저자는 매우 도움이 토론 오퍼 펜어맨, 프레드 울프, 메나헴 시걸, 안드레아스 니프과 에이 탄 Reuveny 감사합니다. 저자는 기술의 초기 버전을 개발 일란 브레스킨와 조르디 소리아노 감사합니다. 저자는 이론적 인 개념에 도움을 트비 틀러스티와 장 피에르 에크 만 감사합니다. 이 연구는 미네르바 재단, 과학 기술, 이스라엘의 교육부와 이스라엘 과학 재단 보조금 1320년에서 1309년까지과 양성 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation) 교부금 2,008,331에 의해 지원되었다.

<ol>
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저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이해 관계가 없음을 선언합니다.

1D 패턴은 다양한 애플리케이션에 사용될 수있는 중요한 도구입니다. 예를 들어, 우리는 신경 세포의 배양 물 (29)로부터 논리 게이트를 생성하고 최근 래트 해마 뉴런 5 Chronaxie 및 Rheobase를 측정하고, 상기 비교 다운 증후군 해마 뉴런 소성 활동 신호 전파 속도의 감속을위한 1 차원 패턴을 사용한 야생형 (WT) 해마의 뉴런 (27). 1 차원 패터닝 제안 된 프로토콜은 강력한이며 원하는 패턴을 형성하기 쉽다. 우리는 측정의 기능에 영향을 미칠 수있는 네트워크의 가능한 모든 단선, 알고 있어야하기 전에 1D 문화를 관찰하는 것이 좋습니다. 신경 구성 화학 패터닝은 유서 30, 31, 32가있다. 우리는 발견 우리의 접근 수율화학 패턴과 유사한 결과를이야, 아직 그들은 더 강력하고 달성하기가 더 쉽습니다. 최근 신경 세포의 미세 패턴에 대한 옵션은 우리가 비교 단순하고 사용하기 (33), (34)의 용이성과 함께 제공하는 방법에 대한 흥미로운 대안이되고있다. 마이크로 유체 접근법은 여기에 기재된 에칭 방법에 평행 우리 실험실에서 사용되고있다. 우리가 5를 켰을 때, 2 차원 배양에는 바람직한 방향이없고 그 자극은 등방성이고 걸리는 전계의 방향에 의존하지 않는다. 필드가 회전 할 때 짧은 기간은 2D 문화의 자극이 필요합니다. 대조적으로,도 1d 배양 분야의 배향에 크게 의존한다. 필드가 (축삭 성장의 방향을 따라서 등) 패턴으로 지향 될 때, 자극에 필요한 일정한 진폭 필드 기간은 필드의 방향 인 경우보다 훨씬 짧다패턴에 직각이된다. 유사하게, 기간이 일정하게 유지되면, 필드와 패턴이 평행하다면 문화를 자극하는 데 필요한 필드가 더 작아집니다. 수직으로 자극 할 때, 필드 펄스는 훨씬 길어야하며 (네트워크 연결이 끊어지면 밀리 초 정도), 주로 수상 돌기가 자극을받습니다. 전장 (직접 또는 자기장에 의해 유도 된)이 뇌 자극에 사용되는 경우, 이것은 극히 중요합니다. 목표로하는 뇌 영역에 축색 돌기가있는 것으로 알려진 경우,이 축색 돌기는 자기장을 자신의 방향으로 향하게하여 자극을받을 수 있으며, 자극을 위해 더 적은 전력이나 더 짧은 지속 시간을 필요로합니다. 목표로하는 뇌 영역에 선호 방향이 없다면, 회전하는 필드가 자극에 더 효율적입니다. 수상 돌기가 자극의 대상이면 긴 펄스가 더 효과적입니다. 자기장은 자기 펄스가 발생하면 신경 세포 활동을 자극 할 수 있습니다.신경 세포를 흥분 전기장을 nduces. 현재 달성 자기 펄스 응답 시간 (밀리 초) 정도의 시간이며, 수상 돌기의 마이크로이기 때문에, 자기 자극에 민감 할 것으로 예상되지 않는다. 그 응답 시간이 빠르다 반면, 축삭에서, 자극 (2), (3)의 목표이다. 전기 자극에 축삭의 반응은 전기장에 평행 할 때 최대이고 그들이 1 (35)에 수직 할 때 감소; 따라서, 자기 여기에서 우리는 유도 전기장이 대상 축삭 평행 배향 여기서 시스템을 설정하기 위해 노력. 1 차원 환을 자극 할 때 따라서, 상기 필드는 축색 돌기에 평행하게 배향되어야하며, 링의 크기는 자극에 대한 임계 값을 결정한다. 목욕 전극에 의해 직접 자극과 유사하게, 2 차원 배양, 회전 전자 유도를 자극lectric 필드는 훨씬 더 효율적입니다. 뉴런의 전기 또는 자기장의 외부 구동 패턴의 조합은 다수의 가능한 미래의 애플리케이션은 강력한 기술이다. Chronaxie 및 Rheobase뿐만 아니라 활성화 및 활성화 전파 역학에 대한 임계 값과 속도는 신경 세포 문화의 고유 특성으로 말하는 모든 매개 변수입니다. 특히, 치료 학적 치료 및 약물 또는 약리학 적 치료 효과를 즉시 신경 세포에 직접 테스트 할 수있다. 이 두 질병 모델 뉴런의 및 TMS 자극에 대한 프로토콜의 효율적인 설문 조사를 허용합니다. 보다 개념적 방향에서 신경 배양을 자극하는 능력을 정확하게 신경 구성의 정보 처리 양태에 관한 새로운 가능성에 이르게하고, 우리는 새로운 연산을 제공하는 신경 네트워크를 거주와 전자 자극을 결합한 마이크로 인쇄 회로를 예상 할 수 있도록알 기기 및 신규 한 뇌 인터페이싱 장치.

신경 세포와 외부 전기장 사이의 상호 작용은 근본적인 의미뿐만 아니라 실제 사람이있다. 이 외부인가 전계 조직을 자극 할 수있는 볼타 시대부터 알려져 있지만, 뉴런에서 얻어진 활동 전위의 제조를 담당하는 기전은 최근 4 3 2 1 풀어되기 시작한다. 이 전기장 2, 5에 응답하는 신경 세포의 막전위의 탈분극, 막 특성 및 이온 채널의 역할, 심지어 지역을 유발하는 메커니즘에 관한 질문에 대한 답을 찾는 포함되어 있습니다. 신경 자극 6, 7, 8, 9, 치료 <sup10 가지 방법론은이 정보에 특히 의존하며, 이는 고통받는 지역을 대상으로하고 치료 결과를 이해하는 데 중요 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 이해는 또한 치료 프로토콜과 뇌의 다른 영역을 자극하기위한 새로운 접근법을 개발하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 생체 내 뇌 에서 의 상호 작용을 측정하는 것은 이러한 이해에 중요한 요소를 추가하지만, 두개골 내 측정의 부정확성과 낮은 제어 가능성으로 인해 방해 받는다. 대조적으로, 배양 물에서의 측정은 고정밀, 우수한 신호 대 잡음 성능 및 고도의 재현성 및 제어로 대량으로 용이하게 수행 될 수있다. 문화를 사용하여 집단 네트워크 행동의 다양한 연결 특성을 밝혀 낼 수 있습니다 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , </sup&gt; 15, 16. 마찬가지로,이 또한 제어 시스템 optogenetically 활성 뉴런 17, 18의 광 자극 동안의 채널 개구부 (19)가 활동 전위를 생성 할 책임이 방법, 예를 들면 다른 자극 방법이 작동하는 메커니즘을 해명에 매우 효율적일 것으로 예상된다. 여기에 초점을 효율적으로 외부 전기장을 통해 신경 세포를 자극 수있는 도구의 개발과 이해를 설명에 있습니다. 본 연구에서 우리는 하나 차원 배양 상이한 구성 및 목욕 전극에 의해 직접인가 전계의 방향 및 2 차원의 마지막 자극을 이용하여 자극, 2 차원 일차원 패터닝 해마 배양의 제조를 설명하고 패터닝 시변 전기장을 유도하는 자기장을5, 20, 21.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>APV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8054</td>
			<td>Disconnect the network. Mentioned in Section 2.4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supp</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>Plating medium. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bicuculline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>14343</td>
			<td>Disconnect the network&#160;. Mentioned in Section 2.4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9640</td>
			<td>Borate buffer. Mentioned in Section 1.1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric acid</td>
			<td>Frutarom LTD</td>
			<td>5550710</td>
			<td>Borate buffer. Mentioned in Section 1.1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 , 1M</td>
			<td>Fluka&#160;</td>
			<td>21098</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CNQX</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C239</td>
			<td>Disconnect the network&#160;. Mentioned in Section 2.4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>COMSOL</td>
			<td>COMSOL Inc</td>
			<td>Multiphysics 3.5</td>
			<td>Numerical simulation. Mentioned in Section 3.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose, 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>65146</td>
			<td>Plating medium, Extracellular recording solution&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td>Cell Cultures. Mentioned in Section 1.2.4&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.2.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FCS(FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12657-029</td>
			<td>Plating medium. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F1141</td>
			<td>Bio Coating. Mentioned in Section 1.2.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluo4, AM</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>F14201</td>
			<td>Imaging of spontaneous or evoked activity&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.5.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.5.3&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.5.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FUDR</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F0503</td>
			<td>Changing medium. Mentioned in Section 1.4.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1272</td>
			<td>Plating medium, Changing medium, Final medium. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX 100X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-038</td>
			<td>Plating medium, Changing medium, Final medium. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes, 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H0887</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HI HS&#160;</td>
			<td>BI</td>
			<td>04-124-1A</td>
			<td>Plating medium, Changing medium, Final medium. Mentioned in Section 1.1.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.4.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl,&#160; 3M</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1049361000</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td>Bio Coating. Mentioned in Section 1.2.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM x 1</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21090-022</td>
			<td>Plating medium, Changing medium, Final medium. Mentioned in Section 1.4.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2 , 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1028</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl, 4M</td>
			<td>Bio-Lab</td>
			<td>19030591</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octadecanethiol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>01858</td>
			<td>Cleaning Cr-Au coated coverslips (1D cultures). Mentioned in Section 1.2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pluracare F108 NF Prill</td>
			<td>BASF Corparation&#160;</td>
			<td>50475278</td>
			<td>Bio-Rejection Coating, Bio Coating. Mentioned in Section 1.2.4&#160;&#160;&#160; 1.2.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine 0.01% solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;P47075</td>
			<td>Promote cell division. Mentioned in Section 1.1.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose, 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S1888</td>
			<td>Extracellular recording solution&#160;. Mentioned in Section 1.5.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1858</td>
			<td>Bio-Rejection Coating. Mentioned in Section 1.2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>URIDINE</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>U3750</td>
			<td>Changing medium. Mentioned in Section 1.4.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sputtering machine</td>
			<td>AJA International, Inc</td>
			<td>ATC Orion-5Series&#160;</td>
			<td>coating glass with thin layers of metal. Mentioned in Section 1.2.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen plotter&#160;</td>
			<td>Hewlett Packard&#160;</td>
			<td>HP 7475A</td>
			<td>Etching of pattern to the coated coverslip. Mentioned in Section 1.2.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrodes wires&#160;</td>
			<td>A-M Systems, Carlsborg WA</td>
			<td>767000</td>
			<td>Electric stimulation of neuronal cultures. Mentioned in Section 2.1&#160;&#160;&#160; 2.2&#160;&#160;&#160; 2.3&#160;&#160; 2.4.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Signal generator</td>
			<td>BKPrecision</td>
			<td>4079</td>
			<td>Shaping of the electric signal. Mentioned in Section 2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Voltage amplification of the signal from the signal generator to the electrodes. Mentioned in Section 2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply</td>
			<td>Matrix&#160;</td>
			<td>MPS-3005 LK-3&#160;</td>
			<td>Power supply to the sputtering machine. Mentioned in Section 1.2.2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transcranial magnetic stimulation</td>
			<td>Magstim, Spring Gardens, UK</td>
			<td>Rapid 2</td>
			<td>Magnetic stimulation of neuronal culture. Mentioned in Section 3.1&#160;&#160; 3.3&#160;&#160; 3.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Cognis</td>
			<td>Versamid 140</td>
			<td>Casting of homemade coils. Mentioned in Section 3.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>Shell</td>
			<td>EPON 815&#160;</td>
			<td>Casting of homemade coils. Mentioned in Section 3.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wires 0.005&#39;&#39; thick; A-M Systems,&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;Carlsborg WA</td>
			<td>&#160;767000</td>
			<td>Electric stimulation of neuronal cultures. Mentioned in Section 2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circular magnetic coil</td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Magnetic stimulation of neuronal culture. Mentioned in Section 3.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WaveXpress SW</td>
			<td>B&#38;K Precision&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Waveform editing software. Mentioned in Section 2.1.32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xion Ultra 897</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sensitive EMCCD camera. Mentioned in Section 2.4.4</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

external excitation of neurons using electric and magnetic fields in one- and two-dimensional cultures

뉴런은 멤브레인 전위가 특정 임계 값을 초과 할 때 활동 전위를 발화시킵니다. 뇌의 전형적인 활동에서, 이것은 시냅스에 대한 화학 물질 투입의 결과로서 발생합니다. 그러나 뉴런은 부과 된 전기장에 의해 흥분 될 수도 있습니다. 특히 최근의 임상 응용은 외부에서 전기장을 만들어 뉴런을 활성화시킵니다. 따라서 신경 세포가 외부 장에 어떻게 반응하는지 그리고 활동 잠재력을 유발하는 원인을 조사하는 것이 중요합니다. 다행히도, 외부 전기장의 정밀하고 제어 된 적용은 배양에서 절제되고, 해리되고 성장되는 배아 신경 세포에 대해 가능하다. 이를 통해 매우 재현 가능한 시스템에서 이러한 질문을 조사 할 수 있습니다. 이 논문에서는 신경 세포 배양에 외부 전계의 제어 된 적용을 위해 사용되는 기술의 일부가 재검토된다. 네트워크는 1 차원 일 수 있으며, 즉 선형으로 패턴 화 될 수 있습니다R 양식 또는 상기 기판의 전체면 상에 성장시키고, 따라서 이차원. 또한, 음원은 유체 (욕 전극) 또는 자기 펄스 원격 생성을 이용하여 전계를 유도하여 침지 전극을 통하여 전계를 직접 애플리케이션에 의해 생성 될 수있다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures at JoVE.com

External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

신경 세포의 문화는 하나의 신경 세포에 대한 효과 나 신경 세포의 인구를 통해 새로운 뇌 자극 기술을 연구하는데 좋은 모델입니다. 목욕 전극에 의해 직접 생산 또는 시변 자기장에 의해 유도되는 전계에 의해 패터닝 신경 배양 자극하는 다른 방법들이 여기에 제시 하였다.

전기 단일 및 두 개 차원 문화에 자기장을 사용하여 신경 세포의 외부인가 전압

A neuron will fire an action potential when its membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold. In typical activity of the brain, this occurs as a result ...

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13.1K 조회수.  The Salk Institute for Biological Studies.  신경 세포의 문화는 하나의 신경 세포에 대한 효과 나 신경 세포의 인구를 통해 새로운 뇌 자극 기술을 연구하는데 좋은 모델입니다. 목욕 전극에 의해 직접 생산 또는 시변 자기장에 의해 유도되는 전계에 의해 패터닝 신경 배양 자극하는 다른 방법들이 여기에 제시 하였다. 

비디오: External Excitation of Neurons Using Electric and Magnetic Fields in One- and Two-dimensional Cultures

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

배아 척수에서 뉴런의 Commissural 해부와 문화

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

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신경과학

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Dopamine is a vigorously studied neurotransmitter in the CNS. Indeed, its involvement in locomotor activity and reward-related behaviour has fostered five decades of inquiry into the molecular deficiencies associated with dopamine regulation. The majority of these inquiries of dopamine regulation in the brain focus upon the molecular basis for its regulation in the terminal field regions of the nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens pathways; striatum and nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, such studies have concentrated on analysis of dopamine tissue content with normalization to only wet tissue weight. Investigation of the proteins that regulate dopamine, such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein, TH phosphorylation, dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) protein often do not include analysis of dopamine tissue content in the same sample. The ability to analyze both dopamine tissue content and its regulating proteins (including post-translational modifications) not only gives inherent power to interpreting the relationship of dopamine with the protein level and function of TH, DAT, or VMAT2, but also extends sample economy. This translates into less cost, and yet produces insights into the molecular regulation of dopamine in virtually any paradigm of the investigators' choice.
We focus the analyses in the midbrain. Although the SN and VTA are typically neglected in most studies of dopamine regulation, these nuclei are easily dissected with practice. A comprehensive readout of dopamine tissue content and TH, DAT, or VMAT2 can be conducted. There is burgeoning literature on the impact of dopamine function in the SN and VTA on behavior, and the impingements of exogenous substances or disease processes therein 1-5. Furthermore, compounds such as growth factors have a profound effect on dopamine and dopamine-regulating proteins, to a comparatively greater extent in the SN or VTA 6-8. Therefore, this methodology is presented for reference to laboratories that want to extend their inquiries on how specific treatments modulate behaviour and dopamine regulation. Here, a multi-step method is presented for the analyses of dopamine tissue content, the protein levels of TH, DAT, or VMAT2, and TH phosphorylation from the substantia nigra and VTA from rodent midbrain. The analysis of TH phosphorylation can yield significant insights into not only how TH activity is regulated, but also the signaling cascades affected in the somatodendritic nuclei in a given paradigm.
We will illustrate the dissection technique to segregate these two nuclei and the sample processing of dissected tissue that produces a profile revealing molecular mechanisms of dopamine regulation in vivo, specific for each nuclei (Figure 1).

Dopamine is distinctly regulated in the midbrain nuclei, which contain the cell bodies and dendrites of the dopamine neurons. Here we describe a dissection and sample-handling approach to maximize results, and thus conclusions and insights, on dopamine regulation in the midbrain nuclei of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in rodents.

Substantia Nigra 및 복부 Tegmental 지역의 도파민 규정의 종합적인 프로파일

Dopamine is a vigorously studied neurotransmitter in the CNS. Indeed, its involvement in locomotor activity and reward-related behaviour has fostered five ...

One Mouse, Two Cultures: Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Two Neurogenic Zones of Individual Mice

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult neural stem cells in vitro. These assays can be used to compare the precursor potential of cells isolated from genetically different or differentially treated animals&#160;to determine the effects of exogenous factors on neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and to generate neural precursor cell lines that can be assayed over continuous passages. The neurosphere assay is traditionally used for the post-hoc identification of stem cells, primarily due to the lack of definitive markers with which they can be isolated from primary tissue&#160;and has the major advantage of giving a quick estimate of precursor cell numbers in brain tissue derived from individual animals. Adherent monolayer cultures, in contrast, are not traditionally used to compare proliferation between individual animals, as each culture is generally initiated from the combined tissue of between 5-8 animals. However, they have the major advantage that, unlike neurospheres, they consist of a mostly homogeneous population of precursor cells and are useful for following the differentiation process in single cells. Here, we describe, in detail, the generation of neurosphere cultures and, for the first time, adherent cultures from individual animals. This has many important implications including paired analysis of proliferation and/or differentiation potential in both the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of treated or genetically different mouse lines, as well as a significant reduction in animal usage.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the simultaneous generation of neural precursor cell cultures, as either adherent monolayers or neurospheres, from the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of individual adult mice.

하나의 마우스, 두 문화 : 분리 및 성인 신경의 문화가 개인 마우스의 두 신경 인성 영역에서 줄기 세포

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

일차 운동 피질 대사에 양성 반구 경 두개 전기 자극 효과의 측정을위한 도구로 자기 공명 분광학의 사용

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. The identification of living dopaminergic neurons in primary Ventral Mesencephalic (VM) cultures using a fluorescent marker provides an alternative way to study the selective vulnerability of these neurons without relying on the immunostaining of fixed cells. Here, we isolate, dissociate, and culture mouse VM neurons for 3 weeks. We then identify dopaminergic neurons in the cultures using eGFP fluorescence (driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter). Individual neurons are harvested into microcentrifuge tubes using glass micropipettes. Next, we lyse the harvested cells, and conduct cDNA synthesis and transposon-mediated &#34;tagmentation&#34; to produce single cell RNA-Seq libraries1,2,3,4,5. After passing a quality-control check, single-cell libraries are sequenced and subsequent analysis is carried out to measure gene expression. We report transcriptome results for individual dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons isolated from midbrain cultures. We report that 100% of the live TH-eGFP cells that were harvested and sequenced were dopaminergic neurons. These techniques will have widespread applications in neuroscience and molecular biology.

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), Substantia Nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons degenerate, leading to motor dysfunction. Here we report a protocol for culturing ventral midbrain neurons from a mouse expressing eGFP driven by a Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) promoter sequence, harvesting individual fluorescent neurons from the cultures, and measuring their transcriptome using RNA-seq.

RNA 시퀀싱 및 TH-프로모터 중심 eGFP는 표현을 사용하여 중간 뇌 문화에서 생활 도파민 뉴런의 신뢰성 확인

In Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD) there is widespread neuronal loss throughout the brain with pronounced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc, ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the molecular and cellular basis of higher brain functions. A whole-mount preparation of adult brains with well-preserved morphology is critical for such whole brain-based studies, but can be technically challenging and time-consuming. This protocol describes an easy-to-learn, one-step dissection approach of an adult fly head in less than 10 s, while keeping the intact brain attached to the rest of the body to facilitate subsequent processing steps. The procedure helps remove most of the eye and tracheal tissues normally associated with the brain that can interfere with the later imaging step, and also places less demand on the quality of the dissecting forceps. Additionally, we describe a simple method that allows convenient flipping of the mounted brain samples on a coverslip, which is important for imaging both sides of the brains with similar signal intensity and quality. As an example of the protocol, we present an analysis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in adult brains of WT (w1118) flies. The high efficacy of the dissection method makes it particularly useful for large-scale adult brain-based studies in Drosophila.

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

The adult Drosophila brain is a valuable system for studying neuronal circuitry, higher brain functions, and complex disorders. An efficient method to dissect whole brain tissue from the small fly head will facilitate brain-based studies. Here we describe a simple, one-step dissection protocol of adult brains with well-preserved morphology.

간단한 한 단계 성인의 전체 마운트 준비에 대한 해부 프로토콜<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 두뇌

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

Quantification of Endosome and Lysosome Motilities in Cultured Neurons Using Fluorescent Probes

In the brain, membrane trafficking systems play important roles in regulating neuronal functions, such as neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, survival, and glial communications. To date, numerous studies have reported that defects in these systems cause various neuronal diseases. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying vesicle dynamics may provide influential clues that could aid in the treatment of several neuronal disorders. Here, we describe a method for quantifying vesicle motilities, such as motility distance and rate of movement, using a software plug-in for the ImageJ platform. To obtain images for quantification, we labeled neuronal endosome-lysosome structures with EGFP-tagged vesicle marker proteins and observed the movement of vesicles using a time-lapse microscopy. This method is highly useful and simplify measuring vesicle motility in neurites, such as axons and dendrites, as well as in the soma of both neurons and glial cells. Furthermore, this method can be applied to other cell lines, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This approach could provide a valuable advancement of our understanding of membrane trafficking.

The investigation of membrane trafficking is crucial for understanding neuronal functions. Here, we introduce a method for quantifying vesicle motility in neurons. This is a convenient method that can be adapted to the quantification of membrane trafficking in the nervous system.

형광 프로브를 이용한 배양 된 뉴런의 엔도 좀과 리소좀 기능의 정량화

In the brain, membrane trafficking systems play important roles in regulating neuronal functions, such as neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity, ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

신경 죽음 및 마우스 기본 소 뇌과 립 신경에 변성을 모델링

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Determining Cell-surface Expression and Endocytic Rate of Proteins in Primary Astrocyte Cultures Using Biotinylation

Cell-surface proteins mediate a wide array of functions. In many cases, their activity is regulated by endocytic processes that modulate their levels at the plasma membrane. Here, we present detailed protocols for 2 methods that facilitate the study of such processes, both of which are based on the principle of the biotinylation of cell-surface proteins. The first is designed to allow for the semi-quantitative determination of the relative levels of a particular protein at the cell-surface. In it, the lysine residues of the plasma membrane proteins of cells are first labeled with a biotin moiety. Once the cells are lysed, these proteins may then be specifically precipitated via the use of agarose-immobilized streptavidin by exploiting the natural affinity of the latter for biotin. The proteins isolated in such a manner may then be analyzed via a standard western blotting approach. The second method provides a means of determining the endocytic rate of a particular cell-surface target over a period of time. Cell-surface proteins are first modified with a biotin derivative containing a cleavable disulfide bond. The cells are then shifted back to normal culture conditions, which causes the endocytic uptake of a proportion of biotinylated proteins. Next, the disulfide bonds of non-internalized biotin groups are reduced using the membrane-impermeable reducing agent glutathione. Via this approach, endocytosed proteins may thus be isolated and quantified with a high degree of specificity.

Two biotinylation-based methods, designed for determining the cell-surface expression and endocytic rate of proteins expressed at the plasma membrane, are presented in this report.

Biotinylation을 사용하여 기본 Astrocyte 문화에서 단백질의 세포 표면 표현 및 Endocytic 속도를 결정

Cell-surface proteins mediate a wide array of functions. In many cases, their activity is regulated by endocytic processes that modulate their levels at ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic tectum, is a popular model to study how neural circuits self-assemble. The ability to carry out whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons and to record RGC-evoked responses, either in vivo or using a whole brain preparation, has generated a large body of high-resolution data about the mechanisms underlying normal, and abnormal, circuit formation and function. Here we describe how to perform the in vivo preparation, the original whole brain preparation, and a more recently developed horizontal brain slice preparation for obtaining whole cell patch clamp recordings from tectal neurons. Each preparation has unique experimental advantages. The in vivo preparation enables the recording of the direct response of tectal neurons to visual stimuli projected onto the eye. The whole brain preparation allows for the RGC axons to be activated in a highly controlled manner, and the horizontal brain slice preparation allows recording from across all layers of the tectum.

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

In this paper, we discuss three brain preparations used for whole cell patch clamp recording to study the retinotectal circuit of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Each preparation, with its own specific advantages, contributes to the experimental tractability of the Xenopus tadpole as a model to study neural circuit function.

준비 및 Xenopus laevis Tectal 신경의 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록에 대 한 프로토콜

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...