저자는 도움이 토론 차드 맥아더 감사합니다.

<ol>
	<li>Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+pluripotent+stem+cells:+past,+present,+and+future.">Induced pluripotent stem cells: past, present, and future.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 10, 678-684 (2012).</li><li>Robinton, D. A., Daley, G. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+promise+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+in+research+and+therapy.">The promise of induced pluripotent stem cells in research and therapy.</a> Nature. 481, 295-305 (2012).</li><li>Kamata, M., Liang, M., Liu, S., Nagaoka, Y., Chen, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+cell+monitoring+of+hiPSC+generation+and+differentiation+using+differential+expression+of+endogenous+microRNAs.">Live cell monitoring of hiPSC generation and differentiation using differential expression of endogenous microRNAs.</a> PLoS One. 5, e11834 (2010).</li><li>Vendrell, M., Zhai, D., Er, J. C., Chang, Y. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatorial+strategies+in+fluorescent+probe+development.">Combinatorial strategies in fluorescent probe development.</a> Chem Rev. 112, 4391-4420 (2012).</li><li>Aasen, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+and+rapid+generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+human+keratinocytes.">Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 26, 1276-1284 (2008).</li><li>Quintanilla, R. H., Asprer, J. S., Vaz, C., Tanavde, V., Lakshmipathy, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD44+is+a+negative+cell+surface+marker+for+pluripotent+stem+cell+identification+during+human+fibroblast+reprogramming.">CD44 is a negative cell surface marker for pluripotent stem cell identification during human fibroblast reprogramming.</a> PLoS One. 9, e85419 (2014).</li><li>Papp, B., Plath, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+to+pluripotency:+stepwise+resetting+of+the+epigenetic+landscape.">Reprogramming to pluripotency: stepwise resetting of the epigenetic landscape.</a> Cell Res. 21, 486-501 (2011).</li><li>Nefzger, C. M., Alaei, S., Knaupp, A. S., Holmes, M. L., Polo, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+surface+marker+mediated+purification+of+iPS+cell+intermediates+from+a+reprogrammable+mouse+model.">Cell surface marker mediated purification of iPS cell intermediates from a reprogrammable mouse model.</a> J Vis Exp. , e51728 (2014).</li><li>Xu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalized+fibroblast-like+cells+derived+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells+support+undifferentiated+cell+growth.">Immortalized fibroblast-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells support undifferentiated cell growth.</a> Stem Cells. 22, 972-980 (2004).</li><li>International Stem Cell Initiative. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+human+embryonic+stem+cell+lines+by+the+International+Stem+Cell+Initiative.">Characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines by the International Stem Cell Initiative.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 25, 803-816 (2007).</li><li>Singh, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+live+alkaline+phosphatase+substrate+for+identification+of+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Novel live alkaline phosphatase substrate for identification of pluripotent stem cells.</a> Stem Cell Rev. 8, 1021-1029 (2012).</li><li>Naujok, O., Lenzen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+re-evaluation+of+CD24-positivity+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+differentiated+into+pancreatic+progenitors.">A critical re-evaluation of CD24-positivity of human embryonic stem cells differentiated into pancreatic progenitors.</a> Stem Cell Rev. 8, 779-791 (2012).</li><li>Ramirez, J. 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저자 [RHQ, JSTA, KS 및 UL] 모두는이 문서에서 사용되는 시약 및 악기의 일부를 생산 써모 피셔 사이언 티픽의 직원입니다.

This study provides strategies for monitoring and tracking of the reprogramming process using flow cytometry and real-time imaging-based analysis. The critical steps in the protocol are initiating reprogramming, measuring reprogramming progression based on marker expression and real-time monitoring of reprogramming. Any reprogramming method of choice can be used but here we focus on Sendai based reprogramming of human fibroblasts. The advantage of this method is the ease of use and consistent high efficiency of reprogramming. 
To assess reprogramming progression, cells are harvested at discrete stages of reprogramming and subjected to an end-point flow cytometry analysis. Double staining of reprogramming cultures with the negative PSC marker CD44 and the positive PSC marker SSEA4 allows the assessment of reprogramming progression6. More specifically, the distribution of cells expressing either, neither or both markers at discrete stages of reprogramming enables the quantitative comparison of reprogramming kinetics under different conditions. This approach can demonstrate the differences in the kinetics and efficiency between different reprogramming methods and the media and matrices used during the reprogramming processes. The results obtained using different starting somatic cell samples confirms the importance of these factors in reprogramming efficiency and progression. They also demonstrate how this approach can be used to optimize reprogramming methods. The feasibility of monitoring reprogramming through flow cytometry using other combinations of pluripotent and non-pluripotent markers such as EPCAM, CD24, CD73, and B2M can be used in conjunction with the fore mentioned method14. Interestingly, these marker combinations show the formation of multiple cell populations through the course of reprogramming. Further studies will be required to fully characterize those populations and to determine their relevance in the reprogramming process. Regardless, the applicability of the flow cytometry approach with this diverse set of markers indicates that it can be applied more broadly, making use of different markers-of-interest and uncovering many other reprogramming intermediates. The limitation with this approach is that cells will need to be harvested for end point analysis. This limitation can be overcome with the use of live monitoring methods.
Monitoring of cells undergoing reprogramming in real time is done using the Live Cell Imaging system. Confluence, as measured under phase contrast, increased rapidly as colonies began to form. As such, measuring total confluence under phase contrast allows us to track the progression of reprogramming easily in real time, but because this measurement encompasses unreprogrammed and partially reprogrammed cells that are negative for AP, SSEA4 and TRA-1-60, this approach is only semi-quantitative. Linking the real-time phase contrast images to end-point positive marker staining with either dyes such as Live Alkaline Phosphatase or pluripotent markers such as SSEA4 or TRA-1-60 provides better insight into the kinetics of the reprogramming process11. However, this study shows that a more accurate and quantitative imaging-based method for tracking reprogramming would involve measuring fluorescence signal confluence while using an OCT4 reporter line16. Each of the methods presented here have their own advantages and disadvantages that make them appropriate for different situations. The flow cytometry approach is laborious and requires a lot of cells, but it provides the most accurate quantitative data. Measuring fluorescence confluence while using an OCT4 reporter line is easier and still quantitative, but it is not always feasible to obtain and use OCT4 reporter-containing parental cells. Finally, measuring total confluence under phase contrast is easy and applicable to any parental cell, but this approach is only semi-quantitative. Ultimately, the choice of method should depend on the available resources and the requirements of the actual experiments involved. 
The methods outlined here provide a platform for comparing new reprogramming technologies, optimizing current work flows and extending the use of reprogramming to novel primary cell types.

환자 유래 유도 만능 줄기 세포 (iPSCs)는 세포 치료 및 약물 검사를위한 유망한 도구입니다. 그들은 치료를위한 세포의자가 소스를 제공합니다. 또한, 이들은 현재 배아 줄기 세포 (ESC) 라인이 허용하는 것 이상의 유전 질환의 상세한 시험 관내 분석을 가능 유전 배경의 매우 광범위한 세트를 포함한다. 최근의 진보는 센다이 바이러스, 플라스미드 또는 에피 솜의 mRNA 1,2- 함께 프로그래밍 포함 iPSCs를 생성하는 여러 가지 방법의 개발을 이끌어왔다. 특히, 다양한 프로그래밍 방법은 효율성 및 안전성의 레벨 변화와 연관된 다양한 애플리케이션에 자신의 적합성에 영향을 미치는 다른 방법과 다를 가능성이있다. 프로그래밍 기술의 다양한 가용성, 상기 프로그래밍 프로세스를 평가하기위한 방법을 개발하는 것이 중요하게되었다. 대부분의 기존 방법은 형태 나 염색의 정성 검사에 의존줄기 세포 특이 염료 및 항체. 하나는 최근에 개발 된 방법은 PSC 별의 miRNAs 또는 분화 된 세포 고유의 mRNA 3에 민감한 렌티 바이러스 형광 기자를 사용합니다. 이러한 모니터링 방법은 선택과 다른 상황에 대한 재 프로그래밍 기술의 최적화를 용이하게한다. 예를 들어, 재 프로그래밍 CDy1 조절제 4 스크리닝하기 위해 초기 iPSCs하는 형광 프로브로서 사용되었다. 관찰하고 다른 프로그래밍 실험을 비교하는 기능은 프로세스 자체의 이해를 얻는데 중요하다. 예를 들어, 이제 일부 체세포 유형이 다른 5보다 쉽게 재 프로그래밍 것으로 알려져 있으며, 셀 6-8 재 프로그래밍 동안에 중간 상태를 끝까지. 불행하게도, 재 프로그래밍 절차의 기초가되는 메카니즘은 아직 완전히 이해되지 않으며, 따라서, 리 프로그래밍 방법의 정확한 차이 교리되도록 유지efined. 따라서, 모니터링 방법, 평가 및 재 프로그래밍 이벤트를 비교는 줄기 세포 분야에 대한 중요 할 것을 계속한다. 이 프로토콜에서 설명하는 방법은 모니터링을 허용하고, 프로그래밍 프로세스를 평가하고 이들 기술은 프로그래밍 시약의 상이한 세트를 비교하는 방법을 도시한다. 첫 번째 방법은 유세포 포함 양 및 음의 다 능성 줄기 세포 (PSC) 마커에 대한 항체의 조합을 사용하여 분석한다. 두 번째 방법 커플 실시간 영상 및 총 합류 (셀 적용 비율 표면적)와 마커 신호 (형광 신호에 의해 덮여 %의 표면적)의 합류 측정.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="795">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAXSupplement, pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">10569-010</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">Fetal Bovine Serum, embryonic stem cell-qualified, US origin</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">16141-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">Mouse (ICR) Inactivated Embryonic Fibroblasts</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A24903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Attachment Factor Protein (1X)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">S-006-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">DMEM/F-12, GlutaMAX supplement</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">10565-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">KnockOut Serum Replacement</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:147px;">10828010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">2-Mercaptoethanol (55 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">21985-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Collagenase, Type IV, powder</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">17104-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">TrypLE Select Enzyme (1X), no phenol red&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">12563-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:297px;">Geltrex LDEV-Free, hESC-Qualified, Reduced Growth Factor Basement Membrane Matrix</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A1413302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Essential 8 Medium</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A1517001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">FGF-Basic (AA 1-155) Recombinant Human Protein</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">PHG0264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15575-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">Bovine Albumin Fraction V (7.5% solution)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15260-037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">HEPES (1 M)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">InSolution Y-27632</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">EMD Millipore</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:147px;">688001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">CytoTune-iPS Sendai Reprogramming Kit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A1378001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">CytoTune-iPS 2.0 Sendai Reprogramming Kit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A16517</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Countess II Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">AMQAX1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Countess Cell Counting Chamber Slides</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">C10228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">BJ ATCC Human Foreskin Fibroblasts, Neonatal</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">CRL-2522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">DF1 Adult Human Dermal Fibroblast</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">BG01V/hOG Cells Variant hESC hOct4-GFP Reporter Cells</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">R7799-105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">IncuCyte ZOOM</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Essen BioScience</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">SSEA-4 Antibody, Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate (MC813-70)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SSEA421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:297px;">SSEA-4 Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate (eBioMC-813-70 (MC-813-70))</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A14810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">SSEA-4 Antibody (MC813-70)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">41-4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">TRA-1-60 Antibody (cl.A)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">&#160;41-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">CD44 Rat Anti-Human/Mouse mAb (clone IM7), PE-Cy5 conjugate</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A27094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">CD44 Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate Kit for Live Cell Imaging</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A25528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">CD44 Rat Anti-Human/Mouse mAb (Clone IM7)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">RM-5700 (no longer available)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">&#160;A-11029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">Goat anti-Rat IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 594 conjugate</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">&#160;A-11007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Alkaline Phosphatase Live Stain</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A14353</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">TRA-1-60 Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate Kit for Live Cell Imaging</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A25618</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">CD24 Mouse Anti-Human mAb (clone SN3), FITC conjugate</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">MHCD2401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">beta-2 Microglobulin Antibody, FITC conjugate (B2M-01)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A15737</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">EpCAM / CD326 Antibody, FITC conjugate (VU-1D9)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A15755</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">CD73 / NT5E Antibody (7G2)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">41-0200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">VECTOR Red Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) Substrate Kit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SK-5100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Zeiss Axio Observer.Z1 microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">491912-0003-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">FlowJo Data Analysis Software</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">FLOJO, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">Attune Accoustic Focusing Cytometer, Blue/Red Laser</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Use Attune NXT&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">S3e\ Cell Sorter (488/561 nm)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BIO-RAD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:147px;">1451006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">Falcon 12 x 75 mm Tube with Cell Strainer Cap</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:147px;">352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">Falcon 15 mL, high-clarity, dome-seal screw cap</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:147px;">352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Falcon T-75 Flask</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:147px;">353136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Falcon T-175 Flask</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:147px;">353112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">Falcon 6-well dish</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:147px;">353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">HERAEUS HERACELL CO2 ROLLING INCUBATOR</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:147px;">51013669</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:297px;">Nonstick, RNase-free Microfuge Tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;">AM12450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">HulaMixer Sample Mixer</td>
			<td style="width:263px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;">15920D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinetic measurement and real time visualization of somatic reprogramming

Somatic reprogramming has enabled the conversion of adult cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from diverse genetic backgrounds and disease phenotypes. Recent advances have identified more efficient and safe methods for introduction of reprogramming factors. However, there are few tools to monitor and track the progression of reprogramming. Current methods for monitoring reprogramming rely on the qualitative inspection of morphology or staining with stem cell-specific dyes and antibodies. Tools to dissect the progression of iPSC generation can help better understand the process under different conditions from diverse cell sources. 
This study presents key approaches for kinetic measurement of reprogramming progression using flow cytometry as well as real-time monitoring via imaging. To measure the kinetics of reprogramming, flow analysis was performed at discrete time points using antibodies against positive and negative pluripotent stem cell markers. The combination of real-time visualization and flow analysis enables the quantitative study of reprogramming at different stages and provides a more accurate comparison of different systems and methods. Real-time, image-based analysis was used for the continuous monitoring of fibroblasts as they are reprogrammed in a feeder-free medium system. The kinetics of colony formation was measured based on confluence in the phase contrast or fluorescence channels after staining with live alkaline phosphatase dye or antibodies against SSEA4 or TRA-1-60. The results indicated that measurement of confluence provides semi-quantitative metrics to monitor the progression of reprogramming.

유동 세포 계측법을 사용하여 재 프로그래밍의 속도론을 모니터링 SSEA4는 PSC 마커 6,10 동안 CD44는 섬유 아세포 마커입니다. 이 표현식 패턴에서 예상대로, 세포 계측법 BJ 섬유 아세포의 흐름 SSEA4 보여줍니다 - 흠 샘플과 함께 사분면 게이트의 생성을 촉진 CD44 + 인구. SSEA4 천천히 표현하면서 센다이 바이러스와 DF1 섬유 아 세포의 리 프로그래밍 동안, CD44은 점차 소실된다. CD44 + 세포와 7 일 (그림 1)에서 더 두드러진다 SSEA4 + CD44 + 세포의 작은 인구 ​​- 센다이 바이러스에 전달 후 3 일에서, SSEA4의 많은 인구가있다. 상태 - 데이 (13)에서 더블 양성 인구는 SSEA4 + CD44으로 전환. 날 (17), CE의 큰 퍼센티지문화의 재편은 이미 SSEA4 + CD44 있습니다 -. CD44 및 SSEA4으로 유세포 이번 과정 프로그램은 프로그래밍의 진행 및 레이트를 모니터링하기 위해 사용될 수있다. BJ 섬유 아세포 (그림 2A)의 재 프로그래밍과는 다른 속도로 세포 - 정량적 비교 센다이 재 프로그래밍 바이러스와 재 프로그래밍 BJ 섬유 아세포가 SSEA4 + CD44을 생성하는 확인합니다. 세포 리 프로그래밍의 진행을 추적 - 데이터는 PSC 형상 SSEA4 CD44 +의 비율의 초기 비교 것을 보여준다. 흥미롭게도, DF1 섬유 아세포의 재 프로그래밍의 8 일, 정렬 및 별도 SSEA4를 상승 조절의 과정에있는 세포의 인구를 배양하고 하향 조절에 CD44는 AP + 식민지 (11) (그림 2B에게)를 생성한다. 반면에, 일본어에서는 SSEA4 - CD44 + 집단은 AM 생성최종 식민지 분석의 전형적인 하루 프로그래밍의 날 (21)에서 AP + 식민지의 작은 수를 UCH. 인구가 형성되고, - 이는 정량 심지어 SSEA4 + CD44 전에 프로그래밍 동력학 차이를 예측하기 위해 전이 집단과 비교하는 것이 가능하다는 것을 암시한다. 여기에서 주목해야 할 중요한 점은 재 프로그래밍은 상기 표면 마커의 일반적인 패턴과 진행은 다른 프로그래밍 실험 간의 일치하지만 등 체세포 인구, 전달 효율, 매체를 시작으로 여러 가지 요인에 변수 과정 의존한다는 것입니다 섬유 아세포를 시작. 프로그래밍 동력학의 분석은 또한 새로 식별 PSC 네거티브 마커 CD73 및 B2M (6)뿐만 아니라, 기존의 PSC 마커 CD24 12, 13 및 14, 15는 EpCAM 같은 다른 마커에 수행 될 수있다. CD44, CD73 및 B2M 유사은 파 표현된다ental BJ 섬유 아세포는 있지만 완전히 재 프로그래밍 iPSCs (그림 3A)에서 탐지되고, 프로그래밍의 과정에서 하향 조절된다. B2M은 CD44 (그림 3B)보다 빠르게 하향 조절되는 반면, CD44 및 CD73 또는 CD44와 B2M를 사용하여 시간 코스 세포 계측법 흐름은, CD44 및 CD73가 비슷한 비율로 하향 조절되는 것을 알 수있다. 두 경우 모두에서 프로그래밍 속도는 더블 네거티브 인구의 축적을 측정함으로써 관찰 할 수있다. 이러한 부정적인 PSC 마커 달리, CD24과는 EpCAM 섬유 아세포에 존재하고 iPSCs (도 3a)로 표현된다. 시간 코스 세포 계측법 흐름에서, CD24 - CD44 +와는 EpCAM - 그리고는 EpCAM + CD44 - - PSC와 같은 세포, 각각 (그림 3B) CD44 + 섬유 아세포는 결국 나중에 CD24 + CD44로 전환 더블 부정적인 집단을 형성한다. 따라서, 재 프로그램하는 동안, 모두 긍정적 인 PSC 마커CD44가 하향 조절 한 후 표현된다. SSEA4와 CD44, 형성과 서로 다른 세포 집단의 축적으로 관찰 한 것과 유사하게 재 프로그램의 진행을 나타냅니다. 추적 실시간 영상 분석을 사용하여 재 프로그래밍 방송을 위상차 (도 4b) 이하 합류점의 대수의 증가에 대응하는 콜로니의 점진적인 형성 (도 4A)를 리 시드 배양 후에 재 프로그래밍 실시간 이미징. 위상차에서 합류 따라서 정량적으로 재 프로그래밍을 모니터링하기위한 또 다른 메트릭을 제공하지만 모두를 포함, PSC 마커와 unreprogrammed 또는 부분적으로 다시 프로그램 세포 (그림 4A, 마지막 패널)의 지속적인 확산을위한 긍정적 인 식민지. 만능 마커에 대한 염색 된 부분을 정량화TRA-1-60, 일 21시 SSEA4와 AP 6,10는 iPSCs는 총 합류 (그림 4B)의 절반 이하를 차지하고 있음을 나타냅니다. 보다 엄격하게 프로그래밍의 진행을 측정하기 위해, 프로그래밍을위한 리포터 라인을 사용하는 것이 가능하다. 여기서, 이차 섬유 아세포는 OCT4-GFP 기자 (16)와 함께 설계되었습니다 BG01v / 돼지 ESC 라인에서 발생했다. GFP는 세포 리 프로그래밍되는 표현 콜로니가 형성 될 때 (도 5a)된다. 위상 콘트라스트와 녹색 채널에서 측정 합류는 GFP의 합류는 총 합류보다 더 느리게 증가하고, 하루 19에서 GFP의 합류는, TRA-1-60 연상 총 합류 (그림 5B)의 절반보다 작다는 것을 보여줍니다 주 (21)에서 SSEA4와 AP 염색. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54190/54190fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1. 모유동 세포 계측법을 사용하여 재 프로그래밍의 진행을 nitoring. DF1 섬유 아세포에 대한 유동 세포 계측법 도트 플롯. 공급이없는 조건에서 센다이 바이러스로 재 프로그램 세포를 수확하고 재 프로그래밍 과정의 일에 3 일 (D3)에서 다른 간격 19 (D19)에 SSEA4와 CD44 항체로 염색 하였다. 세포가 7 일 (D7)에 시드 한 후 9 일에 문화 (D9)는 이후 분석 하였다. 도트 플롯은 8,000 단봉을 보여줍니다. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54190/54190fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54190/54190fig2.jpg" /> . DF1의 FIB 열 변환 한 후 다시 프로그램 세포 - 공급 장치가없는 조건에서 재 프로그래밍 속도론과 효율성을 평가 그림 2. (A) 그래프 SSEA4 + CD44의 비율의 변화를 보여주는센다이 바이러스와 roblasts 및 BJ 섬유 아세포. 세포는 이후 센다이 바이러스를 형질 도입 및 SSEA4와 CD44 항체로 염색 DF1 세포 플롯 유동 세포 계측법의 날 (7) (B) 의사 색상에 시드 받고 9 일에서 문화로, 세포 계측법 (19) 이후 전달에 3 일에 흐름에 의해 분석 하였다. SSEA4 -. CD44 + 세포 (검은 색 원)과 SSEA4 + 세포 (빨간색 원) 8 일에 분류 및 알칼리 포스 파타 아제 (적색)을위한 염색하기 전에 날 19까지 성장시켰다 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54190/54190fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54190/54190fig3.jpg" /> 그림 피더없는 문화의 3 관측 재 프로그래밍 속도론 다른 양극과 음극 PSC 마커를 사용하여. (AD) 라이브 염색일-18 DF1 파생 재 프로그래밍 CD24 긍정적 인 PSC 마커에 대한 항체를 사용하여 문화와는 EpCAM 음의 PSC 마커 CD44, CD73, 및 B2M의. 하단 패널은 또한 위상차 이미지를 포함하는 반면, 상부 패널은 녹색 및 적색 형광 채널을 병합. 스케일 바는 200 μm의를 나타냅니다. (E) (D17에 D9) (17)에 수확 9 일에서 같은 마커를 사용하여 염색 DF1 파생 재 프로그래밍 배양 후 전달을 위해 도트 플롯 유동 세포 계측법. 분석에 앞서, 문화는 도트 플롯은 8,000 단봉을 보여 주 7에서 시드 하였다. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54190/54190fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54190/54190fig4.jpg" /> 총 합류를 측정하여 그림 4. 추적 재 프로그래밍 속도론을. (A) 실시간 전BJ의 maging은 공급이없는 상태에서 센다이 바이러스에 다시 프로그램 섬유 아세포. 같은 식민지의 위상 콘트라스트 이미지는 CD44과 SSEA4, TRA-1-60 또는 AP에 대한 추가 염색과 다음 날 21, 19 일 7시에 촬영했다. 프로그래밍 등 총 합류 (위상차)의 스케일 바는 400 μm의에 해당한다. (B) 정량이 날 21 일 (21) 총 합류로 7 일에서 시드에서 진행 SSEA4, TRA-1-60과 AP 신호 합류 (비교된다 녹색 채널). <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54190/54190fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54190/54190fig5.jpg" /> OCT4-GFP 합류를 측정하여 재 프로그래밍 속도론을 평가 그림 5.로 재 프로그램 BG01v / 돼지 hESC의 유래 섬유 아세포의 (A) 실시간 영상센다이는 공급이없는 상태에서 바이러스. 위상 콘트라스트, 녹색 형광과 같은 식민지의 이미지를 줄이 400 μm의에 해당하는 19 스케일로 7 일에서 생성 된 합병했다. 총 합류 (위상차) 및 OCT4-GFP 합류 (녹색 채널)의 (B) 정량을 재 프로그래밍이 진행됨에 따라 주 (21)에 7 일에 다시 파종에서 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54190/54190fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming at JoVE.com

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

본 연구에 제시된 프로토콜은 유세포 분석을 이용하여 양 및 음의 다 능성 줄기 세포 마커의 운동 측정을 통해 프로그래밍 진행의 실시간 모니터링 방법을 설명한다. 이 프로토콜은 또한 IPSC 생성시 형태, 마커 또는 기자의 표현의 영상 기반의 평가를 포함한다.

체세포 재 프로그래밍의 운동 측정 및 실시간 시각화

Somatic reprogramming has enabled the conversion of adult cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from diverse genetic backgrounds and disease ...

kinetic-measurement-real-time-visualization-somatic

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

6.6K 조회수.  Thermo Fisher Scientific.  본 연구에 제시된 프로토콜은 유세포 분석을 이용하여 양 및 음의 다 능성 줄기 세포 마커의 운동 측정을 통해 프로그래밍 진행의 실시간 모니터링 방법을 설명한다. 이 프로토콜은 또한 IPSC 생성시 형태, 마커 또는 기자의 표현의 영상 기반의 평가를 포함한다. 

비디오: Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled cells and their progeny.

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

신경의 분석을위한 성인 마우스 V-SVZ에서 세포의 안정적이고 효율적인 유전자 변형 줄기 세포 자율 및 비 자치 효과

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

연구

발생학

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Cellular senescence is a stress response that is characterized by a stable cellular growth arrest, which is important for many physiological and pathological processes, such as cancer and ageing. Recently, senescence has also been implicated in tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore, it has become increasingly critical to identify senescent cells in vivo. Senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase (SA-&#946;-Gal) assay is the most widely used assay to detect senescent cells both in culture and in vivo. This assay is based on the increased lysosomal contents in the senescent cells, which allows the histochemical detection of lysosomal &#946;-galactosidase activity at suboptimum pH (6 or 5.5). In comparison with other assays, such as flow cytometry, this allows the identification of senescent cells in their resident environment, which offers valuable information such as the location relating to the tissue architecture, the morphology, and the possibility of coupling with other markers via immunohistochemistry&#160;(IHC). The major limitation of the SA-&#946;-Gal assay is the requirement of fresh or frozen samples.
Here, we present a detailed protocol to understand how cellular senescence promotes cellular plasticity and tissue regeneration in vivo. We use SA-&#946;-Gal to detect senescent cells in the skeletal muscle upon injury, which is a well-established system to study tissue regeneration. Moreover, we use&#160;IHC to detect Nanog, a marker of pluripotent stem cells, in a transgenic mouse model. This protocol enables us to examine and quantify cellular senescence in the context of induced cellular plasticity and in vivo reprogramming.

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Here we present a detailed protocol to detect both senescent and pluripotent stem cells in the skeletal muscle upon injury while inducing in vivo reprogramming. This method is suitable for evaluating the role of cellular senescence during tissue regeneration and reprogramming in vivo.

부상-유도 노화 및 골격 근육에서 프로그래밍을 Vivo에서 의 평가

Cellular senescence is a stress response that is characterized by a stable cellular growth arrest, which is important for many physiological and ...

Multi-Photon Time Lapse Imaging to Visualize Development in Real-time: Visualization of Migrating Neural Crest Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to numerous cell types throughout the body. Understanding the biology of the neural crest has been limited, reflecting a lack of genetically tractable models that can be studied in vivo and in real-time. Zebrafish is a particularly important developmental model for studying migratory cell populations, such as the neural crest. To examine neural crest migration into the developing eye, a combination of the advanced optical techniques of laser scanning microscopy with long wavelength multi-photon fluorescence excitation was implemented to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional, real-time videos of the developing eye in transgenic zebrafish embryos, namely Tg(sox10:EGFP) and Tg(foxd3:GFP), as sox10 and foxd3 have been shown in numerous animal models to regulate early neural crest differentiation and likely represent markers for neural crest cells. Multi-photon time-lapse imaging was used to discern the behavior and migratory patterns of two neural crest cell populations contributing to early eye development. This protocol provides information for generating time-lapse videos during zebrafish neural crest migration, as an example, and can be further applied to visualize the early development of many structures in the zebrafish and other model organisms.

A combination of the advanced optical techniques of laser scanning microscopy with long wavelength multi-photon fluorescence excitation was implemented to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional, real-time imaging of neural crest migration in Tg(sox10:EGFP) and Tg(foxd3:GFP) zebrafish embryos.

실시간으로 개발을 시각화 하기 위해 다중 광자 시간 경과 영상: 마이그레이션 Zebrafish 태아 신경 크레스트 셀의 시각화

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to ...

Real-time Measurement of Epithelial Barrier Permeability in Human Intestinal Organoids

Advances in 3D culture of intestinal tissues obtained through biopsy or generated from pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation, have resulted in sophisticated in vitro models of the intestinal mucosa. Leveraging these emerging model systems will require adaptation of tools and techniques developed for 2D culture systems and animals. Here, we describe a technique for measuring epithelial barrier permeability in human intestinal organoids in real-time. This is accomplished by microinjection of fluorescently-labeled dextran and imaging on an inverted microscope fitted with epifluorescent filters. Real-time measurement of the barrier permeability in intestinal organoids facilitates the generation of high-resolution temporal data in human intestinal epithelial tissue, although this technique can also be applied to fixed timepoint imaging approaches. This protocol is readily adaptable for the measurement of epithelial barrier permeability following exposure to pharmacologic agents, bacterial products or toxins, or live microorganisms. With minor modifications, this protocol can also serve as a general primer on microinjection of intestinal organoids and users may choose to supplement this protocol with additional or alternative downstream applications following microinjection.

This protocol describes the measurement of epithelial barrier permeability in real-time following pharmacologic treatment in human intestinal organoids using fluorescent microscopy and live cell microscopy.

인간의 장 Organoids에 상피 장벽 침투성의 실시간 측정

Advances in 3D culture of intestinal tissues obtained through biopsy or generated from pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation, have resulted ...

Kinetic Analysis of Vasculogenesis Quantifies Dynamics of Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis In Vitro

Vasculogenesis is a complex process by which endothelial stem and progenitor cells undergo de novo vessel formation. Quantitative assessment of vasculogenesis has become a central readout of endothelial progenitor cell functionality, and therefore, several attempts have been made to improve both in vitro and in vivo vasculogenesis models. However, standard methods are limited in scope, with static measurements failing to capture many aspects of this highly dynamic process. Therefore, the goal of developing this novel protocol was to assess the kinetics of in vitro vasculogenesis in order to quantitate rates of network formation and stabilization, as well as provide insight into potential mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction. Application of this protocol is demonstrated using fetal endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) exposed to maternal diabetes mellitus. Fetal ECFCs were derived from umbilical cord blood following birth, cultured, and plated in slides containing basement membrane matrix, where they underwent vasculogenesis. Images of the entire slide wells were acquired using time-lapse phase contrast microscopy over 15 hours. Images were analyzed for derivation of quantitative data using an analysis software called Kinetic Analysis of Vasculogenesis (KAV). KAV uses image segmentation followed by skeletonization to analyze network components from stacks of multi-time point phase contrast images to derive ten parameters (9 measured, 1 calculated) of network structure including: closed networks, network areas, nodes, branches, total branch length, average branch length, triple-branched nodes, quad-branched nodes, network structures, and the branch to node ratio. Application of this protocol identified altered rates of vasculogenesis in ECFCs obtained from pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. However, this technique has broad implications beyond the scope reported here. Implementation of this approach will enhance mechanistic assessment and improve functional readouts of vasculogenesis and other biologically important branching processes in numerous cell types or disease states.

Kinetic Analysis of Vasculogenesis Quantifies Dynamics of Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis In Vitro

Here, we present a protocol for time-lapse imaging and analysis of vasculogenesis in vitro using phase contrast microscopy coupled with the open source software, Kinetic Analysis of Vasculogenesis. This protocol can be applied to quantitatively assess the vasculogenic potential of numerous cell types or experimental conditions that model vascular disease.

Vasculogenesis의 운동 분석 역학 Vasculogenesis 및 신생에서 생체 외에서 의 단정

Vasculogenesis is a complex process by which endothelial stem and progenitor cells undergo de novo vessel formation. Quantitative assessment of ...

Direct Lineage Reprogramming of Adult Mouse Fibroblast to Erythroid Progenitors

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell fate determining and maturing factors. We previously set out to define the minimal set of factors necessary for instructing red blood cell development using direct lineage reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced erythroid progenitors/precursors (iEPs). We showed that overexpression of Gata1, Tal1, Lmo2, and c-Myc (GTLM) can rapidly convert murine and human fibroblasts directly to iEPs that resemble bona fide erythroid cells in terms of morphology, phenotype, and gene expression. We intend that iEPs will provide an invaluable tool to study erythropoiesis and cell fate regulation. Here we describe the stepwise process of converting murine tail tip fibroblasts into iEPs via transcription factor-driven direct lineage reprogramming (DLR). In this example, we perform the reprogramming in fibroblasts from erythroid lineage-tracing mice that express the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) under the control of the erythropoietin receptor gene (EpoR) promoter, enabling visualization of erythroid cell fate induction upon reprogramming. Following this protocol, fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into iEPs within five to eight days. 
While improvements can still be made to the process, we show that GTLM-mediated reprogramming is a rapid and direct process, yielding cells with properties of bona fide erythroid progenitor and precursor cells.

Here we present our protocol for producing induced erythroid progenitors (iEPs) from mouse adult fibroblasts using transcription factor-driven direct lineage reprogramming (DLR).

리니지 Reprogramming 성인 마우스 구와 Erythroid 창시자에의 직접

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell ...

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative therapeutic requires a safe, robust, and expedient reprogramming protocol. Here, we present a clinically relevant, step-by-step protocol for the extremely high-efficiency reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts into iPSCs using a non-integrating approach. The core of the protocol consists of expressing pluripotency factors (SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, LIN28A, NANOG, OCT4-MyoD fusion) from in vitro transcribed messenger RNAs synthesized with modified nucleotides (modified mRNAs). The reprogramming modified mRNAs are transfected into primary fibroblasts every 48 h together with mature embryonic stem cell-specific microRNA-367/302 mimics for two weeks. The resulting iPSC colonies can then be isolated and directly expanded in feeder-free conditions. To maximize efficiency and consistency of our reprogramming protocol across fibroblast samples, we have optimized various parameters including the RNA transfection regimen, timing of transfections, culture conditions, and seeding densities. Importantly, our method generates high-quality iPSCs from most fibroblast sources, including difficult-to-reprogram diseased, aged, and/or senescent samples.

Here we describe a clinically relevant, high-efficiency, feeder-free method to reprogram human primary fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells using modified mRNAs encoding reprogramming factors and mature microRNA-367/302 mimics. Also included are methods to assess reprogramming efficiency, expand clonal iPSC colonies, and confirm expression of the pluripotency marker TRA-1-60.

인간의 기본 섬유 아 세포의 유도 만능 줄기 세포로 재프로그래밍 RNA 기반

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative ...

Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors

The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying specification of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain elusive. Strategies to recapitulate human HSC emergence in vitro are required to overcome limitations in studying this complex developmental process. Here, we describe a protocol to generate hematopoietic stem and progenitor-like cells from human dermal fibroblasts employing a direct cell reprogramming approach. These cells transit through a hemogenic intermediate cell-type, resembling the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT) characteristic of HSC specification. Fibroblasts were reprogrammed to hemogenic cells via transduction with GATA2, GFI1B and FOS transcription factors. This combination of three factors induced morphological changes, expression of hemogenic and hematopoietic markers and dynamic EHT transcriptional programs. Reprogrammed cells generate hematopoietic progeny and repopulate immunodeficient mice for three months. This protocol can be adapted towards the mechanistic dissection of the human EHT process as exemplified here by defining GATA2 targets during the early phases of reprogramming. Thus, human hemogenic reprogramming provides a simple and tractable approach to identify novel markers and regulators of human HSC emergence. In the future, faithful induction of hemogenic fate in fibroblasts may lead to the generation of patient-specific HSCs for transplantation.

This protocol demonstrates the induction of a hemogenic program in human dermal fibroblasts by enforced expression of the transcription factors GATA2, GFI1B and FOS to generate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.

전사 요인의 강제 표현에 의한 인간 섬유아세포의 혈생 재프로그래밍

The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying specification of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain elusive. Strategies to recapitulate human ...

A Layered Mounting Method for Extended Time-Lapse Confocal Microscopy of Whole Zebrafish Embryos

Dynamics of development can be followed by confocal time-lapse microscopy of live transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing fluorescence in specific tissues or cells. A difficulty with imaging whole embryo development is that zebrafish embryos grow substantially in length. When mounted as regularly done in 0.3-1% low melt agarose, the agarose imposes growth restriction, leading to distortions in the soft embryo body. Yet, to perform confocal time-lapse microscopy, the embryo must be immobilized. This article describes a layered mounting method for zebrafish embryos that restrict the motility of the embryos while allowing for the unrestricted growth. The mounting is performed in layers of agarose at different concentrations. To demonstrate the usability of this method, whole embryo vascular, neuronal and muscle development was imaged in transgenic fish for 55 consecutive hours. This mounting method can be used for easy, low-cost imaging of whole zebrafish embryos using inverted microscopes without requirements of molds or special equipment.

This article describes a method to mount fragile zebrafish embryos for extended time-lapse confocal microscopy. This low-cost method is easy to perform using regular glass-bottom microscopy dishes for imaging on any inverted microscope. The mounting is performed in layers of agarose at different concentrations.

전체 얼룩말 배아의 연장된 시간 경과 공초점 현미경 검사법을 위한 레이어형 장착 방법

Dynamics of development can be followed by confocal time-lapse microscopy of live transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing fluorescence in specific tissues ...

Real-time Bioluminescence Imaging of Notch Signaling Dynamics during Murine Neurogenesis

Notch signaling regulates the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cells by cell-cell interactions. The components of Notch signaling exhibit dynamic expression. Notch signaling effector Hes1 and the Notch ligand Delta-like1 (Dll1) are expressed in an oscillatory manner in neural stem/progenitor cells. Because the period of the oscillatory expression of these genes is very short (2 h), it is difficult to monitor their cyclic expression. To examine such rapid changes in the gene expression or protein dynamics, fast response reporters are required. Because of its fast maturation kinetics and high sensitivity, the bioluminescence reporter luciferase is suitable to monitor rapid gene expression changes in living cells. We used a destabilized luciferase reporter for monitoring the promoter activity and a luciferase-fused reporter for visualization of protein dynamics at single cell resolution. These bioluminescence reporters show rapid turnover and generate very weak signals; therefore, we have developed a highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging system to detect such faint signals. These methods enable us to monitor various gene expression dynamics in living cells and tissues, which are important information to help understand the actual cellular states.

Neural stem/progenitor cells exhibit various expression dynamics of Notch signaling components that lead to different outcomes of cellular events. Such dynamic expression can be revealed by real-time monitoring, not by static analysis, using a highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging system that enables visualization of rapid changes in gene expressions.

뮤린 신경 발생 시 노치 신호 역학의 실시간 생물 발광 이미징

Notch signaling regulates the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cells by cell-cell interactions. The components of Notch signaling exhibit dynamic ...