우리는 안티 Giantin 항체, M. Labouesse 랩으로 우리를 제공하기위한 L. Brino (IGBMC 높은 콘텐츠 상영 시설하여 Illkirch, 프랑스)을 인정합니다. C.에 대한 간스 (IGBMC)와 B Séraphin 연구소. 효모 (IGBMC), 분열 효모 세포에 대한 형광 HeLa 세포 (MPI-CBG, 드레스덴), J. 모슬리 (다트머스 의과 대학)와 JQ 우 (오하이오 주립 대학)에 대한 E. Paluch 및 A. 하이 먼 신진에 대한; A. Hoël과 실험 도움 F. Evenou, 기술 지원을위한 C. 릭 (IBMC, 스트라스부르, 프랑스), 및 미세에 도움 JC Jeannot (펨토 - 일, 프랑스). 이 작품은 CNRS, 스트라스부르 대학, Conectus에서 기금에 의해 지원되었다, 라 파운데이션 부문은 라 공들인 MEDICALE와 스트라스부르의 CI-FRC를 붓는다.

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우리는 공개 할게 없다.

복제 성형은 &#39;eggcups&#39;를 제조하기 위해 사용 하였다. 제조 공정은 클린 룸을 필요로하지 않는다; 연습이 필요할 수 있지만 그것은 쉽고 간단합니다. 특히, PDMS 스탬프을 떼면 고품질 &#39;eggcups&#39;의 넓은 영역을 생성하기 위해 가장 중요한 단계이다. 이 때문에, 특별한주의가이 단계에서 수행되어야한다. 이 단계를 반복하여 실패한 경우, 실란 화 플라즈마 결합 전에 플라즈마 클리너 파라미터를 최적화하기 위해 고려한다. 부족 실란 화는 PDMS 필름에 스탬프의 강한 고집으로 이어질 것입니다. 이 관찰되면 silanizing 시약 배양 시간이 증가 될 수있다. 다른 기술 및 물질 리간드 (피브로넥틴, 젤라틴, 콜라겐, 등)의 넓은 범위에 작용 화 될 수있는 &#39;eggcups&#39;를 제조하는데 적용될 수 있다는 것을 유의하여야한다. 특히 폴리스티렌 마이크로 공동 용이 CUS 의해 제조 될 수있다핫 엠보싱 기술을 톰-했다. 이 표준 배양 접시에서 얻어진 결과 생체 적합성과 직접 비교를 보장합니다. 마찬가지로, 특별한 보호와 연습 충전 비율을 최적화하기 위해 필요합니다. 특히, 헹굼 단계는 상기 신호의 노이즈 및 배경에 기여 세포없이 과량의 적절한 충전을 보장하기 위해 중요하다. 세포 공동으로부터 용이하게 제거하는 경우, 공동의 크기 또는 깊이를 변경 고려한다. &#39;Eggcups&#39;는 간단한 프로토콜을 사용하여 세포 및 하이 콘텐츠 스크리닝 분석법을 3 차원 형상의 구조를 제공한다. 표준 배양 분석을 이용하여 세포 내 소기관 알려지지 활성 프로세스 쉽게 개별 마이크로 공동 ( &#39;eggcups&#39;)에 단 전지의 삽입에 의해 시각화 될 수있다. 모델 시스템에 따라, 크기, 형상 및 치수가 쉽게 구성 될 수있다. 이러한 방식으로 포유 동물의 세포 분열 효모, 신진 효모와 C. 간스의 C는 조작과 공부, 이러한 초파리, 생쥐 또는 체외 수정을위한 인간 배아, 또는 예를 들어 줄기 세포로뿐만 아니라 배아. 이 설정에서 단일 세포 캡처됩니다. 이는 생체 내에서 발생하는 상피 조직과 대조적이다. 그러나, 이러한 환경은 더 유연한 탄성을 이용한 세포 - 세포 접촉을 모방 cadherins와 측벽을 피복하여 우리 &#39;eggcups&#39;에서 복제 될 수있다. 초점 콘택트는 웰의 바닥에 피브로넥틴의 증착에 의해 촉진된다. 접착 분자의 이러한 각각의 배포판은 생체 내에서 발생 셀룰러 환경을 재현 허용해야합니다. 이 방법으로 하나는 생리 학적 조건에 접근합니다. 우리의 분석에서 중간 교환이 보장된다. 때문에 매체 교환의 부족으로 단기 및 장기 모두 실험을 수행 할 때 EC의 세포는 어떤 저하를 표시하지 않습니다. 또한 EC의 캘리포니아에서 그 세포를 참고개별 세포 또는 배아 캐비티 내에 격리 될 때 주요 관심사이지만 N 합류점까지 배양. 세포 기관 또는 전체 유기체의 방향은 새로운 정보를 공개한다. 우리는 cytokinetic 링에서 액틴과 미오신의 다른 역학을 보여줍니다. 분열 효모와 포유 동물 세포에서 cytokinetic 링이 유사한 주요 구성 요소로 구성되어 있지만, 우리는 특정 역학 17 다르다는 것을,이 설정으로 표시됩니다. 이 두 시스템의 폐지기구뿐만 아니라 다른 것을 상기 결과를지지한다. 개발하고 이러한 가설을 조사하기 위해, 세포의 배향이 불가결하다. 앞으로의 연구에서,이 장치는 세포 조직을 소기관 관련된 다른 사건을 조사 할 수있다. 그건 그렇고,이 기술은 발달 생물학에서 잘 사용 될 수 있습니다. 배아 신장 쉽게 관찰 배향 또는 상기 정의 된 방향으로 처리 될 수있다.아마 우리의 분석은 태아의 극성을 부과하지 것이지만, 높은 충전 비율을 확실하게 원하는 판독을 추출 할 수있다. 전부 &#39;eggcups는&#39;높은 콘텐츠 상영을위한 좋은 장치가 될 수있다. 다른 배양 분석이 제안되어있다. 이러한 방법은 동일 형상의 미세 패턴 접착 주제에 기탁 하나의 셀에 멀티 웰 플레이트에서 2D 치수, 여러 세포 이르기까지 다양합니다. 그러나 그들 중 누구도 세포 소기관과 역학 과정 (1)의 관찰에 위에서 설명한 한계를 극복하는 것이 적절하지 않습니다. 우리의 시스템에 대한 향후 개선은 산업 중심의 목적에 &#39;eggcups&#39;의 적용을 허용합니다. 예를 들어, 제약 회사의 신약 스크리닝 응용 프로그램은 멀티 웰 플레이트 14,28의 사용을 필요로; 이러한 플랫폼에 &#39;eggcups&#39;를 구현하는 것은 잠재적으로 신뢰성을 향상시킬테스트 및 결과. 이러한 높은 콘텐츠 심사 분석은 로봇을 사용하여 제약 회사 (학술 연구소)의 일반적으로 사용되는이 자동화 프로세스를 사용하여 수행 될 수있는 바와 같이. 이것은 낮은 변동성과 반복성과 안정성을 보장합니다. 3D 세포 배양 분석에 따라 일부 상용 제품은 이미 분석의이 종류의 중요성을 강조 시장에 등장했다. 마지막으로, 이러한 장치는 맞춤 의학에 대한 새로운 관점을 엽니 환자에서 세포 &#39;eggcups&#39;에 배치 될 수 있고, 치료 칵테일은 생리 학적 환경에서 테스트 될 수있다; 바이오 마커 판독 환자 (29)에게 제공 할 수있는 최적의 치료를 예상 할 수 있습니다. 전부 세포와 배아의 물리적 형태는 공동의 아키텍처를 안내하고 있으며, 우리는 장치 및이 방법이 널리 미래에 확산 될 수 있기를 바랍니다.

시험 관내 세포 - 기반 검정에서의 전류 (2D) 이차원이다. 이 구성은 포유 동물 세포에 대한 자연 아니므 한 생리 관련이 없다; 세포 모양, 크기 및 이기종 표현형의 다양성을 보여줍니다. 같은 비행기 및 세포 소기관의 극단적 인 표현형 (특히 스트레스 섬유) 내에서 무질서한 분포로, 심사 응용 프로그램에 적용 할 때 그들은 추가 심각한 한계를 제시한다. 이는 높은 예산이 매년 소비되는 약물 검사에 대한 임상 시험에서 특히 중요하다. 때문에 약물 검사의 초기 단계에서 인공 2D 문화 조건의 동물 모델에 적용 할 때이 약의 대부분은 비록 실패합니다. 또한,이 방법을 이용하여 특정 세포 소기관 적절 통상 관찰의 평면에 수직 한 평면에서 진화 구조 같은 세포 분열 동안 cytokinetic 액토 마이 오신 고리로서 가시화 될 수 없다. 약간새로운 2 차원 분석은 세포 골격 조직에서 상술 한 단점 중요한 통계는 2,3- 관찰되었다 극복하기 위해 제안되었다. 그러나 이러한 분석은 여전히 존재 하나 심각한 제한 : 세포는 세포가 3 차원 구조를 제시 생체 내에서 관찰되는 것과 대조적으로 매우 확산 표현형을 나타낸다. 배양 방법과 관련이 유물은 강화 된 스트레스 섬유 1,4,5으로 비 생리적 기능을 실행할 수 있습니다. 2D는 6,7 환경에 비해 입체 세포 배양 분석은 여러 장점을 제공한다. 그들은 생리 학적 관련성, 그리고 결과에 따라서 의미가있다. 예를 들어, 히드로 겔에 포함 된 세포는 3 차원 형상의 구조를 표시하지만, 그 모폴로지는 또 다른 하나의 셀에 8,9 다르다. 그러나, 그들의 모폴로지는 심사 응용 프로그램을 복잡하게 다른 하나의 셀에서 차이가있다. 또 다른 전략은 단일 포함하는 것입니다미세 공동 10, 11 셀. 셀의 위치, 모양, 극성 및 내부 세포 조직은 정상화 될 수 있습니다. 세포에 3D와 같은 아키텍처를 제공하는 외에, 마이크로 공동 또한 높은 콘텐츠 스크리닝 연구 10,12-14 수 있습니다; 단셀은 마이크로 어레이 및 세포 내 소기관으로 주문할 수 및 진화가 동시에 관찰 할 수있다. 이 규칙은 세포의 낮은 수 더 나은 시간 / 공간 해상도가 좋은 통계를 제공합니다. 유용한 화합물은 안정적으로 쉽게 식별 할 수 있습니다. 본 연구에서는 높은 콘텐츠 스크리닝 응용 10,12,13 대한 제조 및 새로운 3 차원 형상의 단일 세포 배양 시스템의 애플리케이션을 보여준다. 상기 장치는 탄성 중합체 마이크로 공동 (105 공동 / cm 2), 신조어 &#39;eggcups&#39;(EC)의 배열로 구성된다. 이 작품의 크기 및 EC의 총 부피는 개별 NIH3T3과 헬라 세포의 전형적인 볼륨에 최적화되어 있습니다세포 분열시. 원통형 - - 공동의 형태는 활성 프로세스의 시각화를위한 제대로 동양 세포 형태에 선택됩니다. 15,16 커버 슬립 복제 성형 유리에 부착 된 얇은 폴리 디메틸 실록산 (PDMS) 층 상으로 패턴 EC의 배열을 사용한다. 세포를 원심 분리에 의해 EC에 도입된다. 우리는 2D에서 동일한 세포에 비해 여기 관찰 및 3D (EC)의 세포 소기관 (액틴 스트레스 섬유, 골지 장치 및 핵)의 정상화를보고 (평면)의 표면. 우리는 또한 세포의 유사 분열 17시 cytokinetic 액토 마이 오신 링의 폐쇄로 활동 역학 과정의 관찰을보고합니다. 마지막으로, 우리는 신진 효모, 분열 효모와 C.와 같은 단단한 벽, 다른 시스템에서이 방법의 결과를 보여 모델 시스템의 넓은 범위에가는 방법의 적용 가능성을 확인 간스 배아. 우리는 옆에 상세하고 철저한 페이지를 표시순서 rotocol는 제작 및 3D 미세에 대한 &#39;eggcups&#39;을 적용합니다. 우리의 접근 방식은 간단하고 클린 룸을 필요로하지 않습니다. 우리는이 새로운 방법론은 배양 접시의 교체에, 약물 스크리닝 분석 및 맞춤 의학에 특히 흥미로운 일이 될 것으로 예상된다. 마지막으로, 우리의 장치는 암 (18) 또는 기초 연구 (19), 예를 들어, 외부 자극에 세포 응답의 분포를 연구하는데 도움이 될 것입니다.

ordering single cells and single embryos in 3d confinement: a new device for high content screening

생물 세포는 일반적으로 평면 (2D) 표면에서 관찰된다. 이 조건은 생리적없고, 표현형 및 모양이 매우 다양하다. 이러한 환경에서 세포 기반 스크리닝 따라서 심각한 한계를 가지고 : 세포 소기관은 이종 및 / 또는 특정 세포 소기관이 제대로 시각화 할 수없는 극단적 인 표현형, 세포의 형태 학적 및 크기를 표시합니다. 또한, 생체 내의 세포는 3 차원 환경에서의 위치; 이 상황에서, 세포는 주로하기 때문에 조직의 주변 세포 외 기질과의 상호 작용의 서로 다른 표현형을 보여줍니다. 표준화 및 세포 기반 검정을위한 생리 학적으로 관련 차원 환경에서 하나의 셀의 순서를 생성하기 위해, 여기에서 3D 관내 세포 배양 장치의 미세 가공 및 애플리케이션을보고한다. 이 장치는 마이크로 공동의 2 차원 배열 (일반적으로 10 5 공동 / cm 2), 단일 세포 또는 배아로 가득 각각 구성되어있다. 셀 포지기, 모양, 극성 및 내부 세포 조직은 3 차원 구조를 보여주는 다음 정규화된다. 우리는 커버 슬립에 부착 된 얇은 폴리 디메틸 실록산 상 &#39;eggcups&#39;(PDMS) 층 패턴 마이크로 공동의 배열을 복제 성형을 사용했다. 캐비티가 접착을 촉진하기 피브로넥틴으로 피복 하였다. 균체를 원심 분리에 의해 삽입 하였다. 충전 비율을 80 %까지 허용하는 각 시스템에 대해 최적화되었다. 배아 세포 생존이 확인되었다. 우리는 핵 및 골지 장치와 같은 세포 소기관의 시각화를 위해이 방법을 적용, 이러한 세포 유사 분열 동안 cytokinetic 반지의 폐쇄 활성 프로세스를 연구. 이 장치는 골지체와 핵 정렬에 대한 cytokinetic 링 폐쇄 및 압축 된 표현형 중에 이러한주기적인 축적과 미오신과 액틴의 불균질성과 같은 새로운 기능의 식별을 허용했다. 우리는 포유류 세포, 분열 효모, 출아 효모, C.하는 방법을 특징으로하는 엘레 w각각의 경우에 i 번째 특정 적응. 마지막으로,이 장치의 특성은 약물 스크리닝 분석 및 맞춤 의학에 특히 흥미합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening at JoVE.com

Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening

우리는 세포와 배아를 연구하는 장치와 새로운 방법을보고합니다. 단일 세포는 정확하게 마이크로 공동 어레이에 정렬됩니다. 그들의 3D 감금은 생리 학적 조건에서 발생하는 3D 환경을 향한 단계이며 소기관 방향을 수 있습니다. 세포의 모양을 제어함으로써,이 설정은 표준 분석에보고 된 변동성을 최소화 할 수 있습니다.

단일 세포 및 3D 감금 단일 배아 주문 : 하이 콘텐츠 스크리닝을위한 새로운 장치

Biological cells are usually observed on flat (2D) surfaces. This condition is not physiological, and phenotypes and shapes are highly variable. Screening ...

ordering-single-cells-single-embryos-3d-confinement-new-device-for

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

8.5K 조회수.  Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), CNRS and Université de Strasbourg.  우리는 세포와 배아를 연구하는 장치와 새로운 방법을보고합니다. 단일 세포는 정확하게 마이크로 공동 어레이에 정렬됩니다. 그들의 3D 감금은 생리 학적 조건에서 발생하는 3D 환경을 향한 단계이며 소기관 방향을 수 있습니다. 세포의 모양을 제어함으로써,이 설정은 표준 분석에보고 된 변동성을 최소화 할 수 있습니다. 

비디오: Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening

Creating Two-Dimensional Patterned Substrates for Protein and Cell Confinement

Microcontact printing provides a rapid, highly reproducible method for the creation of well-defined patterned substrates.1 While microcontact printing can be employed to directly print a large number of molecules, including proteins,2 DNA,3 and silanes,4 the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) from long chain alkane thiols on gold provides a simple way to confine proteins and cells to specific patterns containing adhesive and resistant regions. This confinement can be used to control cell morphology and is useful for examining a variety of questions in protein and cell biology. Here, we describe a general method for the creation of well-defined protein patterns for cellular studies.5 This process involves three steps: the production of a patterned master using photolithography, the creation of a PDMS stamp, and microcontact printing of a gold-coated substrate. Once patterned, these cell culture substrates are capable of confining proteins and/or cells (primary cells or cell lines) to the pattern.
The use of self-assembled monolayer chemistry allows for precise control over the patterned protein/cell adhesive regions and non-adhesive regions; this cannot be achieved using direct protein stamping. Hexadecanethiol, the long chain alkane thiol used in the microcontact printing step, produces a hydrophobic surface that readily adsorbs protein from solution. The glycol-terminated thiol, used for backfilling the non-printed regions of the substrate, creates a monolayer that is resistant to protein adsorption and therefore cell growth.6 These thiol monomers produce highly structured monolayers that precisely define regions of the substrate that can support protein adsorption and cell growth. As a result, these substrates are useful for a wide variety of applications from the study of intercellular behavior7 to the creation of microelectronics.8
While other types of monolayer chemistry have been used for cell culture studies, including work from our group using trichlorosilanes to create patterns directly on glass substrates,9 patterned monolayers formed from alkane thiols on gold are straight-forward to prepare. Moreover, the monomers used for monolayer preparation are commercially available, stable, and do not require storage or handling under inert atmosphere. Patterned substrates prepared from alkane thiols can also be recycled and reused several times, maintaining cell confinement.10

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed from long chain alkane thiols on gold provide well-defined substrates for the formation of protein patterns and cell confinement. Microcontact printing of hexadecanethiol using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp followed by backfilling with a glycol-terminated alkane thiol monomer produces a pattern where protein and cells adsorb only to the stamped hexadecanethiol region.

단백질과 세포 교도소에 대한 2 차원 문양의 기판 만들기

Microcontact printing provides a rapid, highly reproducible method for the creation of well-defined patterned substrates.1  While microcontact printing ...

연구

생체공학

High Throughput Single-cell and Multiple-cell Micro-encapsulation

Microfluidic encapsulation methods have been previously utilized to capture cells in picoliter-scale aqueous, monodisperse drops, providing confinement from a bulk fluid environment with applications in high throughput screening, cytometry, and mass spectrometry. We describe a method to not only encapsulate single cells, but to repeatedly capture a set number of cells (here we demonstrate one- and two-cell encapsulation) to study both isolation and the interactions between cells in groups of controlled sizes. By combining drop generation techniques with cell and particle ordering, we demonstrate controlled encapsulation of cell-sized particles for efficient, continuous encapsulation. Using an aqueous particle suspension and immiscible fluorocarbon oil, we generate aqueous drops in oil with a flow focusing nozzle. The aqueous flow rate is sufficiently high to create ordering of particles which reach the nozzle at integer multiple frequencies of the drop generation frequency, encapsulating a controlled number of cells in each drop. For representative results, 9.9 &mu;m polystyrene particles are used as cell surrogates. This study shows a single-particle encapsulation efficiency Pk=1 of 83.7% and a double-particle encapsulation efficiency Pk=2 of 79.5% as compared to their respective Poisson efficiencies of 39.3% and 33.3%, respectively. The effect of consistent cell and particle concentration is demonstrated to be of major importance for efficient encapsulation, and dripping to jetting transitions are also addressed. 
Introduction 
Continuous media aqueous cell suspensions share a common fluid environment which allows cells to interact in parallel and also homogenizes the effects of specific cells in measurements from the media. High-throughput encapsulation of cells into picoliter-scale drops confines the samples to protect drops from cross-contamination, enable a measure of cellular diversity within samples, prevent dilution of reagents and expressed biomarkers, and amplify signals from bioreactor products. Drops also provide the ability to re-merge drops into larger aqueous samples or with other drops for intercellular signaling studies.1,2 The reduction in dilution implies stronger detection signals for higher accuracy measurements as well as the ability to reduce potentially costly sample and reagent volumes.3 Encapsulation of cells in drops has been utilized to improve detection of protein expression,4 antibodies,5,6 enzymes,7 and metabolic activity8 for high throughput screening, and could be used to improve high throughput cytometry.9 Additional studies present applications in bio-electrospraying of cell containing drops for mass spectrometry10 and targeted surface cell coatings.11 Some applications, however, have been limited by the lack of ability to control the number of cells encapsulated in drops. Here we present a method of ordered encapsulation12 which increases the demonstrated encapsulation efficiencies for one and two cells and may be extrapolated for encapsulation of a larger number of cells.
To achieve monodisperse drop generation, microfluidic "flow focusing" enables the creation of controllable-size drops of one fluid (an aqueous cell mixture) within another (a continuous oil phase) by using a nozzle at which the streams converge.13 For a given nozzle geometry, the drop generation frequency f and drop size can be altered by adjusting oil and aqueous flow rates Qoil and Qaq. As the flow rates increase, the flows may transition from drop generation to unstable jetting of aqueous fluid from the nozzle.14 
When the aqueous solution contains suspended particles, particles become encapsulated and isolated from one another at the nozzle. For drop generation using a randomly distributed aqueous cell suspension, the average fraction of drops Dk containing k cells is dictated by Poisson statistics, where Dk = &lambda;k exp(-&lambda;)/(k!) and &lambda; is the average number of cells per drop. The fraction of cells which end up in the "correctly" encapsulated drops is calculated using Pk = (k x Dk)/&Sigma;(k' x Dk'). The subtle difference between the two metrics is that Dk relates to the utilization of aqueous fluid and the amount of drop sorting that must be completed following encapsulation, and Pk relates to the utilization of the cell sample. As an example, one could use a dilute cell suspension (low &lambda;) to encapsulate drops where most drops containing cells would contain just one cell. While the efficiency metric Pk would be high, the majority of drops would be empty (low Dk), thus requiring a sorting mechanism to remove empty drops, also reducing throughput.15
Combining drop generation with inertial ordering provides the ability to encapsulate drops with more predictable numbers of cells per drop and higher throughputs than random encapsulation. Inertial focusing was first discovered by Segre and Silberberg16 and refers to the tendency of finite-sized particles to migrate to lateral equilibrium positions in channel flow. Inertial ordering refers to the tendency of the particles and cells to passively organize into equally spaced, staggered, constant velocity trains. Both focusing and ordering require sufficiently high flow rates (high Reynolds number) and particle sizes (high Particle Reynolds number).17,18 Here, the Reynolds number Re =uDh/&nu; and particle Reynolds number Rep =Re(a/Dh)2, where u is a characteristic flow velocity, Dh [=2wh/(w+h)] is the hydraulic diameter, &nu; is the kinematic viscosity, a is the particle diameter, w is the channel width, and h is the channel height. Empirically, the length required to achieve fully ordered trains decreases as Re and Rep increase. Note that the high Re and Rep requirements (for this study on the order of 5 and 0.5, respectively) may conflict with the need to keep aqueous flow rates low to avoid jetting at the drop generation nozzle. Additionally, high flow rates lead to higher shear stresses on cells, which are not addressed in this protocol. The previous ordered encapsulation study demonstrated that over 90% of singly encapsulated HL60 cells under similar flow conditions to those in this study maintained cell membrane integrity.12 However, the effect of the magnitude and time scales of shear stresses will need to be carefully considered when extrapolating to different cell types and flow parameters. The overlapping of the cell ordering, drop generation, and cell viability aqueous flow rate constraints provides an ideal operational regime for controlled encapsulation of single and multiple cells.
Because very few studies address inter-particle train spacing,19,20 determining the spacing is most easily done empirically and will depend on channel geometry, flow rate, particle size, and particle concentration. Nonetheless, the equal lateral spacing between trains implies that cells arrive at predictable, consistent time intervals. When drop generation occurs at the same rate at which ordered cells arrive at the nozzle, the cells become encapsulated within the drop in a controlled manner. This technique has been utilized to encapsulate single cells with throughputs on the order of 15 kHz,12 a significant improvement over previous studies reporting encapsulation rates on the order of 60-160 Hz.4,15 In the controlled encapsulation work, over 80% of drops contained one and only one cell, a significant efficiency improvement over Poisson (random) statistics, which predicts less than 40% efficiency on average.12
In previous controlled encapsulation work,12 the average number of particles per drop &lambda; was tuned to provide single-cell encapsulation. We hypothesize that through tuning of flow rates, we can efficiently encapsulate any number of cells per drop when &lambda; is equal or close to the number of desired cells per drop. While single-cell encapsulation is valuable in determining individual cell responses from stimuli, multiple-cell encapsulation provides information relating to the interaction of controlled numbers and types of cells. Here we present a protocol, representative results using polystyrene microspheres, and discussion for controlled encapsulation of multiple cells using a passive inertial ordering channel and drop generation nozzle.

Combining monodisperse drop generation with inertial ordering of cells and particles, we describe a method to encapsulate a desired number of cells or particles in a single drop at kHz rates. We demonstrate efficiencies twice exceeding those of unordered encapsulation for single- and double-particle drops.

높은 처리량 마이크로 캡슐 단일 셀 및 다중 셀

Microfluidic encapsulation methods have been previously utilized to capture cells in picoliter-scale aqueous, monodisperse drops, providing confinement ...

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this purpose, the cells are passively trapped in the middle of a microchamber. Upon activation of the control layer, the cell is isolated from the surrounding volume in a small chamber. The surrounding volume can then be exchanged without affecting the isolated cell. However, upon short opening and closing of the chamber, the solution in the chamber can be replaced within a few hundred milliseconds. Due to the reversibility of the chambers, the cells can be exposed to different solutions sequentially in a highly controllable fashion, e.g. for incubation, washing, and finally, cell lysis. The tightly sealed microchambers enable the retention of the lysate, minimize and control the dilution after cell lysis. Since lysis and analysis occur at the same location, high sensitivity is retained because no further dilution or loss of the analytes occurs during transport. The microchamber design therefore enables the reliable and reproducible analysis of very small copy numbers of intracellular molecules (attomoles, zeptomoles) released from individual cells. Furthermore, many microchambers can be arranged in an array format, allowing the analysis of many cells at once, given that suitable optical instruments are used for monitoring. We have already used the platform for proof-of-concept studies to analyze intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors and second messengers in either relative or absolute quantifiable manner.

In this article we present a microfluidic chip for single cell analysis. It allows the quantification of intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors, and second messengers by means of fluorescent assays or immunoassays.&#160;

단일 세포의 다목적 화학 분석을위한 미세 유체 칩

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

Nanomanipulation of Single RNA Molecules by Optical Tweezers

A large portion of the human genome is transcribed but not translated. In this post genomic era, regulatory functions of RNA have been shown to be increasingly important. As RNA function often depends on its ability to adopt alternative structures, it is difficult to predict RNA three-dimensional structures directly from sequence. Single-molecule approaches show potentials to solve the problem of RNA structural polymorphism by monitoring molecular structures one molecule at a time. This work presents a method to precisely manipulate the folding and structure of single RNA molecules using optical tweezers. First, methods to synthesize molecules suitable for single-molecule mechanical work are described. Next, various calibration procedures to ensure the proper operations of the optical tweezers are discussed. Next, various experiments are explained. To demonstrate the utility of the technique, results of mechanically unfolding RNA hairpins and a single RNA kissing complex are used as evidence. In these examples, the nanomanipulation technique was used to study folding of each structural domain, including secondary and tertiary, independently. Lastly, the limitations and future applications of the method are discussed.

Optical tweezers have been used to study RNA folding by stretching individual molecules from their 5&#8217; and 3&#8217; ends. Here common procedures are described to synthesize RNA molecules for tweezing, calibration of the instrument, and methods to manipulate single molecules.

광 핀셋으로 단일 RNA 분자의 Nanomanipulation

A large portion of the human genome is transcribed but not translated. In this post genomic era, regulatory functions of RNA have been shown to be ...

Cultivation of Mammalian Cells Using a Single-use Pneumatic Bioreactor System

Recent advances in mammalian, insect, and stem cell cultivation and scale-up have created tremendous opportunities for new therapeutics and personalized medicine innovations. However, translating these advances into therapeutic applications will require in vitro systems that allow for robust, flexible, and cost effective bioreactor systems. There are several bioreactor systems currently utilized in research and commercial settings; however, many of these systems are not optimal for establishing, expanding, and monitoring the growth of different cell types. The culture parameters most challenging to control in these systems include, minimizing hydrodynamic shear, preventing nutrient gradient formation, establishing uniform culture medium aeration, preventing microbial contamination, and monitoring and adjusting culture conditions in real-time. Using a pneumatic single-use bioreactor system, we demonstrate the assembly and operation of this novel bioreactor for mammalian cells grown on micro-carriers. This bioreactor system eliminates many of the challenges associated with currently available systems by minimizing hydrodynamic shear and nutrient gradient formation, and allowing for uniform culture medium aeration. Moreover, the bioreactor&#8217;s software allows for remote real-time monitoring and adjusting of the bioreactor run parameters. This bioreactor system also has tremendous potential for scale-up of adherent and suspension mammalian cells for production of a variety therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, stem cells, biosimilars, and vaccines.

Using a pneumatic bioreactor, we demonstrate the assembly, operation, and performance of this single-use bioreactor system for the growth of mammalian cells.

단일 사용 공압 생물 반응기 시스템을 사용하여 포유 동물 세포의 배양

Recent advances in mammalian, insect, and stem cell cultivation and scale-up have created tremendous opportunities for new therapeutics and personalized ...

A Microfluidic Platform for High-throughput Single-cell Isolation and Culture

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet high-throughput, method to perform single-cell culture experiments. Here, we report a microfluidic chip-based strategy for high-efficiency single-cell isolation (~77%) and demonstrate its capability of performing long-term single-cell culture (up to 7 d) and cellular heterogeneity analysis using clonogenic assay. These applications were demonstrated with KT98 mouse neural stem cells, and A549 and MDA-MB-435 human cancer cells. High single-cell isolation efficiency and long-term culture capability are achieved by using different sizes of microwells on the top and bottom of the microfluidic channel. The small microwell array is designed for precisely isolating single-cells, and the large microwell array is used for single-cell clonal culture in the microfluidic chip. This microfluidic platform constitutes an attractive approach for single-cell culture applications, due to its flexibility of adjustable cell culture spaces for different culture strategies, without decreasing isolation efficiency.

Here, we present a protocol for isolating and culturing single cells with a microfluidic platform, which utilizes a new microwell design concept to allow for high-efficiency single cell isolation and long-term clonal culture.

높은 처리량 단일 세포의 분리 및 문화를위한 미세 유체 플랫폼

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet ...

3D Microtissues for Injectable Regenerative Therapy and High-throughput Drug Screening

To upgrade traditional 2D cell culture to 3D cell culture, we have integrated microfabrication with cryogelation technology to produce macroporous microscale cryogels (microcryogels), which can be loaded with a variety of cell types to form 3D microtissues. Herein, we present the protocol to fabricate versatile 3D microtissues and their applications in regenerative therapy and drug screening. Size and shape-controllable microcryogels can be fabricated on an array chip, which can be harvested off-chip as individual cell-loaded carriers for injectable regenerative therapy or be further assembled on-chip into 3D microtissue arrays for high-throughput drug screening. Due to the high elastic nature of these microscale cryogels, the 3D microtissues exhibit great injectability for minimally invasive cell therapy by protecting cells from mechanical shear force during injection. This ensures enhanced cell survival and therapeutic effect in the mouse limb ischemia model. Meanwhile, assembly of 3D microtissue arrays in a standard 384-multi-well format facilitates the use of common laboratory facilities and equipment, enabling high-throughput drug screening on this versatile 3D cell culture platform.

This protocol describes the fabrication of elastic 3D macroporous microcryogels by integrating microfabrication with cryogelation technology. Upon loading with cells, 3D microtissues are generated, which can be readily injected in vivo to facilitate regenerative therapy or assembled into arrays for in vitro high-throughput drug screening.

주 사용 재생 치료와 높은 처리량 마약 검사에 대 한 3D Microtissues

To upgrade traditional 2D cell culture to 3D cell culture, we have integrated microfabrication with cryogelation technology to produce macroporous ...

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking

Real-time three-dimensional single particle tracking (RT-3D-SPT) has the potential to shed light on fast, 3D processes in cellular systems. Although various RT-3D-SPT methods have been put forward in recent years, tracking high speed 3D diffusing particles at low photon count rates remains a challenge. Moreover, RT-3D-SPT setups are generally complex and difficult to implement, limiting their widespread application to biological problems. This protocol presents a RT-3D-SPT system named 3D Dynamic Photon Localization Tracking (3D-DyPLoT), which can track particles with high diffusive speed (up to 20 &#181;m2/s) at low photon count rates (down to 10 kHz). 3D-DyPLoT employs a 2D electro-optic deflector (2D-EOD) and a tunable acoustic gradient (TAG) lens to drive a single focused laser spot dynamically in 3D. Combined with an optimized position estimation algorithm, 3D-DyPLoT can lock onto single particles with high tracking speed and high localization precision. Owing to the single excitation and single detection path layout, 3D-DyPLoT is robust and easy to set up. This protocol discusses how to build 3D-DyPLoT step by step. First, the optical layout is described. Next, the system is calibrated and optimized by raster scanning a 190 nm fluorescent bead with the piezoelectric nanopositioner. Finally, to demonstrate real-time 3D tracking ability, 110 nm fluorescent beads are tracked in water.

This protocol details the construction and operation of a real-time 3D single particle tracking microscope capable of tracking nanoscale fluorescent probes at high diffusive speeds and low photon count rates.

실시간 3D 단일 입자 추적에 대 한 프로토콜

Real-time three-dimensional single particle tracking (RT-3D-SPT) has the potential to shed light on fast, 3D processes in cellular systems. Although ...

Uptake of New Lipid-coated Nanoparticles Containing Falcarindiol by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and size by low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) because cancer cells have an increased need for cholesterol to proliferate, and this has been exploited as a mechanism for delivering anticancer drugs to cancer cells. Moreover, depending on drug chemistry, encapsulating the drug can be advantageous to avoid degradation of the drug during circulation in vivo. Therefore, in this&#160;study, this design is used to fabricate lipid-coated nanoparticles of the anticancer drug falcarindiol, providing a potential new delivery system of falcarindiol in order to stabilize its chemical structure against degradation and improve its uptake by tumors. Falcarindiol nanoparticles, with a phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer encapsulating the purified drug core of the particle, were designed. The lipid monolayer coating consists of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol (Chol), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE PEG 2000) along with the fluorescent label DiI (molar ratios of 43:50:5:2). The nanoparticles are fabricated using the rapid injection method, which is a fast and simple technique to precipitate nanoparticles by good-solvent for anti-solvent exchange. It consists of a rapid injection of an ethanol solution containing the nanoparticle components into an aqueous phase. The size of the fluorescent nanoparticles is measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) at 74.1 &#177; 6.7 nm. The uptake of the nanoparticles is tested in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and imaged using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. The uptake of the nanoparticles is observed in hMSCs, suggesting the potential for such a stable drug delivery system for falcarindiol.

This article describes the encapsulation of falcarindiol in lipid-coated 74 nm nanoparticles. The cellular uptake of the nanoparticles&#160;by human stem cells into lipid droplets is monitored by fluorescent and confocal imaging. Nanoparticles are fabricated by the rapid injection method of solvent shifting, and their size is measured with the dynamic light scattering technique.

Falcarindiol 인간 중간 엽 줄기 세포에 의해 포함 된 새로운 지질 코팅 나노 입자의

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and ...

Fabrication of Zero Mode Waveguides for High Concentration Single Molecule Microscopy

In single molecule fluorescence enzymology, background fluorescence from labeled substrates in solution often limits fluorophore concentration to pico- to nanomolar ranges, several orders of magnitude less than many physiological ligand concentrations. Optical nanostructures called zero mode waveguides (ZMWs), which are 100&#8722;200 nm in diameter apertures fabricated in a thin conducting metal such as aluminum or gold, allow imaging of individual molecules at micromolar concentrations of fluorophores by confining visible light excitation to zeptoliter effective volumes. However, the need for expensive and specialized nanofabrication equipment has precluded the widespread use of ZMWs. Typically, nanostructures such as ZMWs are obtained by direct writing using electron beam lithography, which is sequential and slow. Here, colloidal, or nanosphere, lithography is used as an alternative strategy to create nanometer-scale masks for waveguide fabrication. This report describes the approach in detail, with practical considerations for each phase. The method allows thousands of aluminum or gold ZMWs to be made in parallel, with final waveguide diameters and depths of 100&#8722;200 nm. Only common lab equipment and a thermal evaporator for metal deposition are required. By making ZMWs more accessible to the biochemical community, this method can facilitate the study of molecular processes at cellular concentrations and rates.

Described here is a nanosphere lithography method for parallel fabrication of zero mode waveguides, which are arrays of nanoapertures in a metal-clad glass microscopy coverslip for single molecule imaging at nano- to micromolar concentrations of fluorophores. The method takes advantage of colloidal crystal self-assembly to create a waveguide template.

고농도 단일 분자 현미경 검사용 제로 모드 파도가이드 제조

In single molecule fluorescence enzymology, background fluorescence from labeled substrates in solution often limits fluorophore concentration to pico- to ...