This work was funded in part by NIH R01 #DE021475 to CTM and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship to NAE. Thanks to Miles Johnson for assistance with imaging and Priscilla Erickson for critical reading of the manuscript.

모든 물고기 작품은 캘리포니아 버클리 대학의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (프로토콜 번호 R330)에 의해 승인되었다. 안락사 0.1 % 중탄산 나트륨 39 % 완충 0.025 Tricaine-S에 침지하여 수행 하였다. 모든 단계는 실온에서 수행된다. 1. 준비 참고 : 단단히 밀봉 할 수 있고 수평으로 배치 할 원뿔 튜브 또는 섬광 유리 병에 단계 1.1-1.5를 수행합니다. 물고기는 지속적으로 동요 될 필요가 조심스럽게 반전 또는 염색 액에 물고기의 모든면을 노출하고 얼룩이 균등하게 조직을 통과 할 수 있도록 튜브 또는 튜브의 랙을 흔들어 가능한 한 자주 솔루션을 혼합하려고하지 않습니다. 액체의 무거운 무게가 통을 깰 것 같은 플랫폼 통에 물고기의 큰 배치를 두지 마십시오. <ol><li> 하룻밤 10 % 중성 완충 포르말린 (NBF)와 에탄올에 저장하거나 갓 안락사 생선이나 생선을 수정합니다. 대안 적으로, 4 % 파라 포름을 사용1X PBS 용액 대신에 10 % NBF에서 알데히드. 주 : DNA를 추출하는 경우에는 에탄올에 고정 및 저장 전에 꼬리 지느러미 또는 가슴의 일부를 클립. </li><li> 2 시간 동안 (즉, ~의 pH 7.0) 화학 후드에서 제대로 수정 폐기 및 수돗물로 교체합니다. 종종 산성 수 있으며 뼈 석회 수있는 탈 이온수를 사용하지 마십시오. </li><li> 24 시간 동안 물에 1 % KOH에 0.008 % 알리자린 레드 S 물과 얼룩 물고기를 제거합니다. 물고기보다 20mm 표준 길이를 들면, 0.004 % 알리자린 레드 S.는 (다음 희석 될 수있다 알리자린 레드 S의 100 배 (0.8 %) 원액을 확인)를 사용합니다. </li><li> 몇 시간 동안 수돗물에 얼룩 (후드에서 적절한 폐기 용기에 넣어)과 장소 물고기를 제거합니다. 물 린스는 대부분 깨끗해질 때까지 필요에 따라 물을 변경합니다. </li><li> 50 % 글리세롤, 가벼운 청소 및 후속 해부 0.25 %의 KOH에 물과 장소 물고기를 제거합니다. 참고 :이 염색 프로토콜은 앞서 설명한 방법 40, 41에서 수정됩니다. </li></ol><p클래스 = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. 해부 참고 : 관련 머리 골격 형태의 검토를 위해 그림 1을 참조하십시오. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54056/54056fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1 :. 큰가 머리 골격 형태 알리자린 레드는 로다 민 B 필터 세트에서 형광 이미징 큰가시 고기의 머리를 염색. 유용한 형태는 표지 할 것 : 연산 = opercle, Subop = subopercle, BSRs = branchiostegal 광선, 수술 전 = preopercle, Infraorb 1-3 = 눈꺼풀 1-3 (또한 circumorbitals 또는 suborbitals), 덴트는 = 치골, Premax = premaxilla, 최대 = 상악을 , 나스 = 코, 위도. ethm = 측면 사골, Psph = parasphenoid, 프론트 = 정면 뼈. 큰가시 고기의 머리 골격에 대한 자세한 설명은, (1974) 31하기 Anker를 참조하십시오. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54056/54056fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오</a>이 그림. <ol><li> 물고기 평면 (그림 2A)을 놓고 눈을 덮고있는 막에 구멍을 위해 ~ 45 ° 각도로 눈의 측면에 날카로운 # 5 시계의 집게를 삽입합니다. </li><li> 거리 요구르트 뚜껑 (도 2b)을 박리 유사한 눈으로부터 막을 벗겨. </li><li> 눈 뒤에 열린 집게를 삽입 눈 뒤에있는 시신경을 붙잡고, 및 눈 (그림 2C)를 제거합니다. 이 멜라닌을 누출로 눈에 구멍을하지 마십시오. 구멍이있는 경우, 멜라닌 이후 단계에서 씻겨 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 반대편에 반복합니다. </li><li> 후방에서 시작하여, opercle 플랩 아래에 하나의 작은 해부 가위 블레이드를 배치, 드래그 가위 블레이드는 등쪽 opercle 위, 그 다음 눈 소켓 (그림 2D)까지 연부 조직을 잘라. opercle 뼈에 지느러미를 잘라. </li><li> 정면 뼈 (눈 소켓에 지느러미) (그림 2E)을 잘라. </li><li> t 주위의 중간 선 parasphenoid 뼈를 잘라눈 소켓 (그림 2 층)의 그는 센터. </li><li> 반대 측의 반복 opercle 잘라. </li><li> opercle에서 집게를 삽입하고 천천히 여전히 (그림 2G - H)에 연결된 모든 연부 조직을 트리밍, 멀리 몸에서 얼굴을 떼어. 아가미 레이커의 첫 번째 행을 방해하지 않도록주의하십시오. <ol><li> 외부 피부 opercle, preopercle, subopercle 포함한 전체 설골 골격을하고, 핀셋으로 벗겨과 전방 두개 안면 골격 (치골, premaxilla 및 상악 포함한 전체 턱을 분리 할 때 중간 선 basihyal에서 양쪽에 ceratohyals를 분리 branchiostegal 광선 및 기본 지느러미와 복부 연골 요소와 코, 측면 사골을 포함한 두개골의 앞쪽 부분과 눈꺼풀 뼈)도 1 및도 2I를 참조하십시오. </li><li> 골반 쪽은 몸에서 밖으로 접을 수 있으며, 집게 보류 O를 잡아에 대한 핸들 역할을 할 수때 F 본. 등뼈는 제자리에 고정. 잠금을 해제하려면, 부드럽게 직접 거리에 물고기의 몸에서 집게로 척추를 당겨 부드럽게 물고기에 평평 척추를 눌러 뒤쪽으로 구부리십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 삽입 떨어져 아가미 골격 (- K 그림 2J)에 부착 된 나머지 근육과 인대를 괴롭 히고, 전방 및 드래그 집게 (단지 장 관 아래) 아가미 골격에 집게 후방과 복부를 마감했다. </li><li> 전방 방향 (그림 2L)에 후방에서 복부 braincase에 지느러미 아가미 골격을 부착 근육을 멀리 긁어, 닫힌 포셉의 팁을 사용. </li><li> 반대 측에 2.9와 2.10를 반복합니다. </li><li> 장내 튜브의 기반을 잡고 아가미 골격과 창자 관 (그림 2M - N)을 제거하기 위해 전방으로 잡아 당깁니다. </li><li> (다섯 번째 ceratobranchial의 끝에도 2O을 수직 절단 후방을 만들어 장내 튜브를 분리 </strong&gt;). </li><li> 아가미 골격의 등 쪽의 braincase에서 남아있는 뼈 조각을 제거한 후, 지느러미 치아 판의 양측 세트 사이에 지느러미 절단 (후방에 전방 절단) (- D 그림 3A)를 만들기 위해 아가미 바구니에 가위를 삽입합니다. 확인 컷은 지느러미 치아 판의 손상을 방지하기 위해 중앙에. </li><li> 아가미 골격 (그림 3E)를 개방을 지원하기 위해 아가미 골격 (창자 관의 앞쪽 끝)의 후방 끝 부분에있는 고무 장 루멘에서 두 개의 얕은 측면 상처를 확인합니다. </li><li> 물고기와 항아리에 모든 조직의 조각을 놓고 더 이상 청소가 필요하지 않은 경우 부드러운 청산, 또는 100 % 글리세롤을 계속 50 % 글리세롤, 0.25 %의 KOH와 microcentrifuge 관에 아가미 골격을 배치합니다. 고유 식별자와 라벨 항아리와 튜브는 그래서 그들은 추적 할 수 있습니다. 필요한 정화 량은 40m 이상 (대체로 물고기 큰 성어의 크기의 함수 인표준 길이 m)는 일반적으로 추가적인 청소가 필요합니다. </li></ol><img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54056/54056fig2.jpg" /> 그림 2 :. 큰가 아가미 골격 해부 알리자린 레드 해부에 대한 큰가시 고기 생선 준비 스테인드. 눈은 광범위한 청산에서 탈색된다. 파란색 화살표는 동작 방향을 나타낸다. (A) 큰가 헤드의 측면도, 전방 우측이다. (B) 눈을 덮는 막 제거. 눈의 (C)를 ​​제거. (D) 지느러미는 opercle 위에 잘라. (E) 정면 뼈를 잘라. (F) Parasphenoid 절단. (G - I) 안면 골격의 제거. 복부 아가미 골격 연조직 연결 (J) 제거. (K - L) 등의 아가미 골격 연결 제거. (&lt;강한&gt; M - N) 아가미 골격의 제거. (O) 아가미 골격에서 장 튜브를 분리합니다. 자세한 내용은 단계 2.16 통해 2.1를 참조하십시오. 스케일 바 = 5 mm이다. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54056/54056fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> 3. 아가미 해골 다시 염색 (필요한 경우) <ol><li> 아가미 골격 어둡거나 명확한 조직을 더 얼룩, 50 % 글리세롤, 0.25 %의 KOH 용액을 제거하고 배 1 % KOH (플랫폼 통에 수평으로 흔들어 섞으면 두 번째 24 시간 세척 한 다음 1 ~ 5 분 세척)으로 씻는다. </li><li> 24 시간 동안 1 % KOH에서 0.008 % 알리자린 레드 S와 1 % KOH 다시 얼룩을 제거합니다. </li><li> 얼룩을 제거하고 24 시간 동안 1 % KOH로 교체합니다. </li><li> KOH 용액을 제거하고 50 % 글리세롤, 0.25 % KOH로 교체합니다. </li></ol> 4. 아가미 해골 장착 <ol><li> 아가미 골격을 제거등쪽면이 22mm X 60mm 유리 커버 슬립 하단 50 % 글리세롤, 0.25 % KOH 또는 100 % 글리세롤과 장소에서 (그림 3 층)이 위를 향. 아가미 골격 위에 50 % 글리세롤, 0.25 %의 KOH 또는 100 % 글리세롤 몇 방울을 추가한다. 미세 원심 관에 50 % 글리세롤, 0.25 % KOH 100 % 글리세롤, 변화 솔루션에서 전환과&gt; 5 분 전에 조직을 평형 설치에 흔들합니다. </li><li> 스페이서의 역할을 커버 슬립의 양쪽 끝에서 모델링 점토와 장소의 두 개의 작은 공을 굴립니다. </li><li> 느슨하게 앞쪽 아가미 골격 (그림 3G)를 평평하게하기에 충분한 압력으로 상단에 두 번째 coverslip에 배치합니다. </li><li> 껍질, 지느러미 치아 플레이트를 포함 왼쪽 지느러미 플랩을 열고 평평하고, 커버 슬립 (그림 3H) 사이에 슬라이드. </li><li> 오른쪽 지느러미 플랩 반복 기술과는 커버 슬립 (그림 3I)의 가장자리에서 떨어져 전체 아가미 골격을 누릅니다. <ol><li> 바꾸다기본적으로, 집게로 열린 두 지느러미 플랩을 잡고 조심스럽게 한 부드러운 움직임의 아가미 골격을 평평하게,에 coverslip에 배치합니다. </li><li> 중력은 아가미 골격가 다시 닫습니다 허용하지 않도록 또는 밖으로 측면 각 지느러미 쪽을 플레잉, 하나의 커버 슬립에 거꾸로 아가미 골격을 탑재합니다. 그런 다음 두 번째 22mm X 60mm 유리 커버 슬립으로 커버하고 준비를 반전. 참고 : 다른 장착 기술이 좋든 나쁘 든 각 개인에 대한 작업을하는 경향이있다. 각 시도하고 가장 편안한 느낌을 확인. </li></ol></li><li> 가볍게 아가미 골격을 유지하기에 충분 점토 공을 평평하게하기 위해 상단 커버 슬립에 평평하게 탑재 눌러하지만, 시료를 분쇄하지 않도록주의. <ol><li> 장착 과정 ceratobranchials는 회전 레이커 행을 가릴 수있다. 커버 슬립 다시 배향 ceratobranchials 또는 전체 아가미 골격 사이에 집게를 밀어이를 해결. </li></ol></li><li> 쇼핑몰 소유주에 슬라이드 트레이에 평평하게 준비합니다톰 온도. 100 % 글리세롤에 장착 준비합니다 적어도 십년 가교 된 커버 사이에 저장 될 수있다. 청소 집게, 이소프로판올, 에탄올 및 커버 팁 가위. </li></ol><img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54056/54056fig3.jpg" /> 그림 3 :. 플랫 아가미 골격 조작을 장착하고 아가미 골격의 설치가 표시됩니다. 파란색 화살표는 동작 방향을 나타낸다. (A) 아가미 골격 등의 측면입니다. 지느러미 치아 판 사이 - (B D) 회전과 절개. 부드러운 조직 (E) 측면 컷은 또한 창자 관의 기반을 엽니 다. 설치를위한 준비 커버 슬립의 하단에 위치 (F) 아가미 골격. (지느러미 치아 플레이트 위) 아가미 골격의 앞쪽 절반에 위치 (G) 두 번째 커버 슬립. (H - I)지느러미 치아 판 플랩을 열고 두 커버 전표 사이에 밀어 아가미 골격의 평면 장착. 자세한 내용은 단계 4.6을 통해 4.1을 참조하십시오. 스케일 바 = 5 mm이다. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54056/54056fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The branchial skeleton is a complex set of bones in the throat of a fish that manipulates, filters, and masticates food items on their way to the esophagus. Many interesting trophic traits including the patterning of gill rakers, pharyngeal teeth, and branchial bones vary across and within species. The majority of these traits are difficult to near impossible to accurately measure with the branchial skeleton in situ (e.g., gill raker length, branchial bone length). This flat-mounting protocol places all branchial skeletal elements in a simple two-dimensional plane for ease of imaging and quantification of multiple traits. 
One limitation of this protocol is that although teeth, gill rakers, and most endochondral bones within this flat-mounted two-dimensional prep can be easily imaged and quantified, the second through fourth epibranchials, that have much more three-dimensional shapes, are not easily visualized and would require additional dissection to accurately measure. A second limitation of this protocol is the method is minimally destructive to the fish head. However, only two bones are damaged with a single cut each, the parasphenoid and the frontal bone. All other craniofacial skeletal elements can be returned to and measured at later points in time.
This protocol, although developed for sticklebacks, can be used in many other fish species, although sometimes modifications are necessary. For example, some fish species like zebrafish have a non-ossified dorsal chewing pad44 requiring the dorsal cut to be lateral, around this plate. The posterior end of the fifth ceratobranchial is curved is some species (e.g., zebrafish and other Cypriniformes) and must be trimmed or much larger clay spacers used to allow flat mounting. Particularly large specimens can be mounted between two pieces of glass or acrylic in the same manner. Species with a particularly thick epithelial layer covering tooth plates can be restained and cleared after dissection or more aggressively cleared with 2% KOH. Fish in this situation may also be presoaked in 1 or 2% KOH prior to Alizarin staining to increase dye penetrance. 
An alternative more technologically advanced method for imaging the branchial skeleton is Micro Computed Tomography (&#181;CT)23,45. However, &#181;CT requires an expensive scanner, is much more time consuming, and requires considerable training. Instead, this dissection protocol is inexpensive, quick, and amenable to high throughput studies required for quantitative studies such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping genomic regions controlling evolved changes in craniofacial patterning. Additionally, these dissections can be performed at any larval or adult time point22,35,36,38 to study skeletal development. Although fish head anatomy is complex, this simple protocol allows easy visualization of the internal branchial skeleton, a critically important component of trophic morphology.

다양성의 놀라운 양이 특히 물고기들, 척추 동물 중 머리 골격에 존재합니다. 대부분의 경우 이러한 다양성은 다른 공급 전략 1 용이 - 4, 모두 외부 및 내부 두개 안면 패턴에 큰 변화를 포함 할 수있다. 아가미 골격은 물고기의 목에 내부에 위치하여 구강의 대부분을 둘러싸고있다. 아가미 골격은 아가미를 지원하는 전방 네있는 5 직렬로 동종 세그먼트로 구성되어 있습니다. 함께이 다섯 세그먼트는 물고기와 음식 (5) 사이의 인터페이스로 작동합니다. 아가미 레이커, 인두 이빨과 아가미 뼈를 포함하여 특성의 다수의 변화는 다양한 종류의 음식에 효율적 꼴에 기여한다. 큰가시 고기과는 북반구에 걸쳐 민물 호수와 시내 식민지 조상의 해양 양식 후 적응 방사선을받은. 다이어트의 변화민물에서 더 큰 먹이에 바다에서 작은 동물성 플랑크톤에서 여러 두개 안면 특성 (6)에 극적인 영양 변화를 가져왔다. 많은 연구가 큰가시 고기과 7 외부 두개 안면의 차이에 초점을 맞추고 있지만 - 13 중요한 두개 안면의 변화는 내부 아가미 골격에 반복적으로 진화. 형태 학적으로 구별 큰가시 고기 집단 사이의 비옥 한 하이브리드를 만들 수있는 능력은 아가미 골격에 진화 변화의 유전 적 기초를지도 할 수있는 좋은 기회를 제공한다. 생태 학적 의미 중 하나는 영양 특성은 아가미 레이커, 아가미 뼈의 전방 및 후방 얼굴 라인과 먹이 항목을 필터링하는 데 사용되는주기적인 피부 뼈의 패턴입니다. 일반적으로 작은 먹이 항목을 먹고 물고기는 더 이상 더 조밀하게 이격 아가미가 더 큰 먹이 14,15 먹이 물고기에 비해 레이커 경향이있다. 아가미 레이커의 변화가보고 된 적이 모두 within 종 14-19 사이, 그리고 아가미 레이커 패턴의 양상은 영양 틈새 시장 및 피트니스 (16)에 기여한다. 연구의 수십 년은 광범위하게 threespine 큰가시 고기과 (17)의 아가미 레이커 번호와 길이의 변화 문서화 - (21); 그러나, 이러한 연구는 일반적으로 아가미 레이커의 첫 번째 행에 초점을 맞춘다. 최근 작품은 하나 하나의 아가미 레이커가 이해하는 행보다 더 많은 공부의 중요성을 강조 (23)과 길이 (24) 간격 아가미 골격 (22, 23)에서와 아가미 레이커의 단일 행에 걸쳐 아가미 레이커 수의 유전자 제어 모듈을 보여 주었다 아가미 레이커 감소의 발달 유전 적 기초. 모두 생태 및 생물 의학 의미의 두 번째 영양 특성은 인두 치아의 패턴입니다. 물고기에서 치아 인두 이빨 공지 모두 경구 턱과 아가미 골격 중에 위치 할 수있다. 구강 치아 페이지에 주로 사용된다27 - 인두 치아 저작 및 먹이 조작 (25)에 사용하는 동안 레이 캡처. 두 세트는 공유 발달 메커니즘을 통해 형성과 상동 (28) 발달로 간주됩니다. 때때로 이러한 일부 제브라 피쉬, 부족으로 구강 및 인두 등의 치아 (29) 다른 종의 여러 톱니 ceratobranchials, pharyngobranchials있는 동안 같은 종, 그리고 basihyal 톱니와 30 hypobranchials있다 흥미 모듈화가 발생합니다. 큰가시 고기과에, 인두 치아 앞쪽에 다섯 번째 ceratobranchial과 등쪽에 복부 발견하고 후방은 31 pharyngobranchials 있습니다. 큰가시 고기 공급에 운동학은 구강 턱은 주로 먹이 캡처 및 인두 턱에 저작을 떠나 흡입 공급 (9)을 용이하게 사용됩니다 보여줍니다. 시클리드에서 하부 인두 턱 형태 극적 32,33를 가변 적응 및 영양 틈새 (34) 상관 관계가 밝혀졌다. 멀티PLE 담수 큰가시 고기의 인구는 복부 인두 치아 번호 23,35,36에서 극적인 증가를 진화했다. 최근 작업이 진화 치아 이득의 발달 유전 적 근거는 민물 큰가시 고기과 (36)의 두 개의 독립적으로 파생 된 인구에서 크게 구별 있음을 보여 주었다. 포유 동물의 치아와는 달리, 물고기는 성인 생활 (37)를 통해 지속적으로 자신의 치아를 재생. 이러한 전술 높은 치형 민물 인구 모두 재생 (36)의 유전 적 기초를 연구하는 희귀 척추 제공 시스템, 가속 보철물 속도 진화 해왔다. 민물 큰가시 고기과에 반복적으로 진화하고 세 번째 영양 특성은 더 이상 각각 38 epibranchial 및 ceratobranchial 뼈, 상부 및 하부 턱의 아가미 아치 분절 동족체이다. 긴 아가미 뼈는 더 큰 구강을 부여하고 가능성이 더 큰 먹이 항목을 다 할 수 있도록하기위한 적응이다onsumed. 또한, 다른 물고기에, epibranchial 뼈는 등쪽 인두 치아 플레이트 (25)의 우울증 중요하다. 아가미 레이커와 인두 치아처럼, 아가미 뼈는 쉽게 시각화 또는 정량화하기 어려운, 따라서 내부입니다. 여기에서 우리는 해부 자세한 프로토콜을 제시하고 중요한 두개 안면 특성의 다양한 쉽게 시각화 및 정량화를 허용, 아가미 골격을 평면 마운트합니다. 이 프로토콜은 큰가시 고기의 해부를 설명하지만,이 같은 방법은 다른 물고기의 다양한 작동합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide (KOH)</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>PX1480-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Alderich</td>
			<td>G7893-4L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF)</td>
			<td>Azer Scientific</td>
			<td>NBF-4-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alizarin Red S</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>116-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Cover Glasses 22x60mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>16004-350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100x10mm Glass Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Kimble Chase</td>
			<td>23064-10010</td>
			<td>To dissect samples on</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td>Ellsworth Adhesives</td>
			<td>184 SIL ELAST KIT 0.5KG</td>
			<td>Can be poured into glass or plastic petri dishes to make dissecting plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modeling Clay</td>
			<td>Sargent Art</td>
			<td>22-4000</td>
			<td>1lb cream</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation Vials (case of 500)</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>66021-668</td>
			<td>Borosilicate Glass with Screw Cap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps-Dumont #5 Inox (Biologie tip)</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11252-20</td>
			<td>Dumostars are an alternative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting Scissors&#160;</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>15003-08</td>
			<td>Alternate sizes are available depending on size of sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>S6E with KL300 LED</td>
			<td>Many other models work nicely, having a flat base helps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge Tubes 1.7mL</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>C-2170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardboard slide tray</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-587-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dissection and flat-mounting of the threespine stickleback branchial skeleton

The posterior pharyngeal segments of the vertebrate head give rise to the branchial skeleton, the primary site of food processing in fish. The morphology of the fish branchial skeleton is matched to a species' diet. Threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have emerged as a model system to study the genetic and developmental basis of evolved differences in a variety of traits. Marine populations of sticklebacks have repeatedly colonized countless new freshwater lakes and creeks. Adaptation to the new diet in these freshwater environments likely underlies a series of craniofacial changes that have evolved repeatedly in independently derived freshwater populations. These include three major patterning changes to the branchial skeleton: reductions in the number and length of gill raker bones, increases in pharyngeal tooth number, and increased branchial bone lengths. Here we describe a detailed protocol to dissect and flat-mount the internal branchial skeleton in threespine stickleback fish. Dissection of the entire three-dimensional branchial skeleton and mounting it flat into a largely two-dimensional prep allows for the easy visualization and quantification of branchial skeleton morphology. This dissection method is inexpensive, fast, relatively easy, and applicable to a wide variety of fish species. In sticklebacks, this efficient method allows the quantification of skeletal morphology in genetic crosses to map genomic regions controlling craniofacial patterning.

<html> 중요한 영양 특성의 다양한 정량화 할 수있는 해부와 평면 탑재 아가미 골격이 프로토콜 결과 (그림 4). 지느러미보기에서 아가미 레이커, 모든 인두 치아 판, 거의 모든 아가미 뼈의 모든 행은 쉽게 시각화, 22 정량화 할 수있다 - 24,35,36,38,42합니다. 알리자린 레드 S는 다른 마커 (예, 유전자 변형 GFP 42) 및 시각화하는 다른 방법으로 이중 라벨을 허용하는 로다 민 또는 유사한 적색 필터에 형광. 형광 이미징 또는 표현형을 계획하는 경우 형광은 어둠 속에서 상점 준비합니다, 그래서 빛 빨리 사라져요. 복부보기에서 아가미는 시각과 색소 침착 (43)를 정량화 할 수있다. 최상의 상태로 준비 년 동안 100 % 글리세린에 저장 될 수있다. 4.jpg &quot;/&gt; 그림 4 :. 대표 큰가시 고기 아가미 골격 스테인드 및 삭제 아가미 해골의 두 가지 예는 표시됩니다. (A) 브라이트 이미지를 보여주는 뼈가 빨간색으로 표시. (B)는 로다 민 B 필터 세트에서 형광 이미지입니다. 레이커, 치아, 뼈의 예는 각각 캐럿, 화살촉 및 별표로 표시되어 있습니다. 스케일 바 = 2 mm이다. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/54056/54056fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton at JoVE.com

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

The branchial skeleton, including gill rakers, pharyngeal teeth, and branchial bones, serves as the primary site of food processing in most fish. Here we describe a protocol to dissect and flat-mount this internal skeleton in threespine sticklebacks. This method is also applicable to a variety of other fish species.

해부와 큰가시 고기 아가미 해골의 평면 장착

The posterior pharyngeal segments of the vertebrate head give rise to the branchial skeleton, the primary site of food processing in fish. The morphology ...

dissection-flat-mounting-threespine-stickleback-branchial

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.7K 조회수.  University of California, Berkeley. The branchial skeleton, including gill rakers, pharyngeal teeth, and branchial bones, serves as the primary site of food processing in most fish. Here we describe a protocol to dissect and flat-mount this internal skeleton in threespine sticklebacks. This method is also applicable to a variety of other fish species. 

비디오: Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

Dissection of Drosophila Ovaries

Drosophila 난소의 해부

연구

생물학

Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 35 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. In order to access the NMJ for study, it is necessary to carefully dissect each larva. In this article we demonstrate how to properly dissect Drosophila larvae for study of the NMJ by removing all internal organs while leaving the body wall intact. This technique is suitable to prepare larvae for imaging, immunohistochemistry, or electrophysiology.

This protocol demonstrates how to dissect Drosophila larvae in preparation for immunohistochemistry and/or imaging of the neuromuscular junction.

Drosophila 애벌레 NMJ의 해부

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use ...

Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

The stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) is located in the cephalothorax, between the rostrum and the cervical groove. The anterior end of the stomach is defined by the mouth opening and the posterior end by the bottom of the pylorus. Along the dorsal side of the stomach lies the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS). This nervous system, which contains rhythmic networks that underlie feeding behavior, is an established model system for studying rhythm generating networks and neuromodulation 1,2. While it is possible to study this system in vivo 3, the STNS continues to produce its rhythmic activity when isolated in vitro. In order to study this system in vitro the stomach must be removed from the animal. This video article describes how the stomach can be dissected from the American lobster. In an accompanying video article4 we demonstrate how the STNS can be isolated from the stomach.

Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

We describe the gross dissection of the stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus).

랍스터의 뱃속의 총 해부, Homarus Americanus</em

The stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) is located in the cephalothorax, between the rostrum and the cervical groove. The anterior end of ...

Dissection of Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus from Adult Mouse

The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its important functional role in memory processing and learning, its remarkable neuronal cell plasticity, and its involvement in epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders. The hippocampus is composed of distinct regions; the dentate gyrus, which comprises mainly granule neurons, and Ammon's horn, which comprises mainly pyramidal neurons, and the two regions are connected by both anatomic and functional circuits. Many different mRNAs and proteins are selectively expressed in the dentate gyrus, and the dentate gyrus is a site of adult neurogenesis; that is, new neurons are continually generated in the adult dentate gyrus. To investigate mRNA and protein expression specific to the dentate gyrus, laser capture microdissection is often used. This method has some limitations, however, such as the need for special apparatuses and complicated handling procedures. In this video-recorded protocol, we demonstrate a dissection technique for removing the dentate gyrus from adult mouse under a stereomicroscope. Dentate gyrus samples prepared using this technique are suitable for any assay, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and cell biology analyses. We confirmed that the dissected tissue is dentate gyrus by conducting real-time PCR of dentate gyrus-specific genes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) and desmoplakin (Dsp), and Ammon's horn enriched genes, Meis-related gene 1b (Mrg1b) and TYRO3 protein tyrosine kinase 3 (Tyro3). The mRNA expressions of TDO2 and Dsp in the dentate gyrus samples were detected at obviously higher levels, whereas Mrg1b and Tyro3 were lower levels, than those in the Ammon's horn samples. To demonstrate the advantage of this method, we performed DNA microarray analysis using samples of whole hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The mRNA expression of TDO2 and Dsp, which are expressed selectively in the dentate gyrus, in the whole hippocampus of alpha-CaMKII+/- mice, exhibited 0.037 and 0.10-fold changes compared to that of wild-type mice, respectively. In the isolated dentate gyrus, however, these expressions exhibited 0.011 and 0.021-fold changes compared to that of wild-type mice, demonstrating that gene expression changes in dentate gyrus can be detected with greater sensitivity. Taken together, this convenient and accurate dissection technique can be reliably used for studies focused on the dentate gyrus.

A dissection technique for removal of the dentate gyrus from adult mouse under a stereomicroscope was demonstrated in this video-recorded protocol.

성인 마우스 Hippocampal 이가있는 이랑의 해부

The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its important functional role in memory processing and learning, its ...

Dissection of Organs from the Adult Zebrafish

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental analysis of the embryo and larva is extensive and the morphology has been well documented, descriptions of adult zebrafish anatomy and studies of development of the adult structures and organs, together with techniques for working with adults are lacking. The organs of the larva undergo significant changes in their overall structure, morphology, and anatomical location during the larval to adult transition.  Externally, the transparent larva develops its characteristic adult striped pigment pattern and paired pelvic fins, while internally, the organs undergo massive growth and remodeling.  In addition, the bipotential gonad primordium develops into either testis or ovary.  This protocol identifies many of the organs of the adult and demonstrates methods for dissection of the brain, gonads, gastrointestinal system, heart, and kidney of the adult zebrafish. The dissected organs can be used for in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, histology, RNA extraction, protein analysis, and other molecular techniques.  This protocol will assist in the broadening of studies in the zebrafish to include the remodeling of larval organs, the morphogenesis of organs specific to the adult and other investigations of the adult organ systems.

This protocol describes a procedure for identifying and dissecting organs from the adult zebrafish.

성인 Zebrafish에서 기관의 해부

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental ...

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells form, and how they interact with their environment is therefore crucial for understanding development, homeostasis and disease. The ovary of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has served as an influential model for the interaction of germ line stem cells (GSCs) with their somatic support cells (niche) 1, 2. The known location of the niche and the GSCs, coupled to the ability to genetically manipulate them, has allowed researchers to elucidate a variety of interactions between stem cells and their niches 3-12.
Despite the wealth of information about mechanisms controlling GSC maintenance and differentiation, relatively little is known about how GSCs and their somatic niches form during development. About 18 somatic niches, whose cellular components include terminal filament and cap cells (Figure 1), form during the third larval instar 13-17. GSCs originate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs proliferate at early larval stages, but following the formation of the niche a subgroup of PGCs becomes GSCs 7, 16, 18, 19. Together, the somatic niche cells and the GSCs make a functional unit that produces eggs throughout the lifetime of the organism.
Many questions regarding the formation of the GSC unit remain unanswered. Processes such as coordination between precursor cells for niches and stem cell precursors, or the generation of asymmetry within PGCs as they become GSCs, can best be studied in the larva. However, a methodical study of larval ovary development is physically challenging. First, larval ovaries are small. Even at late larval stages they are only 100&mu;m across. In addition, the ovaries are transparent and are embedded in a white fat body. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for isolating ovaries from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae, followed by staining with fluorescent antibodies. We offer some technical solutions to problems such as locating the ovaries, staining and washing tissues that do not sink, and making sure that antibodies penetrate into the tissue. This protocol can be applied to earlier larval stages and to larval testes as well.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

How niches and stem cells form during development is an important question with practical implications. In the Drosophila ovary, germ line stem cells and their somatic niches form during larval development. This video demonstrates how to dissect, stain and mount female gonads from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae.

해부 그리고 스테 이닝 Drosophila 애벌레 난소

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells ...

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem cells during normal homeostasis and disease states. The understanding of adult stem cells has broad reaching implications for the future of regenerative medicine1. For example, better knowledge about adult stem cell biology can facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies in which organs are triggered to heal themselves or even the creation of methods for growing organs in vitro that can be transplanted into humans1. The zebrafish has become a powerful animal model for the study of vertebrate cell biology2. There has been extensive documentation and analysis of embryonic development in the zebrafish3. Only recently have scientists sought to document adult anatomy and surgical dissection techniques4, as there has been a progressive movement within the zebrafish community to broaden the applications of this research organism to adult studies. For example, there are expanding interests in using zebrafish to investigate the biology of adult stem cell populations and make sophisticated adult models of diseases such as cancer5. Historically, isolation of the zebrafish adult kidney has been instrumental for studying hematopoiesis, as the kidney is the anatomical location of blood cell production in fish6,7. The kidney is composed of nephron functional units found in arborized arrangements, surrounded by hematopoietic tissue that is dispersed throughout the intervening spaces. The hematopoietic component consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny that inhabit the kidney until they terminally differentiate8. In addition, it is now appreciated that a group of renal stem/progenitor cells (RPCs) also inhabit the zebrafish kidney organ and enable both kidney regeneration and growth, as observed in other fish species9-11. In light of this new discovery, the zebrafish kidney is one organ that houses the location of two exciting opportunities for adult stem cell biology studies. It is clear that many outstanding questions could be well served with this experimental system. To encourage expansion of this field, it is beneficial to document detailed methods of visualizing and then isolating the adult zebrafish kidney organ. This protocol details our procedure for dissection of the adult kidney from both unfixed and fixed animals.
Dissection of the kidney organ can be used to isolate and characterize hematopoietic and renal stem cells and their offspring using established techniques such as histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)11,12, expression profiling13,14, and transplantation11,15. 
We hope that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with the knowledge to implement broader use of zebrafish studies that ultimately can be translated for human application.

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

성인 Zebrafish의 신장의 해부

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem ...

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes. It contains approximately 800 separate eye units, termed ommatidia1. Each ommatidium contains eight neuronal photoreceptors that develop from undifferentiated cells following the passage of the morphogenetic furrow in the third larval instar2. Following the sequential differentiation of the photoreceptors, non-neuronal cells develop, including cone and pigment cells, along with mechanosensory bristle cells3. Final differentiation processes, including the structured arrangement of all the ommatidial cell types, programmed cell death of undifferentiated cell types and rhodopsin expression, occurs through the pupal phase4-7. This technique focuses on manipulating the pupal eye disc, providing insight and instruction on how to dissect the eye disc during the pupal phase, which is inherently more difficult to perform than the commonly dissected third instar eye disc. This technique also provides details on immunostaining to allow the visualization of various proteins and other cell components.

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The goal of this technique is to enable researchers to perform dissection, immunostaining and mounting of pupal eye discs from Drosophila melanogaster of any age.

해부와의 설치<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 번데기 아이 디스크

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes.  It contains approximately 800 ...

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called the auditory bulla houses the ossicles, whereas the auditory capsule encloses the inner ear, namely the cochlea and semicircular canals. Murine ossicles are essential for hearing and thus of great interest to researchers in the field of otolaryngology, but their metabolism, development, and evolution are highly relevant to other fields. Altered bone metabolism can affect hearing function in adult mice, and various gene-deficient mice show changes in morphogenesis of auditory ossicles in utero. Although murine auditory ossicles are tiny, their manipulation is feasible if one understands their anatomical orientation and 3D structure. Here, we describe how to dissect the auditory bulla and capsule of postnatal mice and then isolate individual ossicles by removing part of the bulla. We also discuss how to embed the bulla and capsule in different orientations to generate paraffin or frozen sections suitable for preparation of longitudinal, horizontal, or frontal sections of the malleus. Finally, we enumerate anatomical differences between mouse and human auditory ossicles. These methods would be useful in analyzing pathological, developmental and evolutionary aspects of auditory ossicles and the middle ear in mice.

We present a protocol to isolate the auditory bulla, capsule, and ossicles from postnatal mice for whole mount and histological analysis.

출생 후의 쥐의 청각 수포의 해부 : 중이의 뼈와 조직 학적 분석의 분리

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called ...

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face

Facial expressions, or facial displays, of social or emotional intent are produced by many mammalian taxa as a means of visually communicating with conspecifics at a close range. These displays are achieved by contraction of the mimetic muscles, which are skeletal muscle attached to the dermis of the face. Reverse dissection, removing the full facial mask from the skull and approaching mimetic muscles in reverse, is an effective but destructive way of revealing the morphology of mimetic muscles but it is destructive. DiceCT is a novel mechanism for visualizing skeletal muscles, including mimetic muscles, and isolating individual muscle fascicles for quantitative measurement. Additionally, DiceCT provides a non-destructive mechanism for visualizing muscles. The combined techniques of reverse dissection and DiceCT can be used to assess the evolutionary morphology of mimetic musculature as well as potential contraction strength and velocity in these muscles. This study further demonstrates that DiceCT can be used to accurately and reliably visualize mimetic muscles as well as reverse dissection and provide a non-destructive method for sampling mimetic muscles.

Facial expressions are a mode of visual communication produced by mimetic muscles. Here, we present protocols for the novel techniques of reverse dissection and DiceCT to fully visualize and assess mimetic muscles. These combined techniques can examine both morphological and physiological aspects of mimetic musculature to determine functional aspects.

해 부와 영장류의 진화에 DiceCT 공개 그렇지 않으면 숨겨진 데이터

Facial expressions, or facial displays, of social or emotional intent are produced by many mammalian taxa as a means of visually communicating with ...

해부와 큰가시 고기 아가미 해골의 평면 장착

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