We thank the staff of the Second Core Lab, Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital for their technical support.

모든 절차는 안과 및 비전 연구에서 동물의 사용을위한 비전 및 안과 문에 연구를위한 협회 부여 본 연구에서 다음과 국립 대만 대학 병원의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 1. 격리, 차 문화의 제조 및 소 CECs의 면역 염색 <ol><li> 로컬 도살장에서 신선한 소 눈을 획득. </li><li> 3 분 동안 10 %의 v / w 포비돈 요오드 용액에 눈 소독. 인산염 완충 식염수 (PBS) 솔루션을 씻으십시오. </li><li> 무균 조건에서 메스와 가위로 각막 버튼을 수확. 해부 현미경 집게로 껍질 데스 메막 (이 연구에서 그주의, 소 눈은 로컬 도살장에 의해 적출 된, 따라서 첫 번째 연구 절차는 실험실에서 preenucleated 눈의 소독이었다). </li><li> 시도 1 ㎖에 데스 메 막을 품어30 분 동안 37 ° C에서 psin. 5 분 112 XG에서 원심 분리하여 소 CECs를 수집합니다. 보충 호르몬 상피 매체 (SHEM) HEPES 완충 둘 베코 변형 이글 배지와 5 % 소 태아 혈청이 보충 된 햄 F12 배지, 0.5 % 디메틸 술폭 시드, 인간 표피 2 ng를 / ㎖의 동일한 양을 함유하는 1 ml의 세포를 재현 탁 성장 인자, 5 밀리그램 / 인슐린 ㎖, 5 밀리그램 / 트랜스페린 ㎖, 5 NG / 셀레늄 ㎖, 콜레라 독소의 1 nmol의 / l, 50 밀리그램 / 젠타 마이신 ㎖, 1.25 밀리그램 / 암포 테리 신 B의 용액 </li><li> 6 형상 접시에 세포 (안구 당 ​​약 1 × 105 세포)를 시드. 셈 문화를. 공기 중 5 % CO 2 분위기하에 37 ℃에서 인큐베이션 접시. 3 일마다 배지를 변경합니다. </li><li> 세포가 합류점에 도달하면, PBS로 씻어, 5 분 동안 37 ° C에서 트립신 1 ㎖ 그들을 부화. 5 분 112 XG에서 원심 분리를 수집합니다. 셈 1 ㎖의 세포 펠렛을 다시 일시 중지합니다. <ol&gt; <li> 혈구의 세포를 계산합니다. A A 24 웰 플레이트에 웰 당 1 × 104의 밀도, 문화 셈의 셀에서 커버 슬라이드에 세포를 시드. 타틴의 EnMT 억제 효과를 조사하는 경우, 타틴의 μM이 배양 배지에 첨가 10 SHEM에서 세포를 배양하고, 3 일마다 배양액을 변경합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 실온에서 30 분 동안 4 % 파라 포름 알데하이드 250 ㎕를, pH가 7.4으로 지시 된 시점에서 세포를 고정한다. 5 분 동안 0.5 % 트리톤 X-100 250 ㎕를 함께 Permeabilize 하시려면. 30 분 동안 10 %의 소 혈청 알부민으로 차단. </li><li> 밤새 4 ℃에서 활성 베타 - 카테닌 (ABC), 달팽이와 민달팽이에 대한 일차 항체와 세포를 품어. 200 : 사용 된 일차 항체의 희석은 1입니다. 항체는 10 mM의 PBS, 1 %의 v / w 소 혈청 알부민 및 0.09 % w / V의 아 지드 화 나트륨으로 구성된 항체 희석제로 희석된다. </li><li> 15 분 동안 PBS로 두 번 세포를 세척하고, 품어1 시간 동안 실온에서 (항체 희석액 100 1) 알렉사 형석 접합 이차 항체 m. </li><li> 4 &#39;, 6-diamidino-2-페닐 인돌 2 μg의 / ml의 세포를 피복하여 세포 핵 Counterstain과 15 분 동안 PBS로 두 번 세포를 씻어 장착 용액을 안티 페이드로 마운트. </li><li> 20X 목적 배율 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 405 및 488 nm의의 여기 파장에서 면역 형광 이미지를 얻습니다. </li></ol> 2. 쥐 각막 내피 Cryoinjury 모델 및 내원시 주입 <ol><li> 2 % 자일 라진 (5.6 ㎎ / ㎏) 및 tiletamine 플러스 zolazepam (/ kg 18 mg)을 근육 주사이 12 주령의 수컷 흰쥐를 마취. 가볍게 피부 경련의 부재하에 적절한 마취를 확인하기 위하여 동물의 피부를 끼우는. </li><li> 눈의 통증과 깜짝 반사를 최소화하기 위해 각 쥐의 오른쪽 눈에 0.5 % proparacaine 염산염 한 방울을 주입. 주입왼쪽 눈에 테트라 사이클린 연고는 각막 건조를 방지합니다. </li><li> 액체 질소 스테인레스 스틸 프로브 (직경 = 3 mm)를 냉각. 30 초간 오른쪽 눈의 중심 각막 스테인리스 프로브를 적용한다. 자주 각막 건조를 방지하는 절차 중 우측 눈에 PBS를 주입. </li><li> 즉시 cryoinjury 후 0.1 % 아트로핀 및 0.3 % 황산 젠타 마이신을 주입 매일 한번 섬모 경련으로 인한 안구 통증을 완화하고, 감염을 방지 할 수있다. <ol><li> 시술 후, 래트를 가열 램프를 이용하여 보온, 그들은 모터 제어를 회복 할 때까지 마취 회복 후에도 15 분마다 관찰. 또한 회복 기간 동안 각막의 건조를 방지하기 위해 우안에 테트라 사이클린 연고를 적용한다. </li></ol></li><li> 3 일 연속 각막 cryoinjury를 반복합니다. </li><li> 전술 한 바와 같이 쥐 눈의 전방 챔버로 타틴 또는 bFGF를 전달 들어, 래트를 마취. 한 방울을 주입오른쪽 눈에 0.5 % proparacaine 염산염의 눈의 통증과 깜짝 반사를 최소화합니다. </li><li> 멸균 PBS와 안구 표면을 관개. 홍채에 위의 평행 한 평면에 paralimbal 맑은 각막에 1 ML의 주사기에 부착 된 30 G 바늘을 삽입하여 운영 현미경으로 전방 천자를 수행합니다. </li><li> 바늘이 최대 베벨 켜고, 약간 약간의 방수를 배출하고 안압을 줄이기 위해 각막 상처를 우울. 에 각막 약 0.02 mL의 주입. 조심스럽게 바늘을 철수하는 동안면 끝이 바늘 관을 압축합니다. </li><li> 운영 현미경 지시 된 시점에서, 외부 눈 사진. </li></ol> 3. 수확 쥐 각막 버튼과 면역 염색 <ol><li> 래트를 안락사하려면 안락사 챔버에 배치 분당 챔버 부피 10-30 %의 충전 속도로 100 % CO 2 달이다. 에 대한 CO 2 주입 유지호흡의 부족 및 머 금고 눈 색깔 후 추가 분. </li><li> 날카로운 블레이드와 윤부에서 쥐의 눈을 침투. 윤부를 따라 각막 가위로 각막을 잘라. 슬라이드에 각막을 평평하게. 각막이 꼬고 경우 추가 반경 방향 절개를합니다. </li><li> 실온에서 30 분 동안 4 % 파라 포름 알데하이드 250 ㎕를, pH가 7.4으로 각막을 수정. 5 분 동안 0.5 % 트리톤 X-100 250 ㎕를 Permeabilize 하시려면로, 30 분 동안 10 %의 소 혈청 알부민으로 차단. </li><li> (1)의 희석 4 ° C에서 하룻밤 ABC에 대한 일차 항체로 각막을 품어 : (200) 항체 희석액에. 15 분 동안 PBS로 두 번 씻어 각막 및 이차 항체로 배양 한 1 시간 동안 실온에서 (1 항체 희석제 100). 셀 2 μg의 4 / ㎖ &#39;, 6-diamidino -2- 페닐 인돌로 세포를 피복함으로써 핵 및 15 분 동안 PBS로 두 번 세포를 씻어 Counterstain과. </li><li> 설치 솔루션을 방지 페이딩의 각막을 탑재합니다. 산부인과20X 대물 확대 한 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경으로 면역 (405)의 여기 파장 및 561 nm의 이미지를 주석 박. </li></ol>

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The authors have no competing financial interests to declare.

CECs는 세포 증식 동안 EnMT를 받아야하는 그들의 성향 알려져있다. 치료 목적 EnMT 처리를 억제하기위한 전략을 개발하려면 EnMT기구의 완전한 이해가 필요하다. 우리는 EnMT, 체외 배양 모델 쥐의 각막 내피 세포의 cryoinjury 모델, 즉 소 CEC를 조사하기 위해이 모델을 설명했다. 우리의 결과는 두 모델의 EnMT 과정을 보여 주었다. 또한, 타틴의 EnMT 억제 효과는이 두 모델은 동일한 메커니즘을 공유 할 것을 제안, 두 모델에서 재현되었다. 체외 배양 모델의 소 CEC는 조작의 용이성을 제공합니다. 또한, 이전의 연구 (17, 18)에 사용되는 체외 배양 모델에서 인간 영장류 또는 CEC 비해 소의 눈을 더 크고 더 확보하기 쉽게하고, 따라서 더 CECs 사용할 수있다. 우리의 연구에서, 우리는 지역 도살장에서 세포핵이 제거 된 소의 눈을 인수했다. 때문에 Fres의의<html> 소 눈의 시간 자연, 수확 소 CECs의 정확한 수는 눈 당 약 1 × 10 5 세포에서 변동 될 수 있습니다. 반대로 정상적인 인간 각막 CECs 수 안구 당 약 3 × 105이다. 이 숫자는 연구 수준의 각막에 낮과 이식 후 잔여 각막 림에 더 낮은 것입니다. 채취 절차 동안 조작 더 얻어진 세포의 수를 감소시킬 것이다. 또한, 소 CECs이 증식 할 수 있고 자발적으로 EnMT를 받아야; 따라서, 체외 배양 모델에서 소 CEC는 EnMT 메커니즘을 조사 및 타틴 같은 EnMT 억제 화학 물질을 스크리닝에 유용하다. 이러한 CECs의 증식 능력 종의 관련 차이에 대한 우려가 남아 있지만, 우리의 결과는 소 CECs의 EnMT 신호 경로가의 Wnt / β-catenin이 18, 19의 활성화를 포함하여 인간의 CECs의 것과 유사하다는 것을 보여 주었다. 소 CECs의 분리 동안 텐트 &quot;&gt;는 데스 메 막을 박리하는 것이 중요하다. 일부 소 눈에서 데스 메 막을 박리 데스 메막에 과도한 간질 조직을 선도, 각막 기질과 밀착성을 가질 수있다. 또한 트립신이 될 수 있습니다 세포의 순도에 영향을주고, 따라서 실험 결과. 본 연구에서 우리는 현미경 신중 데스 메 막 박리 각막 섬유 아세포로 변환. 상기 세포의 순도를 보장하기 위해 각막 실질 세포의 박리는, 먼저 6에서 수확 된 세포를 배양 세포 합류 할 때까지 cm 접시. 세포 모양의 육각형했다 만 그들은 더 실험에 사용 하였다. 또한 체외 배양 모델에서 소 CEC의 연구 결과를 입증하기 위해, 우리는 이전의 연구 (20, 21)에서 채택 된 쥐의 각막 내피 세포의 cryoinjury 모델을 사용했다. cryoinjury 후, 쥐 CECs은 재생, manife 동안 EnMT을 시행이 Wnt / β-catenin이 신호의 활성화는 CEC 재생하는 동안 종 가운데 보존되어있는 것을 나타내는 활성 β-catenin이의 핵 전좌에 의해 STED. 낮은 CEC 기능은 분명 각막 부종을 초래하기 때문에 또한,이 모델은 CECs의 기능을 조사하는 데 유용합니다. 이러한 초음파 생체 현미경, 전 안부 빛 간섭 단층 촬영 및 공 초점 현미경 등의 장비와 결합, 각막 두께를 정량적으로 평가하여 CEC 기능을 반영 할 수있다. CECs의 재생을 자극하고 상처 치유 후 EnMT을 억제하기 위해, 우리는 타틴 주입 다음의 bFGF의 전방 내 주사를 투여. 치료는 크게 각막 부종의 정도를 감소시켰다. 이전의 연구는 노치 억제제 (21, 22) 등 ROCK 저해제 및 EnMT 억제 제제로서 CEC 성장을 자극 에이전트의 국소 응용 프로그램을 사용하고 있습니다. 그러나, CEC에 약물의 침투 누워ER은 치료 효능 (23)에 영향을 미칠 수있는 각막 상피 세포 및 기질에 의해 제한된다. 국소 도포는 달리, 전방 내 주사는 직접 전방 내로 약물을 도입하여 각막 내피 세포에 직접 액세스 할 수있다. 따라서, 화학 물질의 성장을 자극하고 EnMT이 억제 효과는 다음 cryoinjury unbiasedly 평가 될 수있다. 우리의 연구에서는 전방 내 주입 전 안압을 낮추기 위해 전방 천자를 시행 하였다. 천자없이, 안압의 급격한 증가는 각막 부종 또는 바늘 관을 통해 홍채라도 탈출시​​킨다. 부드럽게 상처를 밀봉하고 안구 감염을 예방 바늘 철수 보조 동안 기관을 압축.

Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) play a vital role in maintaining corneal clarity and thus visual acuity by regulating the hydration status of the corneal stroma through active pumping1. Because of the limited proliferative potential of human CECs, the cell number decreases with age, and the repair of corneal endothelial wounds following injury is usually achieved through cell enlargement and migration, rather than cell mitosis2. When the CEC count decreases below a threshold of approximately 500 cells/mm2, the dehydration status of the corneal stroma cannot be maintained, leading to bullous keratopathy and vision impairment3,4.
The limited proliferative potential of human CECs has been attributed to several factors, including reduced expression of the epidermal growth factor and its receptor in aging cells5, antiproliferative TGF&#946;2 in the aqueous humor6, and contact inhibition2,7. Although some growth factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), can increase proliferation in a cultured human corneal endothelium, the culture efficiency remains limited8,9. Furthermore, CECs may undergo a phenotypic change during ex vivo expansion, resembling epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)10-13. Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EnMT) is characterized by cell junction destabilization, apical-basal polarity loss, cytoskeletal rearrangement, alpha smooth muscle actin expression, and type I collagen secretion14. All of these characteristics may abrogate the normal function of CECs, hampering the use of ex vivo cultured CECs in tissue engineering. Moreover, EnMT has been associated with the pathogenesis of several corneal endothelial diseases, including Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and retrocorneal membrane formation15,16. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of EnMT may aid in manipulating the EnMT process and facilitate the regeneration of CECs to enable competent function. 
In this study, we described a method for isolating bovine CECs from the corneal button. In the primary culture in vitro, the EnMT process, including a phenotypic change, the nuclear translocation of &#946;-catenin, and EMT regulators snail and slug, was observed. We further described a method for demonstrating EnMT in vivo by using a rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury model. Using these 2 models, we demonstrated that marimastat, a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, can suppress the EnMT process. The described protocols facilitate the detailed analysis of the EnMT mechanism and the development of strategies for manipulating the EnMT process for further clinical application.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1447">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:695px;">trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">12604-013</td>
			<td style="width:340px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium and Ham&#39;s F12 medium</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>26140-079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">human epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PHG0311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">insulin, transferrin, selenium&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>41400-045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">cholera toxin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C8052-1MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">gentamicin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15750-060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">amphotericin B</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15290-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>111219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">marimastat</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M2699-25MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-active beta-catenin antibody</td>
			<td>Millpore</td>
			<td>05-665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-snail antibody</td>
			<td>Santa cruz</td>
			<td>sc28199</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">anti-slug antibody</td>
			<td>Santa cruz</td>
			<td>sc15391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>for staining of ABC of bovine CECs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11003</td>
			<td>for staining of ABC of rat corneal endothelium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) secondary antibody</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11008</td>
			<td>for staining of snail and slug of bovine CECs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">antibody diluent</td>
			<td>Genemed Biotechnologies</td>
			<td>10-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">laser scanning confocal microscope</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>LSM510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">xylazine&#160;</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">tiletamine plus zolazepam</td>
			<td>Virbac</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>veterinary drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution</td>
			<td>Alcon</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>veterinary drug</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.1% atropine</td>
			<td>Wu-Fu Laboratories Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>clinical drug&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.3% gentamicin sulfate</td>
			<td>Sinphar Group</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>clinical drug&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">basic fibroblast growth factor</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PHG0024</td>
			<td>clinical drug&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro and in vivo models to study corneal endothelial-mesenchymal transition

Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) play a crucial role in maintaining corneal clarity through active pumping. A reduced CEC count may lead to corneal edema and diminished visual acuity. However, human CECs are prone to compromised proliferative potential. Furthermore, stimulation of cell growth is often complicated by gradual endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). Therefore, understanding the mechanism of EnMT is necessary for facilitating the regeneration of CECs with competent function. In this study, we prepared a primary culture of bovine CECs by peeling the CECs with Descemet's membrane from the corneal button and demonstrated that bovine CECs exhibited the EnMT process, including phenotypic change, nuclear translocation of &#946;-catenin, and EMT regulators snail and slug, in the in vitro culture. Furthermore, we used a rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury model to demonstrate the EnMT process in vivo. Collectively, the in vitro primary culture of bovine CECs and in vivo rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury models offers useful platforms for investigating the mechanism of EnMT.

소 CECs의 분리 후, 세포를 시험관 내에서 배양 하였다. (1)가 소 CECs의 위상차 이미지를 보여주고있다. 합류 셀의 육각형은 세포가 세포 분리 동안 각막의 간질 섬유 아세포에 의해 오염되지 않은 것으로 나타났다. (2)는 지정된 시점에서 ABC, 달팽이와 민달팽이에 대한 항체를 이용하여 수행 한 면역 염색을 보여주고있다. 외에도 체외 배양 표현형 변화에서, ABC 및 EMT 레귤레이터 대응 핵 전위가 관찰되었다.도 3은 시험 관내 배양 소 CECs의 EnMT 프로세스에 타틴 효과, 광범위한 스펙트럼 MMP 억제제를 나타낸다.도 도 4는 전방 내 주사 하였다 cryoinjury 후 쥐의 외부 눈 사진을 포함한다.도 5는, R의 면역 염색을 나타낸다<html> 각막 버튼에 그 전방 내 주입 한 다음 cryoinjury 후 ABC에 대해 항체를 사용 하였다. ABC의 핵 전좌는 PBS 그룹에서 관찰되었으며 크게의 Wnt / β 카테닌 시그널링 및 EnMT 과정의 활성화를 나타내는 bFGF의 군에서 증가 하였다. 의 bFGF의 전방 내 주입 타틴 주입 한 다음 후, ABC의 핵 염색 타틴의 EnMT 억제 효과를 시사 감소했다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54329/54329fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1 :. 체외 배양 소 CECs이 배양 접시에 접종 한 후, 소 CECs가 처음 등장의 위상 콘트라스트 이미지가 섬유 아세포와 같은 일 3 6. 그들은 = 하루 9 스케일 바의 완전한 합류에 도달하면 더 육각되었다 50 μm의. 3 복제의 대표 이미지.4329fig1large.jpg &quot;대상 =&quot;_ 빈 &quot;&gt;이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오. <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54329/54329fig2.jpg" /> 그림 2 :. 활성 β-catenin이 : 체외 배양 소 CECs 소 CECs, ABC, 달팽이와 민달팽이의 핵 전위의 체외 배양 동안 하루 14 ABC를 통해 발견 된의 면역 염색. 스케일 바 = 100 μm의. 3 복제의 대표 이미지. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54329/54329fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54329/54329fig3.jpg" /> 그림 3 :. 또는 다른 세포 합류 수준에서 타틴없이 체외 배양 소 CECs의 면역 염색 면역 염색 악마ABC는 달팽이와 민달팽이는 또는 그러나 일 3. 타틴 10 μM없이 소 CECs의 핵에 분명 있다고 보이는 것, 타틴은 크게 9 일 소 CECs의 핵 ABC, 달팽이의 염색 및 슬러그 감소 완전히 합류했다. 스케일 바 = 100 μm의. 3 복제의 대표 이미지. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54329/54329fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54329/54329fig4.jpg" /> 그림 4 :. cryoinjury 후 지정된 시점에서 쥐의 외부 눈 사진, 3 일 연속 cryoinjury 다음은, 쥐가 0.02 ml로, 하루 6 일 일 3. NG / ㎖의 bFGF PBS의 0.02 ml의 50의 전방 내 주입 하였다 PBS가 다른 2 GROU 주입 된 반면, 10 μM 타틴는 bFGF에 / 마리 그룹에 각막 주입PS (N = 9 각 그룹에서). 타틴 더 감소 각막 부종 혼자의 bFGF와 비교. N = 각 그룹의 9 반면 외부의 눈 사진은, bFGF를 주입 한 후 각막 부종을 감소 밝혔다. 스케일 바 = 1mm. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54329/54329fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54329/54329fig5.jpg" /> 그림 5. 9 일에 수확 된 쥐의 각막 버튼의 쥐 각막 버튼의 면역 염색 면역 염색은 PBS 그룹에서 ABC의 작은 핵 염색을 밝혔다. bFGF를 그룹에서 크게 bFGF를 / 마리 그룹에서 감소 된 ABC의 광범위한 핵 염색이 있었다. 스케일 바 = 100 μm의. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54329/54329fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">생의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오</a>의 그림입니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition at JoVE.com

In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

소 각막 내피 세포의 일차 배양 각막 내피 간엽 전이의 메커니즘을 조사 하였다. 또한, 래트 각막 내피 cryoinjury 모델 생체 내 각막 내피 간엽 전환을 증명 하였다.

생체 외 및 생체 내 모델에서 각막 내피 세포 - 중간 엽 전이를 공부하기

Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) play a crucial role in maintaining corneal clarity through active pumping. A reduced CEC count may lead to corneal edema ...

in-vitro-vivo-models-to-study-corneal-endothelial-mesenchymal

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

7.9K 조회수.  Far Eastern Memorial Hospital.  소 각막 내피 세포의 일차 배양 각막 내피 간엽 전이의 메커니즘을 조사 하였다. 또한, 래트 각막 내피 cryoinjury 모델 생체 내 각막 내피 간엽 전환을 증명 하였다. 

비디오: In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T cell replacement in lymphopenic patients. We studied thymic settling progenitors from murine embryonic day 13 and 18 thymi by two complementary in vitro and in vivo techniques, both based on the &#8220;hanging drop&#8221; method. This method allowed colonizing irradiated fetal thymic lobes with E13 and/or E18 thymic progenitors distinguished by CD45 allotypic markers and thus following their progeny. Colonization with mixed populations allows analyzing cell autonomous differences in biologic properties of the progenitors while colonization with either population removes possible competitive selective pressures. The colonized thymic lobes can also be grafted in immunodeficient male recipient mice allowing the analysis of the mature T cell progeny in vivo, such as population dynamics of the peripheral immune system and colonization of different tissues and organs. Fetal thymic organ cultures revealed that E13 progenitors developed rapidly into all mature CD3+ cells and gave rise to the canonical &#947;&#948; T cell subset, known as dendritic epithelial T cells. In comparison, E18 progenitors have a delayed differentiation and were unable to generate dendritic epithelial T cells. The monitoring of peripheral blood of thymus-grafted CD3-/- mice further showed that E18 thymic settling progenitors generate, with time, larger numbers of mature T cells than their E13 counterparts, a feature that could not be appreciated in the short term fetal thymic organ cultures.

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

This article describes in vivo and in vitro methodology to characterize the thymic settling progenitors by the analysis of the kinetics of generation, phenotype and numbers of their T cell progeny.

흉선의 특성 사용하여 마우스 배아에서 전구 세포를 정착<em&gt; 생체</em&gt;와<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 분석 실험

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T ...

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Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent. These cells can be isolated, and programmed to generate various tissues through manipulation of genes expression or induction by morphogens. In this manuscript protocols are described for the use of Xenopus laevis blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development. These protocols allow the investigation of fate acquisition, cell migration behaviors, and cell autonomous and non-autonomous properties. The blastocoel roof explants can be cultured in a serum-free defined medium and grafted into host embryos. This transplantation into an embryo allows the investigation of the long-term lineage commitment, the inductive properties, and the behavior of transplanted cells in vivo. These assays can be exploited to investigate molecular mechanisms, cellular processes and gene regulatory networks underlying neural development. In the context of regenerative medicine, these assays provide a means to generate neural-derived cell types in vitro that could be used in drug screening.

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

In Xenopus embryos, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent and can be programmed to generate various tissues. Here, we describe protocols to use amphibian blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development.

줄기 세포처럼<em&gt; Xenopus의</em&gt; 배아의 Explants는 초기 신경 발달의 특징을 연구하는<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 및<em&gt; 생체</em

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, ...

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is the formation of fibroblastic foci, which is associated with the disease severity. Mesenchymal cells consisting of the fibroblastic foci are proposed to be derived from several cell sources, including originally resident intrapulmonary fibroblasts and circulating fibrocytes from bone marrow. Recently, mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been also supposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In addition, EMT can be induced by transforming growth factor &#946;, and EMT can be enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor &#945;. The gel contraction assay is an ideal in vitro model for the evaluation of contractility, which is one of the characteristic functions of fibroblasts and contributes to wound repair and fibrosis. Here, the development of a gel contraction assay is demonstrated for evaluating contractile ability of mesenchymal cells that underwent EMT.

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Here, we describe the development and application of a gel contraction assay for evaluating contractile function in mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

개발<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 분석은 중간 엽 세포를 시행 한 상피 - 중간 엽 전환의 수축 기능을 평가하는

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion의 라이브 이미징

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

해 부 및 Immunofluorescent 얼룩의 버섯 몸과 성인 초파리 melanogaster 두뇌 신경 세포 포토 리셉터

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain and protect cellular identities. The conversion of germ cells into specific neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a powerful tool for performing genetic screens in order to dissect regulatory pathways that safeguard established cell identities. Reprogramming of germ cells to a specific type of neurons termed ASE requires transgenic animals that allow broad over-expression of the Zn-finger transcription factor (TF) CHE-1. Endogenous CHE-1 is expressed exclusively in two head neurons and is required to specify the glutamatergic ASE neurons fate, which can easily be visualized by the gcy-5prom::gfp reporter. A trans gene containing the heat-shock promoter-driven che-1 gene expression construct allows broad mis-expression of CHE-1 in the entire animal upon heat-shock treatment. The combination of RNAi against the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 and heat-shock-induced che-1 over-expression leads to reprogramming of germ cell into ASE neuron-like cells. We describe here the specific RNAi procedure and appropriate conditions for heat-shock treatment of transgenic animals in order to successfully induce germ cell to neuron conversion.

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

This protocol describes how to study cellular processes during cell fate conversion in Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. Using transgenic animals, allowing heat-shock promoter-driven overexpression of the neuron fate-inducing transcription factor CHE-1 and RNAi-mediated depletion of the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 germ cell to neuron reprogramming can be observed in vivo.

C. 선 충 에서 신경 세포를 세균 세포를 재 설 정할 RNAi 및 열 충격 유도 하는 전사 인자 식의 적용

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

노드 및 스캐닝 전자 현미경 검사 법, 면역 형광 산 전체를 사용 하 여 Gastrulating 마우스 배아에서 Notochordal 접시를 시각화

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Adult Zebrafish Injury Models to Study the Effects of Prednisolone in Regenerating Bone Tissue

Zebrafish are able to regenerate various organs, including appendages (fins) after amputation. This involves the regeneration of bone, which regrows within roughly two weeks after injury. Furthermore, zebrafish are able to heal bone rapidly after trepanation of the skull, and repair fractures that can be easily introduced into zebrafish bony fin rays. These injury assays represent feasible experimental paradigms to test the effect of administered drugs on rapidly forming bone. Here, we describe the use of these 3 injury models and their combined use with systemic glucocorticoid treatment, which exerts bone inhibitory and immunosuppressive effects. We provide a workflow on how to prepare for immunosuppressive treatment in adult zebrafish, illustrate how to perform fin amputation, trepanation of calvarial bones, and fin fractures, and describe how the use of glucocorticoids affects both bone forming osteoblasts and cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage as part of innate immunity in bone tissue.

Here, we describe 3 adult zebrafish injury models and their combined use with immunosuppressive drug treatment. We provide guidance on imaging of regenerating tissues and on detecting bone mineralization therein.

성인 Zebrafish 부상 모델 뼈 조직 재생에 Prednisolone의 효과 연구

Zebrafish are able to regenerate various organs, including appendages (fins) after amputation. This involves the regeneration of bone, which regrows ...

An In Vitro Model of a Parallel-Plate Perfusion System to Study Bacterial Adherence to Graft Tissues

Various valved conduits and stent-mounted valves are used for right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) valve replacement in patients with congenital heart disease. When using prosthetic materials however, these grafts are susceptible to bacterial infections and various host responses.
Identification of bacterial and host factors that play a vital role in endovascular adherence of microorganisms is of importance to better understand the pathophysiology of the onset of infections such as infective endocarditis (IE) and to develop preventive strategies. Therefore, the development of competent models to investigate bacterial adhesion under physiological shear conditions is necessary. Here, we describe the use of a newly designed in vitro perfusion chamber based on parallel plates that allows the study of bacterial adherence to different components of graft tissues such as exposed extracellular matrix, endothelial cells and inert areas. This method combined with colony-forming unit (CFU) counting is adequate to evaluate the propensity of graft materials towards bacterial adhesion under flow. Further on, the flow chamber system might be used to investigate the role of blood components in bacterial adhesion under shear conditions. We demonstrated that the source of tissue, their surface morphology and bacterial species specificity are not the major determining factors in bacterial adherence to graft tissues by using our in-house designed in vitro perfusion model.

An In Vitro Model of a Parallel-Plate Perfusion System to Study Bacterial Adherence to Graft Tissues

We describe an in-house designed in vitro flow chamber model, which allows the investigation of bacterial adherence to graft tissues.

연구 조직 이식에 세균성 부착을 병렬 플레이트 관류 시스템의 생체 외에서 모델

Various valved conduits and stent-mounted valves are used for right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) valve replacement in patients with congenital heart ...

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which is the tightest tissue barrier in the mammalian body and segregates the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments, a basal and an adluminal. The BTB creates a unique microenvironment for germ cells in meiosis I/II and for the development of postmeiotic spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Here, we describe a reliable assay to monitor BTB integrity of mouse testis in vivo. An intact BTB blocks the diffusion of FITC-conjugated inulin from the basal to the apical compartment of the seminiferous tubules. This technique is suitable for studying gene candidates, viruses, or environmental toxicants that may affect BTB function or integrity, with an easy procedure and a minimal requirement of surgical skills compared to alternative methods.

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Here, we present a protocol to assess the blood-testis barrier integrity by injecting inulin-FITC into testes. This is an efficient in vivo method to study blood-testis barrier integrity that can be compromised by genetic and environmental elements.

Vivo에서 하는 방법 마우스 혈액 고환 방 벽 완전성을 공부

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by ...