Name: long-term blood pressure measurement in freely moving mice using telemetry
Uploaded: 2016-05-17T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 54 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NHLBI) [Grant no. HL114869] and the support from UTHSC to SM.

윤리 문 :이 비디오 문서에서 언급 된 모든 동물 절차를 검토하고 테네시 건강 과학 센터의 대학의 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)에 의해 승인되었다. 참고 : 수술을 통해 멸균 미세 악기를 사용합니다. 수술 장비는 1500 ° F (815.6 ° C)의 최적의 살균 온도에서 적외선 살균기를 이용하여 멸균 할 수있다. 제조업체의 지침에와 카테터의 끝이 제조 업체에서 제공하는 특수 젤 리필되었는지에 따라 전체 송신기를 소독해야합니다 동물에 넣기 전에 Telemeters 그러나, 재사용 할 수 있습니다. 1. 실험 동물 <ol><li> 수행 할 모든 실험에 대한 IACUC 승인을 얻습니다. 기관 IACUC와 상담이 높은이 절차 후 수술 후 진통제 사용을위한 요구 사항에 대한 권장합니다. </li><li> C에서 동물을 유지21 ° C, 상대 습도 60 %의 주위 온도와 음식과 물을 무료로 이용할와 12 시간의 명암주기를 갖는 limate 제어 객실을 보유하고 있습니다. 주 : 마우스 본체는 원격 프로브 (긴 approximatively 1cm X 직경 2cm)을 수용하기 때문에, 그것을 20g 이상의 체중 쥐를 사용하는 것이 바람직하다. </li></ol> 2. 마취 및 수술 준비 <ol><li> 정밀 저울을 사용하여 마우스를 달아 무게를 기록한다. 부드럽게 조용히 동물을 처리해야합니다. </li><li> 유도 챔버에 동물을 배치하고 닫습니다. 0.5 L / min의 산소 유속을 설정 및도 4에 이소 플루 란 농도 세트 - 5 %. </li><li> 37 °의 C - 마우스가 의식을 잃을 때, 36로 유지 몸 온난화 판에 놓습니다. 2 % 이소 플루 란으로 설정된 원추형 두부를 통해 마취를 유지 (0.5 L / 분의 유량을 유지). </li><li> 목부 및 t의이면으로부터 모발을 제거하여 작업 영역을 준비그는 머리 제거 크림을 적용하여 목의 복부 측면. </li><li> 70 % 이소 프로필 알코올 교대 수술 스크럽 (betadine 용액) 3 애플리케이션 절개 부위를 치료. </li></ol> 3. 수술 <ol><li> 부정사 위치에 마우스를 놓습니다. 발을 곤란하게하여 반사를 확인하고 응답이 없을 때까지 마취를 조정합니다. 메스와 마우스의 목 아래 약 1 cm의 중간 선 절개를합니다. 절단의 왼쪽에서주의 깊게 기본 결합 조직에서 피부를 분리하여 피하 공간을 만들 수 있습니다. </li><li> 마우스를 플립, 그리고 견갑골 뒤에 지느러미 왼쪽에 약 1.5 cm의 피부 절개를 만들기 위해 메스를 사용합니다. 장치를 수용 할 수있을만큼 큰 동물의 측면을 따라 피하 주머니를 만듭니다. 주머니에 송신기를 삽입합니다. </li><li> 다시 절개의 작은 지혈 클램프를 삽입하고 전방을 향해 피하을 기동목 개방. 삽입 - 지혈제 클램프를 사용하여 부드럽게 무독성 폴리에틸렌 관 (X 4cm 길이 1mm의 ID)를 파악. <ol><li> 튜브는 모두 복부와 지느러미 절개에서 돌출 될 때까지, 뒤쪽에 횡 절개 밖으로 터널을 통해 다시 지혈을 당겨 지혈에서 튜브를 놓습니다. 후면에서 목을 통해 터널로 튜브에 압력 감지 카테터의 팁 카테터 센서를 삽입한다. 목 앞쪽에서 당겨 폴리에틸렌 튜브를 제거하고 금속 클립을 사용하는 등의 절개를 닫습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 조심스럽게 무균 면화 팁 어플리케이터를 사용하여 하악 동맥을 분리하고 탄성 숙박 후크를 사용하여 왼쪽 하악 선을 철회. 뾰족한 곡선 집게를 사용하여 기관의 왼쪽에 경동맥을 찾습니다. 배치하고 멸균 드레이프를 확보하여 무균 수술 부위를 유지합니다. <ol><li> 조심스럽게 주위 조직에서 용기를 분리하고 조심스럽게 분리멀리 동맥에서 경동맥을 따라입니다 미주 신경 (색상 희끄무레). 절단 또는 신경이나 혈관 손상되지 않도록주의하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 격리 된 경동맥 섹션 아래에 7-0 비 흡수성 봉합사의 세 가지를 전달합니다. 혈액의 흐름을 닫습니다 두개골 봉합을 묶어. 일시적으로 대동맥에서 혈액의 흐름을 폐색하는 흉골에 가장 가까운 봉합사를 당깁니다. </li><li> 중간 봉합사를 사용하여 느슨한 매듭을합니다. 이는 용기 내의 카테터를 고정하기 위해 사용된다. 두개골 및 마이크로 가위를 사용하여 흉골 봉합 사이의 동맥에 작은 절개를 잘라. </li><li> 프로브에서 젤 손실을 방지하기 위해 카테터를 집어 넣은 않도록주의하면서, 특수 선박 삽관의 집게로 카테터를 잡아. 조심스럽게, 좋은 팁 곡선 핀셋 집게로 동맥을 잡아 카테터를 검색하고 작은 절개를 통해 용기에 삽입합니다. </li><li> 동맥 주위에 중간 봉합 노드를 조 부드럽게 고양이의 발전heter. 조심스럽게 흉골에 인접되는 봉합사를 해제하고 가로 대동맥으로 카테터를 전진하는 것을 계속한다. <ol><li> 카테터를 삽입 할 필요가 얼마나 멀리의 대략적인 인덱스를 제공 카테터에 마크를 관찰한다. 지점에 도달하면, 가볍게 두 하부 카테터 주변의 상부 봉합 조인다. 카테터는 봉합 매듭으로 경동맥에 고정된다. </li></ol></li><li> 비 흡수성 5-0 봉합사로 피부 절개를 닫습니다. 폐쇄되면, 조직 접착제로 절개를 밀봉. </li></ol> 4. 수술 복구 및 혈압 측정 <ol><li> 정상적인 자세와 행동의 반환을 위해 긴밀하게 동물을 모니터링합니다. 직원 수의사의 지시에 따라 24 시간 수술 후 기간 관리]의 진통 중. </li><li> 동물이 회복되면 (5-7일 후 수술), 원격 측정 수신기 판의 상단에 배치 일반 마우스 케이지에 개별적으로 수용. </li><li> 이식 TR을 돌려자기 장치를 사용하여 및 &quot;오프&quot; &quot;의&quot;ansmitters 간단히 케이지의 외부에서 동물에 가까운 위치. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

이식 무선 원격 측정은 지난 10 년간 크게 개선했다; 작은 프로브 크기는 동물에 대한 이식이 적은 외상하게, 장기간 배터리 수명 비용을 감소시키는 데 도움이 독립적 텔레 주파수는 수신기 사이의 크로스 토크를 제거한다. 텔레 자유롭게 다른 기술 8,9에 필요한 구속, 인간의 상호 작용, 또는 마취제의 사용과 관련된 아티팩트없이 동물을 이동하는 생체 변수의 다양한 수집 최신식있어서 고려된다. 그러나, 그 기술의 단점들 중 일부는 장비 및 소프트웨어의 초기 비용과 연관된다. 송신기들은 손상 깨지기 쉽다, 배터리는 결국 전력 부족 않고 교체 될 필요가있다. 이 회사는 저렴한 비용으로 그 손상 프로브를 닦다 제공하지만, 비용은 여전히​​ 실험실 금지 될 수 있습니다.또한,이 방법은 기술적으로 어려울 수 있으며, 실제로는 신뢰할 BP 측정을 달성하기 위해 요구된다. 마지막으로, 우리의 손에 약 5 %의 사망률 관련된 몇 가지 수술 후이있다. 이것은 극적으로 특정 치료를 테스트 할 경우 증가시킬 수 있습니다 또는 유전자 조작 마우스의 건강을 위태롭게합니다. 전체 과정에 걸쳐 무균 식염수 유지 티슈 수화 다음 중요한 요인이 프로 시저의 실행 성공에 필수적이다. 항상 큰 관심과 송신기를 처리; 이 겔이 누설하거나 송신기 손상시킬 수 있으므로, 압력 센서를 보유 피한다. 카테터를 삽입 할 때 용기로부터 유출되는 카테터 될 것이다 이렇게 실패로 이중 매듭 중앙 봉합 넥타이. 경동맥에 삽입하는 카테터의 필요한 길이는이 특별히 사용되는 마우스 균주 및 중량에 따라 변경할 수있다LAR 연구. 따라서, 높은 카테터 대동맥의 폐색을 방지하기 위해 삽입 될 필요가 얼마나 깊이를 결정하는 몇 가지 예비 실험을 실행하는 것을 권장한다. 마지막으로, 매일 동물을 모니터링하고 송신기 위의 피부가 늘어나거나 괴사하는 것을 방지 할 수 있도록 보장합니다. 확장 괴사 또는 감염이 발생하는 경우, 기관 방침에 따라 동물을 안락사.

고혈압은 논란의 여지가 선진국과 개발 도상국의 1에 모두 중요한 공중 보건 문제이며, 심혈관 질환의 주요 위험 요인 중 하나입니다. 실험 고혈압의 여러 동물 모델이 인간에서 관찰되는 것과 같은 고혈압 성 반응을 모방하기 위해 개발되었다. 다른 중, 외래 마우스 기원과 고혈압에 만성 노출의 결과 생체 분석에 허용 고혈압의 진행을 연구하는 훌륭한 모델을 나타냅니다. 혈압은 마우스 (BP) 모니터링은 생리와 고혈압과 심장 장애 3, 4과 같은 질병의 병태 생리에 관여하는 여러 메커니즘을 해명하는 연구를 도왔다. 사실, 마우스 게놈의 조작은 고혈압 5, 6을 공부 유전자 변형 또는 유전자 대상 모델에 적합한의 생성을 허용했다. 그러나, 부드러운 조작의식 마우스의 진정 또는 안정제의 사용은 근본적으로 혈압 7에 영향을하면서 잠재적으로 데이터 수집시 유물을 소개 할 수 감동이를 유도한다. 이러한 측면은 특히 중요 장기 BP 모니터링을 시도 할 때를 고려하여 수행되어야한다. 생쥐가 BP를 기록하는 여러 가지 방법이 있고, 현재 가장 일반적인 기술 사이의 비교는 다른 곳 (9) (8)을 설명하고있다. 하지만 BP 측정 용 AHA 권장 BP의 동맥 측정은 일반적으로 인해 직접 10 시간의 연장 된 기간 동안 BP 측정을 선택하는 것이 바람직하다 결론 지었다. 동맥압 직접 측정과 결합 된 무선 원격 깨어 생리 기능 모니터링 및 환경 스트레스 - 관련 이슈 9, 11을 최소화하면서 자유롭게 실험 동물을 이동하는 첨단 방법이다.무선 원격 자동 여러 의식 동물의 혈압, 심박수, 체온 및 동물 활성을 수집하는 능력을 제공한다. 이 방법은 많은 실험실에서 매우 인기를 끌고 있지만, 마우스의 무선 원격 측정 주입은 기술적으로 어려울 수 있습니다. 여기에서 우리는 마우스에 압력 변환기를 이식하는 방법을 보여줍니다 단계별 프로토콜을 보여줍니다. 기술은 마우스 본체 프로브의 피하 삽입을 수반 목에 카테터 채널 및 좌측 경동맥을 통해 대동맥 궁 근처 전달. 원격으로 수집 된 데이터는 컴퓨터 모니터에 실시간 나타낸다. 데이터는 또한 &quot;오프라인&quot;분석을 위해 저장됩니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Small animal anesthesia system</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>low-flow small animal anesthesia system</td></tr><tr><td>Pad warmer and mouse termometer</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>allows monitoring body temperature, and homeothermic control in small animals</td></tr><tr><td>Binocular Microscope</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>KSCXTS-1121</td><td>binocular body with boom stand pole and top LED</td></tr><tr><td>Hemostat Forceps</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>INS750451</td><td>used to clamp blood vessels or tag sutures</td></tr><tr><td>Small metal Clips, 7 mm, Stainless Steel</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>INS750344</td><td>used for skin closure</td></tr><tr><td>Betadine solution</td><td>Purdue Products L.P., Stamford, CT, USA</td><td>NDC-67618-150-01</td><td>10% povidone iodine topical solution</td></tr><tr><td>Normal saline solution</td><td>Abott Laboratories</td><td>04930-04-10</td><td>needed for preventing tissue from drying.</td></tr><tr><td>Nair (Hair remover lotion)</td><td></td><td></td><td>needed for fur removal from the site of incision/surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Braide silk suture</td><td>Teleflex Medical OEM, Coventry, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>Size 5.0, 6.0, 7.0</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td></td><td>2716</td><td>70% ethanol for disinfection</td></tr><tr><td>Spring scissors&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>15000-10</td><td>for minor dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors (angled to side)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>14063-011</td><td>No. 3 handle</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel blade</td><td></td><td>2976-0</td><td>No. 10</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps (curved)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>11150-10</td><td>for holding tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps (straight)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>11151-10</td><td>for holding tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>12002-12</td><td>for suturing</td></tr><tr><td>Fine needle nose Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Henry Schein&amp;nbsp;Animal Health, Melville, New York, USA</td><td></td><td>a general inhalation anesthetic agent</td></tr><tr><td>Sterilizer</td><td>Benchmark Scientific, 116 Corporate Blvd, South Plainfield, NJ, USA</td><td>B1000</td><td>sterilize surgical tools&amp;nbsp;in 5-10 seconds using infrared heating</td></tr><tr><td>Gauze Pads</td><td>Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA</td><td>JJ8513</td><td>to use for wound cleaning, prepping, scrubbing or dressing</td></tr><tr><td>Telemetry Device</td><td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td>DSI-PA-C10</td><td>to record blood pressure in freely moving mice</td></tr><tr><td>Telemetry receiver system&amp;nbsp; coumpled with a PC</td><td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tubing</td><td>Instech Laboratories, Plymouth Meeting, PA USA</td><td>BTPE-90</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vessel Cannulation Forceps, 13 cm, 0.5 mm OD</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>503374</td><td>special vessel cannulation forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue adhesive</td><td>3M Animal Care Products, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td>NAC No.:&amp;nbsp;11380041</td><td>use to close minor wounds, often eliminating the need for sutures and/or bandages</td></tr><tr><td>Weighing scale&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>BB300</td><td>precision analytical laboratory balance</td></tr></tbody></table>

long-term blood pressure measurement in freely moving mice using telemetry

새로운 혈관 활성 제제의 개발 동안, 동맥 혈압 모니터링은 새로운 제안 된 약물의 효능을 평가하는데 중요하다. 실제로, 유전자 변형 마우스를 이용하여 새로운 잠재적 인 치료 표적의 발견에 집중 조사 전신 동맥압 변화 안정적 장기 평가를 필요로한다. 현재 외래 마우스에서 혈압 장기간 측정을 얻기위한 금 표준 동맥 삽관을 필요 이식 무선 송신기를 사용한다. 이 기술은 억제 또는 데이터 샘플링 동안에 응력 아티팩트를 도입 동물을 마취, 테 더링에 대한 필요성을 제거한다. 그러나, 도관을 통해 마우스에서 동맥 혈압 모니터링 인해 동맥의 작은 크기에 다소 어려울 수있다. 여기에서 우리는 무선 송신기 및 경동맥 (c)의 성공적인 피하 주입을위한 중요한 핵심 구절을 설명하는 단계별 가이드를 제시마우스의 고리 화. 또한 수술 후 회복 기간 후 자유롭게 움직이는 마우스로부터 취한 장기 혈압 행위의 예를 포함한다. 이 절차를 수행하면 동시에 여러 동물의 신뢰성 직접 혈압 녹음을 수 있습니다.

데이터는 원격 수신기에 의해 획득 될 수있다; 트레이스 품질 제어 (도 1a)에 대한 컴퓨터 화면에 가시화된다. 이러한 동물 ID, 확장기 혈압 및 수축기 혈압 상세도 (도 1B)를 나타낸다. 동맥 혈압이 지속적으로 (24)를 기록 할 수있다, 또는 짧은 프로그램 간격에 대한 (즉, 60 초 획득 시간마다). 데이터가 자동으로 나중에 분석을 위해 하드 디스크에 저장 될 수있다. 3 일 연속 녹화에서 BP 데이터 (그림 2) 도시 평균, 어둠과 빛주기 사이의 일주기 리듬의 변화를 감상 할 수있다. 압력 변화 및 ​​심장 속도의 평균을 계산 시간이 역모를 꾸몄다했다. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53991/53991fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1. 일반적인 혈압 트레이싱 </str옹&gt; 텔레 장치로 이식 4 다른 마우스의. 5 분 간격 동안 실시간 동맥 혈압 변화 (mmHg로)를 나타내는 (A) 트레이싱. 데이터는 오일 주입 후 네 가지 성인 마우스에서 동시에 취득한다. A로부터 추출 높은 시간 해상도로 추적 (B)는, 혈압 이완기 및 수축기 값, BP 사이클 기간, 심장 박동을 감상 할 수있다. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53991/53991fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53991/53991fig2.jpg" /> 도 2 장기 동맥 혈압 (A) 수축기 압력 (SP), (B) 확장기 혈압 (DP), (C), 평균 동맥압 (MAP), 및의 값을 도시하는 활동 일주기 변화. &#39;평균 압력 데이터를 표시 (D) 심장 라소리지르는 비트 / 분으로 표현. 데이터는 일 (라이트 사이클, L) 밤 (어두운주기, D) 동안 찍은 연속 녹화에서 추출 하였다. 녹화 7 일을 후 수술을 시작했다. 모든 데이터는 평균으로 표현되는 SEM (N = 4 마우스) ±. <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53991/53991fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry at JoVE.com

Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

텔레 메 트리를 사용하여 자유롭게 이동 마우스의 장기 혈압 측정

The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. ...

long-term-blood-pressure-measurement-freely-moving-mice-using

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

18.6K 조회수.  University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center. The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

비디오: Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a manageable size and relatively easy to house. These factors, together with the availability of a wealth of spontaneous and experimentally induced mutants, make laboratory mice ideally suited to a wide variety of research areas.
In cardiovascular, pharmacological and toxicological research, accurate measurement of parameters relating to the circulatory system of laboratory animals is often required. Determination of heart rate, heart rate variability, and duration of PQ and QT intervals are based on electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. However, obtaining reliable ECG curves as well as physiological data such as core body temperature in mice can be difficult using conventional measurement techniques, which require connecting sensors and lead wires to a restrained, tethered, or even anaesthetized animal. Data obtained in this fashion must be interpreted with caution, as it is well known that restraining and anesthesia can have a major artifactual influence on physiological parameters1, 2.
Radiotelemetry enables data to be collected from conscious and untethered animals. Measurements can be conducted even in freely moving animals, and without requiring the investigator to be in the proximity of the animal. Thus, known sources of artifacts are avoided, and accurate and reliable measurements are assured. This methodology also reduces interanimal variability, thus reducing the number of animals used, rendering this technology the most humane method of monitoring physiological parameters in laboratory animals3, 4. Constant advancements in data acquisition technology and implant miniaturization mean that it is now possible to record physiological parameters and locomotor activity continuously and in realtime over longer periods such as hours, days or even weeks3, 5.
Here, we describe a surgical technique for implantation of a commercially available telemetry transmitter used for continuous measurements of core body temperature, locomotor activity and biopotential (i.e. onelead ECG), from which heart rate, heart rate variability, and PQ and QT intervals can be established in freeroaming, untethered mice. We also present pre-operative procedures and protocols for post-operative intensive care and pain treatment that improve recovery, well-being and survival rates in implanted mice5, 6.

A surgical technique for implantation of commercially available telemetry transmitters used for continuous measurement of biopotential (one-lead ECG), heart rate, core body temperature and locomotor activity in freely moving mice is shown. Recommendations and protocols for post-operative care and pain relief, improving recovery, well being and survival rate are also presented.

ECG, 심장 박동, 코어 바디 온도 및 자유 이동 실험실 마우스의 활동에 데이터를 항복 Radiotelemetry 송신기의 주입

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

연구

의학

Measuring Blood Pressure in Mice using Volume Pressure Recording, a Tail-cuff Method

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. The CODA tail-cuff system uses Volume Pressure Recording (VPR) to measure the blood pressure by determining the tail blood volume. A specially designed differential pressure transducer and an occlusion tail-cuff measure the total blood volume in the tail without the need to obtain the individual pulse signal. Special attention is afforded to the length of the occlusion cuff in order to derive the most accurate blood pressure readings. VPR can easily obtain readings on dark-skinned rodents, such as C57BL6 mice and is MRI compatible. The CODA system provides you with measurements of six (6) different blood pressure parameters; systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, mean blood pressure, tail blood flow, and tail blood volume. Measurements can be made on either awake or anesthetized mice or rats. The CODA system includes a controller, laptop computer, software, cuffs, animal holders, infrared warming pads, and an infrared thermometer. There are seven different holder sizes for mice as small as 8 grams to rats as large as 900 grams.

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. This tail-cuff system uses Volume Pressure Recording (VPR) to measure the blood pressure by determining the tail blood volume.

볼륨 압력 녹음, 꼬리 즉석 방법을 사용하여 마우스의 측정 혈압

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. The CODA ...

생물학

Monitoring of Systemic and Hepatic Hemodynamic Parameters in Mice

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. However, due to the small size of the mouse, technical details of the intraoperative monitoring procedure suitable for the mouse were rarely described. Previously we have reported a monitoring procedure to obtain hemodynamic parameters for rats. Now, we adapted the procedure to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters in mice, a species ten-fold smaller than rats. This film demonstrates the instrumentation of the animals as well as the data acquisition process needed to assess systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. Vital parameters, including body temperature, respiratory&#160;rate&#160;and heart&#160;rate were recorded throughout the whole procedure. Systemic hemodynamic parameters consist of carotid artery pressure (CAP) and central venous pressure (CVP). Hepatic perfusion parameters include portal vein pressure (PVP), portal flow rate as well as the flow rate of the common hepatic artery (table 1). Instrumentation and data acquisition to record the normal values was completed within 1.5 h. Systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters remained within normal ranges during this procedure.
This procedure is challenging but feasible. We have already applied this procedure to assess hepatic hemodynamics in normal mice as well as during 70% partial hepatectomy and in liver lobe clamping experiments. Mean PVP after resection (n= 20), was 11.41&#177;2.94 cmH2O which was significantly higher (P&#60;0.05) than before resection (6.87&#177;2.39 cmH2O). The results of liver lobe clamping experiment indicated that this monitoring procedure is sensitive and suitable for detecting small changes in portal pressure and portal flow rate. In conclusion, this procedure is reliable in the hands of an experienced micro-surgeon but should be limited to experiments where mice are absolutely needed.

This film demonstrates how to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. The whole monitoring includes acquisition of vital parameters, systemic blood pressure, central venous pressure, common hepatic artery flow rate, and portal vein pressure as well as the portal flow rate in mice.

마우스의 전신과 간장 혈 역동 학적 파라미터의 모니터링

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

자궁 원격 측정은 마우스 수축 압력을 측정하는<em&gt; 생체</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Novel Approach for Simultaneous Recording of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure with Intravenous Infusion in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) is of great interest in many areas of research such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes and obesity. Unequivocal assessment of the role of the sympathetic nervous system is thus imperative for proper interpretation of experimental results and understanding of disease processes. RSNA has been traditionally measured in anesthetized rodents, including mice. However, mice usually exhibit very low systemic blood pressure and hemodynamic instability for several hours during anesthesia and surgery. Meaningful interpretation of RSNA is confounded by this non-physiological state, given the intimate relationship between sympathetic nervous tone and cardiovascular status. To address this limitation of traditional approaches, we developed a new method for measuring RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice. Mice were chronically instrumented with radio-telemeters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure as well as a jugular venous infusion catheter and custom-designed bipolar electrode for direct recording of RSNA. Following a 48-72 hour recovery period, survival rate was 100% and all mice behaved normally. At this time-point, RSNA was successfully recorded in 80% of mice, with viable signals acquired up to 4 and 5 days post-surgery in 70% and 50% of mice, respectively. Physiological blood pressures were recorded in all mice (116&plusmn;2 mmHg; n=10). Recorded RSNA increased with eating and grooming, as well-established in the literature. Furthermore, RSNA was validated by ganglionic blockade and modulation of blood pressure with pharmacological agents. Herein, an effective and manageable method for clear recording of RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice is described.

Anesthetized mice exhibit non-physiological systemic blood pressure, which precludes meaningful assessment of autonomic tone given the intimate relationship between blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system. Thus, a novel method to simultaneously record renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure with intravenous infusion in conscious mice is outlined.

신장 동 정적인 신경 활동의 의식, 정 맥 주입 혈압 동시 녹음에 대 한 새로운 접근 방식을 억제 쥐.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity ...

Simultaneous Electrocardiography Recording and Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement in Rats

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. Research focusing on cardiovascular disease models, potential cardiovascular therapeutic targets or pharmaceutical agents requires assessment of systemic arterial pressure and heart rhythm changes. In situations where radio telemetry systems are not available or affordable, the technique of femoral artery cannulation is an alternative way to obtain intra-arterial pressure waveform recordings and systemic BP measurements. This technique is economical and can be performed with standard equipment in animal facilities. However, invasive arterial pressure recording requires cannulation of small arteries, which can be a challenging surgical skill. Here, we present step-by-step protocols for femoral artery cannulation procedures. Key procedures include the calibration of the data acquisition system, tissue dissection and femoral artery cannulation, and setup of the arterial cannulation system for pressure recording. Surface electrocardiography recording procedures are also included. We also present examples of BP recordings from normotensive and hypertensive rats. This protocol allows reliable direct recordings of systemic BP with simultaneous electrocardiography.

Here, we describe a setup for simultaneous recording of electrocardiography and intra-arterial blood pressure (BP) in experimental rats, which can be done with standard equipment in animal facilities and can be applied to physiological or pharmacological studies to investigate pathogenic or therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular medicine.

동시 심전도 기록 및 침략 적 혈액 압력 측정 쥐에

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. ...

Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. 
Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.

The baroreflex is a heart-rate regulation mechanism by the autonomic nervous system in response to blood-pressure changes. We describe a surgical technique to implant telemetry transmitters for continuous and simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram and blood pressure in mice. This can determine spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, an important prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease.

의식이 있는 마우스에서 자발적인 압력반사 민감도를 결정하기 위해 결합된 원격 측정 ECG 및 혈압 전송기 이식

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. ...

Long-Term Continuous Measurement of Renal Blood Flow in Conscious Rats

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital functions of filtration and metabolism in kidney function. Many acute studies have been carried out in anesthetized animals to measure RBF under various conditions to determine mechanisms responsible for the regulation of kidney perfusion. However, for technical reasons, it has not been possible to measure RBF continuously (24 h/day) in unrestrained unanesthetized rats over prolonged periods. These methods allow the continuous determination of RBF over many weeks while also simultaneously recording blood pressure (BP) with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry). RBF monitoring is carried out with rats placed in a circular servo-controlled rat cage that enables the unrestrained movement of the rat throughout the study. At the same time, the tangling of cables from the flow probe and arterial catheters is prevented. Rats are first instrumented with an ultrasonic flow probe placement on the left renal artery and an arterial catheter implanted in the right femoral artery. These are routed subcutaneously to the nape of the neck, and connected to the flowmeter and pressure transducer, respectively, to measure RBF and BP. Following surgical implantation, rats are immediately placed in the cage to recover for at least one week and stabilize the ultrasonic probe recordings. Urine collection is also feasible in this system. The surgical and post-surgical procedures for continuous monitoring are demonstrated in this protocol.

The present protocol describes a long-term continuous measurement of renal blood flow in conscious rats and simultaneously recording blood pressure with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry).

의식이있는 쥐의 신장 혈류에 대한 장기간 연속 측정

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital ...

Multiple Intravenous Bolus Dosing and Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment in a Hypoxia-Induced Mouse Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Model

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive life-threatening disease, primarily affecting small pulmonary arterioles of the lung. Currently, there is no cure for PAH. It is important to discover new compounds that can be used to treat PAH. The mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model is a widely used model for PAH research. This model recapitulates human clinical manifestations of PAH Group 3 disease and is an important research tool to evaluate the effectiveness of new experimental therapies for PAH. Research using this model often requires the administration of compounds in mice. For a compound that needs to be given directly into the bloodstream, optimizing intravenous (IV) administration is a key part of the experimental procedures. Ideally, the IV injection system should permit multiple injections over a set time course. Although the mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model is very popular in many laboratories, it is technically challenging to perform multiple IV bolus dosing and invasive hemodynamic assessment in this model. In this protocol, we present step-by-step instructions on how to carry out multiple IV bolus dosing via mouse jugular vein and perform arterial and right ventricle catheterization for hemodynamic assessment in mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model.

This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure for executing multiple intravenous bolus dose administration and invasive hemodynamic monitoring in mice. Investigators can use this protocol for future therapeutic compound screening for pulmonary artery hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive life-threatening disease, primarily affecting small pulmonary arterioles of the lung. Currently, ...

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice

Mice are a common model organism used to study metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels are typically measured by tail-bleeding, which requires handling the mice, causes stress, and does not provide data on freely behaving mice during the dark cycle. State-of-the-art continuous glucose measurement in mice requires inserting a probe into the aortic arch of the mouse, as well as a specialized telemetry system. This challenging and expensive method has not been adopted by most labs. Here, we present a simple protocol involving the utilization of commercially available continuous glucose monitors used by millions of patients to measure glucose continuously in mice as a part of basic research. The glucose-sensing probe is inserted into the subcutaneous space in the back of the mouse through a small incision to the skin and is held in place tightly using a couple of sutures. The device is sutured to the mouse skin to ensure it remains in place. The device can measure glucose levels for up to 2 weeks and sends the data to a nearby receiver without any need to handle the mice. Scripts for the basic data analysis of glucose levels recorded are provided. This method, from surgery to computational analysis, is cost-effective and potentially very useful in metabolic research.

Here, we describe a simple method to implant a commercial continuous glucose monitor designed for patients onto mice and provide the scripts to analyze the results.

자유롭게 움직이는 마우스의 간단한 연속 포도당 모니터링

Mice are a common model organism used to study metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels are typically measured by tail-bleeding, which ...