select File | Open Project | and then select the demo research project tlm (users can select their own desired projects). The project should contain well data, wired log, well tops, seismic cube, and interpretation surface in the research area.</li>
		<li>Click on Home | Windows | 2D Windows | 3D Windows to open two display windows to show the data sets according to user&#39;s preference.</li>
		<li>In the &#34;Wells Tree of Input Pane&#34;, right click the desired well. Open the Settings window of the well and select the Time tab to create a new time log. Select Velocity Function, then select DT data in the new time log. Click the OK button to close settings window. A new one-way time log is automatically created and will be shown in the &#34;Wells Tree of Input Pane&#34;. 
		NOTE: A one-way time log is a time-depth relationship of this well. Wired log domains can be transformed to time domains and be shown in the time domain window.</li>
		<li>Activate an existing 3D Window by clicking the displayed window. If there is no 3D Window displayed, create a new 3D Window by clicking Home | Windows | 3D Windows. Select TWT in the toolbar of the 3D Window to show the 3D Window in time domain.</li>
		<li>Select representative wired logs (such as &#39;GR&#39;, &#39;DT&#39;, or &#39;RT&#39;) in the Wells Tree to show them in the 3D Window; at the same time, select the seismic profile in the &#39;seismic&#39; tree of the &#39;input&#39; pane to show them in the same 3D Window.</li>
		<li>Use the Manipulate Plane tool in the toolbar of the 3D Window to adjust the location of the profile to intersect the well; the user will see that the wired log has been transformed to the time domain and displayed with the seismic profile in the same 3D window.</li>
		<li>Click Seismic Interpretation | Seismic Well Tie | Seismic Well Tie Process. Choose Integrated Seismic Well Tie in the type of study row, and add desired well in the Well row. Choose calibrated one-way time log as time-depth relationship in the TDR row of the input tab, choose seismic cube in the seismic row. Choose any log in the RC calculation method.</li>
		<li>Click Launch Wavelet Toolbox to create a Ricker wavelet to apply in this process. Click OK and a new well section window and synthetic seismogram display will be created.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Correlate the Synthetic Traces with the Real Seismic Reflectors
<ol>
	<li>Use an automated correlation application, like Seismic Well Tie in the platform, to adapt the resulting synthetic trace to the vertical scale of the seismic section.</li>
	<li>Adjust the synthetic seismogram to increase the overlapping of high amplitude reflectors of the synthetic trace and real trace.</li>
	<li>Adjust the synthetic seismogram and the real trace repeatedly. When the overlapping trace reaches the maximum, the interpreter has reached the &#34;best fits&#34; between the obtained synthetic seismogram and real traces.
	<ol>
		<li>Repeat the process until the correlations reach the desired level.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Perform the correlation with the provided software.
	<ol>
		<li>Activate the window created in step 1.6.3, which is the one-way time log automatically created from the acoustic log. 
		NOTE: This automatically created &#39;one-way time log&#39; is not perfectly correlated with the real seismic reflectors. The users should calibrate the correlations between the one-way time log and the real seismic reflectors.</li>
		<li>To calibrate their correlations, choose a continual and representative reflector that is intersected by the well. Then manually adjust the depth of the well log. For example, to adjust the depth of the DT log, right click the One-Way Time Log in well tree | select the Calculator tool | then add a small time increment (for example, 10 ms) by typing &#39;DT=DT+10&#39; in the input dialog of the Calculator tool.</li>
		<li>If the &#39;10 ms&#39; increment is too large or too small, change the increment to another time (can be negative value) in the &#39;calculator&#39; tool. Check the correlation between the well log and the selected seismic horizon repeatedly and then adjust the time increment repeatedly, until the correlation is perfectly calibrated.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Extraction of Basaltic Sills
<ol>
	<li>Pick 2 high-amplitude reflectors encasing the target sills. 
	NOTE: Most intrusions are expressed in seismic data as tuned reflection packages, whereby the reflections from the upper and lower intrusion contacts cannot be distinguished. Tuning occurs when the vertical intrusion thickness is between &#955;/4 and &#955;/8 (&#955; is seismic wavelength)19. Therefore, sills are shown as a set of strong reflections in the seismic section, and their apparent thickness is false.</li>
	<li>Extract probes between the horizons corresponding to the two high-amplitude reflectors. 
	NOTE: There are different tools based on the rendering technique that can help the interpreters better visualize the targets, such as &#34;box probes&#34;, &#34;surfaces probes&#34; and &#34;well probes&#34;. However, for identification of contacts between the sills and encasing strata, the best tool is &#34;surface probe&#34;. (&#34;Surface probe, etc.&#34; are terms in &#39;Petrel&#39; software. The software users should be familiar with these terms).</li>
	<li>Remove the areas surrounding the geological objects of interest by changing the Voxel connectivity opacity threshold value. Set the default threshold value to 20%. The visualization method of &#34;opacity rendering&#34; is used here to display the result of the extraction of basaltic sills ( Figure 2C). 
	NOTE: There are high amplitude reflections along the surface between igneous rock and sedimentary rock because of their significant difference in acoustic impedance. Make the low amplitude parts transparent to highlight the shape of the igneous bodies.</li>
	<li>As the value for isolation can be higher than 20 - 30%, change the value with small increments to make sure all important igneous bodies are not lost; the larger the value, the higher the risk of losing the volume of the real igneous bodies.</li>
	<li>Perform the operation with the provided software.
	<ol>
		<li>Click the Seismic Interpretation pane, click Insert a Horizon Probe. A probe will be added in the geobody interpretation probes tree of input pane. Double click the added horizon probe and a pop-up window will appear.</li>
		<li>Click the Horizons tab in the pop-up window and choose two seismic surfaces that isolate the zone of sills. Click OK to apply the operation.</li>
		<li>Check the newly added probe in the geobody interpretation probes tree shown in the input pane. A seismic cube will then appear in the 3D window.</li>
		<li>Double click the probe and choose the Opacity tab. A histogram of seismic amplitude will be shown in the tab. Use the left mouse button to draw a line in the histogram to control the opacity of the seismic cube. The low amplitude parts of the tube should be invisible and the high amplitude parts will be left.</li>
		<li>Adjust the histogram repeatedly until the desired shape of the interested geobody is achieved.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Extraction of the Feeding Conduits
<ol>
	<li>Choose continuous and high energy reflection horizons at different depths beneath the surface lava flow.</li>
	<li>Do time slicing along the selected horizons, to find out discontinuities corresponding to the vertical conduits.</li>
	<li>Adjust the Two-Way Time (TWT) repeatedly, to achieve the best imaging of the discontinuities of the conduits. 
	NOTE: Seismic data cannot image vertical structures well, so better images from amplitude volumes and variance volumes are chosen by comparing clearness at different travel times.</li>
	<li>Try different slicing techniques, and then choose which can better image the discontinuities. 
	NOTE: Different tools can be used here, such as variance body slicing. Its theoretical basis is the similarity between each seismic section and adjacent seismic traces in the seismic data. Another tool, the variance cube, is a new data body processed by the conventional seismic data, which is helpful for the identification of changes in the structure and lithology, plane combination of the fault, etc.20</li>
	<li>Plot the slices at different travel times or depths into a 3D space.</li>
	<li>Perform the operation with the provided software.
	<ol>
		<li>Double click Volume Attributes in the geophysics tree of the processes pane. Check Structural Methods in the category column and Variance in the attribute column. Select the seismic cube to input box and adjust the other parameter in the parameter tab. For better reading performance, check the box in the realize column. A variance cube is created in the seismic tree of the input pane.</li>
		<li>Right click the variance cube and click Insert Time Slice Intersection to show more horizontal intersections in the 3D window. Use the Manipulate Plane tool in the toolbar of the 3D window to adjust the location of the slices to optimize the display of conduits.</li>
		<li>Right click the seismic amplitude cube and click Insert Time Slice Intersection to show more horizontal intersections in 3D window. Do the same operation as step 4.6.2 to adjust the location of the slices to optimize the display of conduits.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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Die Autoren haben nichts preisgeben.

Hier zeigen wir 2 Methoden für die Darstellung der Morphologie und Struktur des Sanitärsystems begraben basaltischen Vulkane; Deckkraft rendern, das andere ist an der Zeit schneiden.
Die Deckkraft-Rendering-Methode eignet sich für Geo-Körpern, die kontinuierliche und in der Nähe von horizontalen Schnittstellen mit den Maschinenkapselung Schichten haben. Mit dieser Methode können die 3D Morphologie der Magma Lappen extrahiert werden. Normalerweise sollte die Fließrichtungen entlang der Längsachse der Magma Lappen. Es ist auch wichtig, dass die Oberfläche Horizonte hohe Reflexion Koeffizienten (R0). Wenn R0 an der Schnittstelle zu niedrig ist, werden Dolmetscher nicht Oberfläche Sonden, um die Ziel-Horizonte einfügen können. Zum Beispiel Schallgeschwindigkeit von Basalt Fensterbänke ist rund 5500 m/s, und Carbonate haben ähnliche Geschwindigkeit von 6.000 m/s12. Somit wäre der Reflexionsgrad auf der Fensterbank-Karbonat-Kontakte zu niedrig, um durch Oberfläche Sonden identifiziert werden. Wenn Sie diese Technik verwenden, ist die genaue Kenntnis der Geschwindigkeiten der Felsen Ziel erforderlich. Wenn die Geschwindigkeitsdaten nicht verfügbar oder nicht richtig geschätzt sind, werden Anwendung dieser Methode auf seismische Cubes sehr begrenzt.
Die Zeit schneiden Methode kann Geo-Einrichtungen anwenden, die keine kontinuierlichen und horizontalen Oberflächen haben. Wenn der magmatischen Intrusionen haben sonic Geschwindigkeiten sehr verschieden von dem Maschinenkapselung Felsen (in den meisten Fällen höher als die Maschinenkapselung Rock), Dolmetscher der Zeit schneiden Technik können die Grenzen zwischen dem Eindringen und den umliegenden Felsen Bild. Wenn die Wand Rock ähnliche sonic Geschwindigkeiten haben, ist es auch sehr schwierig, die magmatischen Intrusionen von den Land-Felsen zu identifizieren.

Der Großteil der seismischen bildgebenden Industrieprojekte in Sedimentbecken soll für Kohlenwasserstoff-Lagerstätten zu erkunden. In den letzten Jahren expandierte Kohlenwasserstoffexploration, Becken, große Mengen von magmatischen Gesteinen enthalten, weil viele der volcanogenic Becken beträchtliche Öl- und Gaslagerstätten. Jedoch wegen der Schnittstelle von magmatischen Gesteinen in den volcanogenic Becken präsentiert seismische Datenverarbeitung eine Reihe von Herausforderungen, die durch verschiedene Eingriffe, wie reduzierte Energieübertragung, innere Dämpfung, Interferenzeffekte, Brechung und Streuung1induziert. Daher fokussieren Ölfeld Unternehmen ihre Anstrengungen auf die Verringerung einer "negativen Auswirkungen" auf seismische bildgebenden2,3,4.
Magmatische Gremien Sedimentbecken sind leicht erkennbar durch zwei dimensionale oder 3D reflexionsseismischen Bildgebung durch den großen akustische Impedanz Kontrast mit dem Maschinenkapselung Felsen1,5,6. Diese Methode bieten spektakuläre Bilder sowohl horizontale als auch vertikale Strukturen der vulkanischen Sanitär Systeme7,8,9,10,11,12,13. Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Strategien von imaging-Untergrund Vulkane sehr von der Öl- und Gasindustrie Erkundungen8,14,15. Dies hat die Verwendung von industriellen seismischen Daten in Studien der unterirdischen Vulkane, abgesehen von wenigen erfolgreichen Fällen10,15,16beschränkt. In diesem Beitrag berichten wir über Modalitäten der seismischen Datenverarbeitung, die für die Interpretation der unterirdischen Vulkane angepasst sind. Wir verarbeiten zwei seismische Würfel, TZ47 und YM2 (Abbildung 1), zeigen, wie man die vergrabenen magmatischen Körper im Tarim Flut Basalt17zu visualisieren.

<table><tbody><tr><td>The Petrel E&amp;amp;P software platform</td><td>Schlumberger</td><td></td><td>software version:2014</td></tr></tbody></table>

data processing methods for 3d seismic imaging of subsurface volcanoes: applications to the tarim flood basalt

Die Morphologie und Struktur von Sanitärsystemen bieten wichtigen Informationen über den Ausbruch-Rate und Stil der Basalt-Lava-Felder. Die leistungsfähigste Weise, Untergrundes Geo-Einrichtungen zu studieren ist, industrielle 3D Reflexion seismologischen Bildgebung zu verwenden. Strategien zur Bild-Untergrund-Vulkane sind jedoch sehr verschieden von dem von Öl und Gas-Reservoirs. In dieser Studie verarbeiten wir seismische Datenwürfel aus dem nördlichen Tarim-Becken, China, wie Schweller durch Deckkraft-Rendering-Techniken zu visualisieren und die Leitungen von Time-slicing Bild veranschaulichen. Im ersten Fall isoliert wir Sonden durch die seismischen Horizonte markieren die Kontakte zwischen Schweller und umschließt Schichten, Deckkraft Rendering Techniken um Fensterbänke aus dem seismischen Cube zu extrahieren. Die daraus resultierende detaillierte Schweller Morphologie zeigt, dass die Fließrichtung von der Mitte der Kuppel bis zum Rand. Im zweiten seismische Cube verwenden wir Zeitscheiben um die Conduits Bild markierten Diskontinuitäten in den Maschinenkapselung Felsen entspricht. Eine Reihe von Zeitscheiben erhalten in verschiedenen Tiefen zeigen, dass die Tarim Flutbasalte aus zentralen Vulkane, separates Rohr-ähnliche Leitungen gespeist ausgebrochen.

Wir zeigen die Nützlichkeit der Techniken, die oben beschrieben werden, indem sie auf 2 Arten von magmatischen Körper, horizontale Schweller und vertikale vulkanischen Leitungen. Extraktion der Schwellen erfolgt mithilfe der undurchsichtigen Rendering-Technik und Auslegung der vulkanischen Leitung erfolgt durch slicing-Technik.
Gewinnung von Schwellen
Industrielle bohrende Brunnen haben viele Schwellen im Bereich Yingmai-2 aus dem nördlichen Tarim-Becken17geschnitten, aber die 3D Verteilung der Schwellen bleibt unklar. Um die Fensterbänke zu interpretieren, verarbeiten wir 3D seismische Daten aus einem seismischen Cube in diesem Bereich. Erstens, identifizieren wir den Horizont im Zusammenhang mit der Präsenz der Schwellen in den seismischen Cube durch Korrelation der synthetische Seismogramme mit seismischen Querschnitten (Abbildung 2A). Dann stecken wir Oberfläche Sonden (Abb. 2 b) den Horizont um die seitliche Ausdehnung der Schwellen zu beschränken. Schließlich verwenden wir Deckkraft rendern, um die Geo-Einrichtungen der Schweller (Abbildung 2) aus dem seismischen Cube zu extrahieren. Wir finden, dass die Fensterbänke getrennt Lava Lappen am distalen Ende wiederum gibt an, dass die Flussrichtung von der Kuppel-Mitte bis zum Rand der Kuppel (Abbildung 2).
Interpretation der vulkanischen conduit
Im Anschluss an die in Abschnitt 4 beschriebenen Schritte erhalten wir sechs Zeitscheiben in verschiedenen Tiefen im original seismische Würfel (Abb. 3A). Varianz Körper Zeitscheiben werden ebenfalls angezeigt (Abb. 3 b). Wir wählen verschiedene slicing tiefen für die Varianz Körper Zeitscheiben, weil die beste Auflösung dieser Methode in einer Tiefe, die anders als in der ursprünglichen seismische Würfel erreicht wird. Es ist klar, dass die Leitungen mit der Zeit schneiden Technik abgebildet werden können.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig1.jpg"> 
Abbildung 1: Skizze geologische Karte des Tarim Continental Basalt18 und die Lage der seismischen Würfel zu überfluten. (1) Tarim Block; (2) Wüste; 3. große Fehler; (4) Flut Basalt; (5) seismische Würfel. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier für eine größere Version dieser Figur.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig2.jpg"> 
Abbildung 2: Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Geo-Einrichtungen der Basalt Fensterbänke in sedimentären Schichten umhüllt. 
A. Korrelation zwischen der synthetischen Seismogramm (grüne Balken rund um das Bohren gut) und der seismischen Querschnitt; B. Oberfläche Sonden entlang des Horizonts der Schweller; C. die extrahierten Geo-Einrichtungen der Fensterbänke, liegt oberhalb der Kuppel-Mitte (gefärbt mit Graustufen); D. eine typische auswarfen Bohrung Bohrkern aus dem TZ47-Bereich. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier für eine größere Version dieser Figur.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig3.jpg"> 
Abbildung 3: Dreidimensionale Struktur des Conduits. Durch Zeitscheibe des ursprünglichen seismische Würfels (A) und von den neu berechneten kohärentes seismische Würfel (B) abgebildet. <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55930/55930fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier für eine größere Version dieser Figur.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt at JoVE.com

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

Dreidimensionale (3D) Reflexion Seismologie ist eine leistungsfähige Methode für imaging unterirdischen Vulkane. Mithilfe von industriellen 3D seismologischen Daten aus der Tarim-Becken, veranschaulichen wir die Fensterbänke und die Leitungen der unterirdischen Vulkane aus seismischen Datenwürfel zu extrahieren.

Datenverarbeitung für seismische 3D-Bildgebung der unterirdischen Vulkane: Anwendungen der Tarim Flut Basalt

The morphology and structure of plumbing systems can provide key information on the eruption rate and style of basalt lava fields. The most powerful way ...

data-processing-methods-for-3d-seismic-imaging-subsurface-volcanoes

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.2K Aufrufe.  Peking University. Dreidimensionale (3D) Reflexion Seismologie ist eine leistungsfähige Methode für imaging unterirdischen Vulkane. Mithilfe von industriellen 3D seismologischen Daten aus der Tarim-Becken, veranschaulichen wir die Fensterbänke und die Leitungen der unterirdischen Vulkane aus seismischen Datenwürfel zu extrahieren.

Serie: Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

High-Speed-Particle Image Velocimetry Nahe Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Forschung

Ingenieurwesen

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

A method is described which uses the absence of radiocarbon in industrial chemicals and fuels made from petroleum feedstocks which frequently contaminate the environment. This radiocarbon signal &#8212; or rather the absence of signal &#8212; is evenly distributed throughout a contaminant source pool (unlike an added tracer) and is not impacted by biological, chemical or physical processes (e.g., the 14C radioactive decay rate is immutable). If the fossil-derived contaminant is fully degraded to CO2, a harmless end-product, that CO2 will contain no radiocarbon. CO2 derived from natural organic matter (NOM) degradation will reflect the NOM radiocarbon content (usually &#60;30,000 years old). Given a known radiocarbon content for NOM (a site background), a two end-member mixing model can be used to determine the CO2 derived from a fossil source in a given soil gas or groundwater sample. Coupling the percent CO2 derived from the contaminant with the CO2 respiration rate provides an estimate for the total amount of contaminant degraded per unit time. Finally, determining a zone of influence (ZOI) representing the volume from which site CO2 is collected allows determining the contaminant degradation per unit time and volume. Along with estimates for total contaminant mass, this can ultimately be used to calculate time-to-remediate or otherwise used by site managers for decision-making.

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

A protocol is described wherein CO2 mineralized from organic contaminant (derived from petroleum feedstocks) biodegradation is trapped, quantified, and analyzed for 14C content. A model is developed to determine CO2 capture zone's spatial extent. Spatial and temporal measurements allow integrating contaminant mineralization rates for predicting remediation extent and time.

Messen auf Kohlenstoffbasis Contaminant Mineralisation mit kombinierten CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Flux und Radiokarbon-Analysen

A method is described which uses the absence of radiocarbon in industrial chemicals and fuels made from petroleum feedstocks which frequently contaminate ...

Umwelt

Extracting Metrics for Three-dimensional Root Systems: Volume and Surface Analysis from In-soil X-ray Computed Tomography Data

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to climate change and crop management. Quantitative size information on roots in their native environment is invaluable for studying root growth and environmental processes involving plants. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for in situ root scanning and analysis. We aimed to develop a costless and efficient tool that approximates the surface and volume of the root regardless of its shape from three-dimensional (3D) tomography data. The root structure of a Prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) specimen was imaged using XCT. The root was reconstructed, and the primary root structure was extracted from the data using a combination of licensed and open-source software. An isosurface polygonal mesh was then created for ease of analysis. We have developed the standalone application imeshJ, generated in MATLAB1, to calculate root volume and surface area from the mesh. The outputs of imeshJ are surface area (in mm2) and the volume (in mm3). The process, utilizing a unique combination of tools from imaging to quantitative root analysis, is described. A combination of XCT and open-source software proved to be a powerful combination to noninvasively image plant root samples, segment root data, and extract quantitative information from the 3D data. This methodology of processing 3D data should be applicable to other material/sample systems where there is connectivity between components of similar X-ray attenuation and difficulties arise with segmentation.

A methodology for obtaining visual and quantitative root structure information from X-ray computed tomography data acquired in-soil is presented.

Extrahieren von Metriken für die dreidimensionale Wurzelsysteme: Volumen und Oberflächenanalyse von In-Boden Röntgen Computertomographie Daten

Plant roots play a critical role in plant-soil-microbe interactions that occur in the rhizosphere, as well as processes with important implications to ...

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space of a carbonate rock at pressures and temperatures representative of typical formations used for CO2 storage. Chemical equilibrium between the CO2, brine and rock phases was maintained using a high pressure high temperature reactor, replicating conditions far away from the injection site. Fluid flow was controlled using high pressure high temperature syringe pumps. To maintain representative in-situ conditions within the micro-CT scanner a carbon fiber high pressure micro-CT coreholder was used. Diffusive CO2 exchange across the confining sleeve from the pore-space of the rock to the confining fluid was prevented by surrounding the core with a triple wrap of aluminum foil. Reconstructed brine contrast was modeled using a polychromatic x-ray source, and brine composition was chosen to maximize the three phase contrast between the two fluids and the rock. Flexible flow lines were used to reduce forces on the sample during image acquisition, potentially causing unwanted sample motion, a major shortcoming in previous techniques. An internal thermocouple, placed directly adjacent to the rock core, coupled with an external flexible heating wrap and a PID controller was used to maintain a constant temperature within the flow cell. Substantial amounts of CO2 were trapped, with a residual saturation of 0.203 &#177; 0.013, and the sizes of larger volume ganglia obey power law distributions, consistent with percolation theory.

We present a methodology for the imaging of multiple fluid phases at reservoir conditions by the use of x-ray microtomography. We show some representative results of capillary trapping in a carbonate rock sample.

Reservoir Zustand Pore angelegte Imaging von mehreren fluiden Phasen Mit Hilfe der Röntgenmikrotomographie

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space ...

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data acquisition times with high spatial resolution. In the electronics industry there is serious interest in performing failure analysis on 3D microelectronic packages, many which contain multiple levels of high-density interconnections. Often in tomography there is a trade-off between image resolution and the volume of a sample that can be imaged. This inverse relationship limits the usefulness of conventional computed tomography (CT) systems since a microelectronic package is often large in cross sectional area 100-3,600 mm2, but has important features on the micron scale. The micro-tomography beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), in Berkeley, CA USA, has a setup which is adaptable and can be tailored to a sample&#39;s properties, i.e., density, thickness, etc., with a maximum allowable cross-section of 36 x 36 mm. This setup also has the option of being either monochromatic in the energy range ~7-43 keV or operating with maximum flux in white light mode using a polychromatic beam. Presented here are details of the experimental steps taken to image an entire 16 x 16 mm system within a package, in order to obtain 3D images of the system with a spatial resolution of 8.7 &#181;m all within a scan time of less than 3 min. Also shown are results from packages scanned in different orientations and a sectioned package for higher resolution imaging. In contrast a conventional CT system would take hours to record data with potentially poorer resolution. Indeed, the ratio of field-of-view to throughput time is much higher when using the synchrotron radiation tomography setup. The description below of the experimental setup can be implemented and adapted for use with many other multi-materials.

For this study synchrotron radiation micro-tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is employed to investigate an entire microelectronic package with a cross-sectional area of 16 x 16 mm. Due to the synchrotron&#39;s high flux and brightness the sample was imaged in just 3 min&#160;with an 8.7 &#181;m spatial resolution.

Mit Synchrotronstrahlung Mikrotomographie Mehrskalige Dreidimensionale Mikroelektronische Bauteile zur Untersuchung

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data ...

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve geologic seals and allow CO2 to escape. However, the dissolution processes at reservoir conditions are poorly understood. Thus, time-resolved experiments are needed to observe and predict the nature and rate of dissolution at the pore scale. Synchrotron fast tomography is a method of taking high-resolution time-resolved images of complex pore structures much more quickly than traditional &#181;-CT. The Diamond Lightsource Pink Beam was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 hours. The images were segmented and the porosity and permeability were measured using image analysis and network extraction. Porosity increased uniformly along the length of the sample; however, the rate of increase of both porosity and permeability slowed at later times.

Synchrotron fast tomography was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 h.

Dynamische Pore-Skala Reservoir-Zustand Abbildung von Reaktions in Karbonate mit Synchrotronstrahlung Schnelle Tomography

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve ...

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

An experimental method is presented in this paper to facilitate visualization of the detailed flow fields and determination of the near-boundary shear and normal stresses within an equilibrium scour hole induced by a vibrating pipeline. This method involves the implementation of a pipeline vibration system in a straight flume, a time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) system for pipeline displacement tracking and flow fields measurements. The displacement time-series of the vibrating pipeline are obtained by using the cross-correlation algorithms. The steps for processing raw particle laden images obtained by using the time-resolved PIV are described. The detailed instantaneous flow fields around the vibrating pipeline at different vibrating phases are calculated by using a multiple-time-interval cross-correlation algorithm to avoid displacement bias error in the flow regions with a large velocity gradient. By applying the wavelet transform technique, the captured images that have the same vibrating phase are accurately cataloged before the phase-averaged velocity fields are obtained. The key advantages of the flow measurement technique described in this paper are that it has a very high temporal and spatial resolution and can be simultaneously used to obtain the pipeline dynamics, flow fields, and near-boundary flow stresses. By using this technique, more in-depth studies of the 2-dimensional flow field in a complex environment, such as that around a vibrating pipeline, can be conducted to better understand the associated sophisticated scour mechanism.

The goal of the protocol is to enable visualization of the detailed flow fields and determination of the near-boundary shear and normal stresses within an equilibrium scour hole induced by a vibrating pipeline.

Visualisierung des Strömungsfeldes um eine vibrierende Pipeline innerhalb eines Gleichgewichts-Scour-Lochs

An experimental method is presented in this paper to facilitate visualization of the detailed flow fields and determination of the near-boundary shear and ...

A Field Primer for Monitoring Benthic Ecosystems Using Structure-From-Motion Photogrammetry

Structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry is a technique used to generate three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions from a sequence of two-dimensional (2D) images. SfM methods are becoming increasingly popular as a noninvasive way to monitor many systems, including anthropogenic and natural landscapes, geologic structures, and both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for collecting SfM imagery to generate 3D models of benthic habitats. Additionally, the cost, time efficiency, and output quality of employing a Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR) camera versus a less expensive action camera have been compared. A tradeoff between computational time and resolution was observed, with the DSLR camera producing models with more than twice the resolution, but taking approximately 1.4-times longer to produce than the action camera. This primer aims to provide a thorough description of the steps necessary to collect SfM data in benthic habitats for those who are unfamiliar with the technique as well as for those already using similar methods.

We provide a detailed protocol for conducting underwater structure-from-motion photogrammetry surveys to generate 3D models and orthomosaics.

Eine Feldeinführung für die Überwachung benthischer Ökosysteme mittels Structure-from-Motion-Photogrammetrie

Structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry is a technique used to generate three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions from a sequence of two-dimensional (2D) ...

Pore-scale Imaging and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoir Rock Wettability at Subsurface Conditions Using X-ray Microtomography

In situ wettability measurements in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks have only been possible recently. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to characterize the complex wetting conditions of hydrocarbon reservoir rock using pore-scale three-dimensional X-ray imaging at subsurface conditions. In this work, heterogeneous carbonate reservoir rocks, extracted from a very large producing oil field, have been used to demonstrate the protocol. The rocks are saturated with brine and oil and aged over three weeks at subsurface conditions to replicate the wettability conditions that typically exist in hydrocarbon reservoirs (known as mixed-wettability). After the brine injection, high-resolution three-dimensional images (2 &#181;m/voxel) are acquired and then processed and segmented. To calculate the distribution of the contact angle, which defines the wettability, the following steps are performed. First, fluid-fluid and fluid-rock surfaces are meshed. The surfaces are smoothed to remove voxel artefacts, and in situ contact angles are measured at the three-phase contact line throughout the whole image. The main advantage of this method is its ability to characterize in situ wettability accounting for pore-scale rock properties, such as rock surface roughness, rock chemical composition, and pore size. The in situ wettability is determined rapidly at hundreds of thousands of points. 
The method is limited by the segmentation accuracy and X-ray image resolution. This protocol could be used to characterize the wettability of other complex rocks saturated with different fluids and at different conditions for a variety of applications. For example, it could help in determining the optimal wettability that could yield an extra oil recovery (i.e., designing brine salinity accordingly to obtain higher oil recovery) and to find the most efficient wetting conditions to trap more CO2 in subsurface formations.

This protocol is presented to characterize the complex wetting conditions of an opaque porous medium (hydrocarbon reservoir rock) using three-dimensional images obtained by X-ray microtomography at subsurface conditions.

Pore-Scale Imaging und Charakterisierung von Kohlenwasserstoff Reservoir Rock Benetzbarkeit am Untergrund Bedingungen mit Röntgen-Mikrotomographie

In situ wettability measurements in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks have only been possible recently. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to ...

Measuring the Structure, Composition, and Change of Underwater Environments with Large-area Imaging

Digital imaging and processing technology have evolved to facilitate the expansion of large-area imaging surveys, which increase our capacity to study the status, trends, and dynamics of organisms living in subtidal habitats. By creating photo-realistic digital twins for ex situ analyses, these approaches allow small field teams to collect substantially more data than was previously possible. Here we present a four-step, large-area imaging survey pipeline and analysis methodology, including image collection, model construction, ecological analysis, and data curation, that has been developed and refined through experimentation over the past decade. Each step described has a consistent focus on the unique value of the original source imagery. While types of data extracted from large-area image surveys are vast, we include here workflows to extract ecological data for structural complexity, community composition, and demographic analyses valuable for monitoring and hypothesis-driven efforts. We additionally include recommendations for metadata standards, which complement the collection of large-area imaging data and support archival efforts facilitating transparency and collaboration between research groups.

This protocol covers a four-step large-area imaging survey methodology used to extract metrics of structural complexity, community composition, and population demographics for coral reef communities. The quality of imagery collected and integrated access to the source imagery are prioritized within each step of the protocol.

Digital imaging and processing technology have evolved to facilitate the expansion of large-area imaging surveys, which increase our capacity to study the ...