著者の謝辞があります。

1. 血漿/血清中からマイクロ Rna の抽出
注: Mirna を適切に定量化するために血漿/血清中から正しいマイクロ Rna 分離は重要なステップです。心に留めて、さまざまなプロトコルが存在するために特に重要なことは、サンプルの処理中に同じワークフローに準拠するためです。このプロトコルでは、miRNA が 50 μ L の血清から抽出されます。この制限の正しい抽出プロセスとしてよりも 200 μ L を使用しないでください。
<ol><li>血清の準備または凍結試料を凍結解除。</li>
	<li>250 μ L (5 冊) 商業溶解試薬を 50 μ L の血清に追加します。ボルテックスによって、換散をサポートします。5 分間室温でベンチにライセートとチューブを配置します。</li>
	<li>スパイク スパイクの制御 (1.6 倍 107コピー/μ L) の 3.5 μ L でライセート、ボルテックスでそれらをミックスします。</li>
	<li>相分離のクロロホルム (すなわち、開始の血清サンプルほど等しい金額) の 50 μ L を追加します。15 s. 場所 2 〜 3 分間室温でベンチにチューブのチューブを積極的に振る。</li>
	<li>相分離の 4 ° C 15 分で 12,000 × g でチューブを遠心します。 注: サンプルは、RNA、白い中間期およびより低い、ピンクの有機相を含む上部の水相に今区切られます。</li>
	<li>新しい管に RNA を含む上部水様段階 (100 μ L) を転送します。これは正しい RNA 数を偽って、白い界面材料を転送していません。</li>
	<li>100% エタノール 150 μ L を (すなわち、転送されたサンプルの量 × 1.5) を追加します。それらを上下にピペッティングにより材料を混ぜます。それらを遠心分離しないし、すぐに次のステップに移りましょう。</li>
	<li>ピペット 2 mL 採取管の商業スピン列にサンプルを 250 μ l 添加します。カバーを閉じます。遠心分離機の位置にある列 > フロースルー - 15 s. 破棄のため室温で 8,000 × g。</li>
	<li>1 商業洗浄バッファー数 700 μ L をスピン列に追加します。蓋を閉めるし、遠心分離機の位置にある列 > 室温 15 s. 破棄スルー洗浄バッファーで 8,000 × g。</li>
	<li>2 商業洗浄バッファー数 500 μ L をスピン列に追加します。蓋を閉めるし、遠心分離機の位置にある列 > 8, 000 15 s. 破棄スルー洗浄液は室温において g x。</li>
	<li>スピン列に 80% エタノール 500 μ L をピペットします。ふたを閉じる、遠心分離機の位置にある列 > 8, 000 x g 2 分の室温でフローとコレクションの管を破棄します。</li>
	<li>回転カラムを新しい 2 mL のコレクションの管に転送します。膜を乾燥する開いた蓋にフルスピードで列を遠心します。流れとコレクションの管を破棄します。</li>
	<li>新しい 1.5 mL コレクション チューブにスピン列を転送します。RNase フリーの水の 30 μ L 膜の中心に直接に適用することによって、RNA を溶出します。カバーを閉じます。1 分のフルスピードで列を遠心します。</li>
	<li>-70 ° C で RNA を保存します。 注:-70 ° C ~-20 ° C の間に RNase フリー水で浄化された RNA の記憶により 1 年間の RNA の劣化はありません。製造元のプロトコル、RNA を希釈するための水の RNase フリーの最小量は 10 μ L. 10 μ L が十分に膜をメタンハイド レートし、総 RNA の収穫を減らすより小さいを使用しています。</li>
</ol>2. 逆のトランスクリプション
注: 次の 15 μ L の逆のトランスクリプション (RT) プロトコル (全反応ボリューム) を使用して相補的 DNA (cDNA) が合成されました。
<ol><li>雪解けの氷の上 RT キット。酵素を分解からそれらを防ぐため、使用する前にそれらをスピンダウンし可能な限りの冷凍庫において。氷の上 RT プライマーを解凍し、使用する前にそれらをスピンダウンします。</li>
	<li>表 1に示すようにマスター ミックスを準備します。</li>
	<li>マスター ミックスの 10 μ L、5 μ L/ウェルの 96 ウェル プレートで抽出した RNA を結合します。</li>
	<li>2 分のための 4 ° C で 2,000 x g でウェル プレートを遠心します。</li>
	<li>逆のトランスクリプションの表 2に示す熱サイクル プロトコルを使用します。 注: 以下で説明された cDNA が直接処理デジタル PCR マシンで (材料の表を参照)。また、それは、-20 ° C で保存されるかもしれない</li>
</ol>3. 液滴生成とデジタル PCR
注: デジタル 40 μ L の次のプロトコルを使用して PCR を行った。
<ol><li>商業 dPCR ミックス、準備された cDNA および氷の上、PCR のプライマーを解凍します。使用直前にそれらを遠心します。</li>
	<li>に従ってマスター ミックスを準備テーブル 3.
</li>
	<li>RT 製品の 1.33 μ L/ウェルを追加し、簡単にそれを遠心します。</li>
	<li>8 よくカセット (中行) の各ウェルに試料の 20 μ L をピペットします。 注: 8 もカセットが完全に入力されていない場合テンプレート以外のコントロール (NTCs) cDNA (すなわち、抽出した RNA の代りに水で生産された RT 製品) を省略すると残りの井戸を埋めるまたは dPCR 商業バッファー。NTC は、コンタミネーション コントロールとして機能します。液滴形成の質が低下するので、残りの井戸で水を使用ない必要があります。</li>
	<li>8 もカセットの油田 (下の行) に、プローブの液滴生成油の 70 μ L をピペットします。</li>
	<li>8 もカセットの上にガスケットを配置し、液滴形成配列装置のカセットを配置します。液滴形成配列装置を閉じます。3 つのインジケーター ライトが緑色に点灯するまで待ちます。 注: 液滴が生成されている今。</li>
	<li>丁寧にゆっくりとピペッティングによる 96 ウェル プレートの別の井戸に液滴状サンプル (上の行) の 40 μ L を転送します。</li>
	<li>サンプルの液滴形成を完了すると、シール 4 180 ° C で pierceable dPCR 箔で PCR プレート s。</li>
	<li>Cycler の箔シール PCR プレートを置き、2.5 のランプに入る率で表 4で説明されているようにそれをサイクル ° C/s。</li>
</ol>4. 液滴の読書と分析
<ol><li>プレート ホルダーのベースに、熱 cycler からプレートを転送します。PCR プレート プレート ホルダーの上部に配置することによって PCR プレートを締めます。</li>
	<li>商業 dPCR ソフトウェアを起動します。</li>
	<li>セットアップにサンプル名、実験、およびターゲットの名前を入力します。絶対数量を選択します。</li>
	<li>液滴を実行] をクリックして読み取りを開始します。加水分解プローブを操作するとき、検出化学としてファム/HEXまたはファム/ヴィックを選択します。 注: 商業 dPCR ソフトウェアは、自動 - データを分析します。</li>
	<li>確実に正しい液滴生成結果テーブル内の液滴の数字を確認します。</li>
	<li>同じ定量化された miRNA とすべての井戸を選択し、分析] をクリックします。肯定的な液滴をマークし、自動分析データ (図 1) を手動で修正する 2D のしみを使用します。</li>
</ol>5. サンプルの計算を修正します。
<ol><li>正規化係数 (NF) サンプルを乗じてサンプルを正規化します。 NF = 中央 [c. の elegansミール 39 測定]すべてのサンプル/[c. の elegansミール-39]ある特定のサンプル
</li>
	<li>希釈倍率 (DF) の調整、最終 miRNA 血清濃度を計算します。 [miRNA]最終DFRT DFdPCR Ex DF x x x [miRNA]生の値を = どこ： [miRNA]生の値= 商業 dPCR ソフトウェアにより定量化 miRNA DFRT = 逆のトランスクリプション; でテンプレートの希釈係数 DFdPCR = dPCR; でテンプレートの希釈係数 Ex DF 抽出で希釈倍率を =。</li>
</ol>6. 合成オリゴヌクレオチド希釈系列
<ol><li>氷の上の凍結乾燥の合成オリゴヌクレオチドを解凍します。簡単にそれを遠心分離機します。</li>
	<li>ヌクレアーゼ フリー水 10 pmol の最終的な集中に凍結乾燥させた合成オリゴヌクレオチドを希釈/μ L。 簡単に遠心分離機のそれ。</li>
	<li>表 5に示すヌクレアーゼ フリー水で希釈します。10 の 8,000 の x g で各希釈段階間簡潔に希釈を遠心分離機 s。</li>
	<li>手順 2 で説明した逆のトランスクリプションを続行し、手順 3 と手順 4 で説明したようにデジタル PCR のサンプルを分析します。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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著者が明らかに何もありません。

デジタル PCR は比較的新規エンドポイントにより、核酸サンプル内の直接の絶対定量 PCR 法であります。メソッドでは、減少の変動、高められた日常の再現性、優れた感度11,12など、特定の利点を所有しています。さらに、サンプルは約 20,000 の単一反応やエンドポイント分析に分配による dPCR は堅牢に定量的 RT-PCR 法16と比較して P...

循環の miRNAs は、疾患、心血管疾患の1を含む数の有望なマーカーとして識別されています。Mirna が小さい、単一座礁させた RNA 分子の非コーディング (約 22 ヌクレオチド長い) が関与している、転写後調節を介してメッセンジャー RNA の翻訳および影響を及ぼす遺伝子表現2の変化され、生理学的および病理学的状態の循環に解放されます。特定の miRNAs の定量的表現は、病理学にリンクすることし、いくつかの miRNAs 示し高組織疾患特異性1。心血管疾患における Mirna PCR 方法論3の助けを借りて定量化する新規バイオ マーカーが血清で非常に安定して、簡単にすることができますので、魅力的な候補となっています。小規模の研究で心筋梗塞のバイオ マーカーとしての miRNAs の潜在的な価値を評価が大規模なコホートで検証、2を欠けています。たとえば、ミール 499 は心筋の筋肉において高い発現があるし、亜美4,5,6で大幅に増加することが示されています。さらに、それを調節するプログラムされた細胞死 (アポトーシス) 心筋細胞の分化と従って次亜美7いくつかのメカニズムに関与しています。別にいくつかの小さな研究優位性と AMI の診断のための Mirna の増分値を報告、高感度心臓 troponins に優位性等はまだ証明されていない大規模な研究2,5 ,6,8。大規模なコホートでより多くの前向き研究は、したがって、miRNAs の潜在的な診断価値を評価するために必要。さらに、マイクロ Rna 定量法の最適化が必要な9のプロトコル標準化された同等を使用しています。標準化されたアッセイは、一貫性のない結果が減り、バイオ マーカーが臨床適用性を確保するため再現性のある方法で定量化する必要がある潜在的なバイオ マーカーのルーチンの臨床応用を目指しての Mirna が役立つことがあります。
最近では、dPCR は、エンドポイント分析として導入されています。それは約 20,000 の個々 の反作用10にサンプルをパーティション分割します。DPCR システムは、数学的なポアソンの統計的分析蛍光信号 (正と負の反応)、標準曲線10なし絶対定量を有効にするを利用します。加水分解蛍光プローブと dPCR を組み合わせて、miRNAs の非常に特定の直接の絶対定量が可能です。MiRNA のレベルを定量化するための優れた技術的な資質 (減少の変動、増加の日常的な再現性、高い直線性、高感度など) を展示するデジタル ポリメラーゼの連鎖反応を示しました、定量的リアルタイム PCR10,11と比較して循環。これらの優れた技術的な資質のバイオ マーカーとして循環の miRNAs の使用上の現在の制限を軽減するために役立つかもしれないし、大規模な多施設循環器臨床試験におけるバイオ マーカーと診断法として、miRNAs の確立につながる可能性があります。一般的です。以前の研究では、最近、AMI 患者の miRNAs の循環の絶対的な定量化のための dPCR を適用し、qPCR12の miRNAs の定量化と比較して優れた診断能力を発揮することができた。
この文書の dPCR を使用してが直接心血管の miRNAs の循環の定量化の正確かつ再現性のある方法であることを実証したいです。デジタル PCR を用いる血清中マイクロ Rna レベルの絶対定量は、大規模なマルチ センター心臓血管臨床試験で使用するため潜在的なを示しています。この文書で述べるデジタル PCR を効果的に実行する方法、および血清の miRNA 絶対コピー数を検出する方法。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA-Extraction</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit (50)</td>
			<td>Qiagen-Sample &#38; Assay Technologies, Hilden, Deutschland</td>
			<td>217184</td>
			<td>Kit for microRNA extraction. Kit contains commercial buffer RWT (called number one in the manuscript)&#160; and RPE (called number two in manuscript).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Spike-in-Control; Syn-cel-miR-39 miRNA; 10pmol</td>
			<td>Qiagen-Sample &#38; Assay Technologies, Hilden, Deutschland</td>
			<td>219610</td>
			<td>Spike-in for normalisation , Sequence: 5&#39;-UCACCGGGUGUAAAUCAGCUUG-3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse Transcription</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (1000 Reactions)</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA</td>
			<td>4366597</td>
			<td>Kit for microRNA reverse transcription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaqMan MicroRNA Assays M</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA</td>
			<td>4440887</td>
			<td>Assays used in reverse transcription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hsa-miR-499 (750 RT/750 PCR rxns)</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA</td>
			<td>4440887</td>
			<td>Assay Number 001352</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cel-miR-39 (750 RT/750 PCR rxns)</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA</td>
			<td>4440887</td>
			<td>Assay Number 000200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR Plate, 96-well, segmented, semi-skirted</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>AB0900</td>
			<td>96 well plate for reverse transcription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microseal &#8216;B&#8217; seal Seals</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>MSB1001</td>
			<td>Foil to ensure proper storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C1000 Touch Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1851196</td>
			<td>Cycler used for reverse transcription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Droplet Digital PCR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 nmole RNA oligo hsa-miR-499-5p</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>Sequence: 5&#39;-phos-UUAAGACUUGCAGUGAUGUUU-3&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddPCR Supermix for Probes (No dUTP)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1863024</td>
			<td>Supermix used in droplet generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaqMan MicroRNA Assays</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA</td>
			<td>4440887</td>
			<td>Assays used in digital PCR (fluorescent hydrolysis probe)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hsa-miR-499 (750 RT/750 PCR rxns)</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA</td>
			<td>4440887</td>
			<td>Assay Number 001352, commercial primers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cel-miR-39 (750 RT/750 PCR rxns)</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA</td>
			<td>4440887</td>
			<td>Assay Number 000200, commercial primers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DG8 Cartridges and Gaskets</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1864007</td>
			<td>Cartridge takes up to 8 samples for droplet generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DG8 Cartridge Holder</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1863051</td>
			<td>Holds cartridges in droplet generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Droplet Generation Oil for Probes</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1863005</td>
			<td>Oil used in droplet generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddPCR 96-Well Plates</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>12001925</td>
			<td>96 well plate for ddPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR Plate Heat Seal, foil, pierceable</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1814040</td>
			<td>Pierceable foil, compatible with droplet reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddPCR Droplet Reader Oil</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1863004</td>
			<td>Oil used in droplet reading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QX100 or QX200 Droplet Generator</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1863002</td>
			<td>Droplet Generator, generates the droplets from sample/oil emulsion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PX1 PCR Plate Sealer</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1814000</td>
			<td>Seals the plate before PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C1000 Touch Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1851196</td>
			<td>Cycler used for ddPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QX100 or QX200 Droplet Reader</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1863003</td>
			<td>Reads PCR-positive and PCR-negative droplets with an optical detector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddPCR Buffer Control for Probes</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1863052</td>
			<td>Blank control&#160;and to fill up the remaining wells of 8-well cassette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantaSof Software</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1864011</td>
			<td>Program for droplet reading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism Windows 5</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Program for statistical analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

digital pcr for quantifying circulating micrornas in acute myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease

循環血中マイクロ Rna (Mirna) は、循環に心血管系の細胞から放出される心血管疾患および急性心筋梗塞 (AMI) のバイオ マーカーとしての約束を示しています。循環の miRNAs は非常に安定した、定量化することができます。特定の miRNAs の定量化は、病理学といくつかの miRNAs ショー高組織および疾患特異性にリンクできます。心血管疾患の新規バイオ マーカーを見つけることは医学研究のための重要です。ごく最近、デジタルのポリメラーゼの連鎖反応 (dPCR) が発明されています。dPCR、加水分解蛍光プローブと組み合わせて特定の直接絶対定量ができます。dPCR は、変動の少ない、高直線性の量的なポリメラーゼの連鎖反応 (qPCR) に比べて感度が高いなど、優れた技術的な資質を展示します。したがって、dPCR は、特に大規模な多施設循環器臨床試験で使用するための Mirna を直接定量化のより正確で再現性のある方法です。この文書では血清中絶対コピー数を把握するためにデジタル PCR を効果的に実行する方法をについて説明します。

加水分解蛍光プローブと組み合わせてデジタル PCR 直接コピー/μ L に特定の miRNAs の絶対的な量を定量化することも可能。 にします。DPCR のサンプルは約 20,000 の個々 の PCR の反作用でパーティション分割された dPCR は技術不要、10をレプリケートします。DPCR システム (反応と正と負の異なる) 蛍光信号の数学的なポアソン統計分析を利用して<sup class=...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Digital PCR for Quantifying Circulating MicroRNAs in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Disease at JoVE.com

Digital PCR for Quantifying Circulating MicroRNAs in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Disease

循環のマイクロ Rna は、心血管疾患および急性心筋梗塞のバイオ マーカーとして約束を示しています。本研究ではマイクロ Rna の抽出、逆のトランスクリプションおよび心血管疾患患者の血清中の miRNAs の絶対的な定量化のためデジタル PCR のためのプロトコルについて述べる。

急性心筋梗塞と心血管疾患のマイクロ Rna を循環の定量化デジタル PCR

Circulating serum microRNAs (miRNAs) have shown promise as biomarkers for the cardiovascular disease and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), being released ...

digital-pcr-for-quantifying-circulating-micrornas-acute-myocardial

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

8.0K ビュー.  University of Freiburg. 循環のマイクロ Rna は、心血管疾患および急性心筋梗塞のバイオ マーカーとして約束を示しています。本研究ではマイクロ Rna の抽出、逆のトランスクリプションおよび心血管疾患患者の血清中の miRNAs の絶対的な定量化のためデジタル PCR のためのプロトコルについて述べる。

ビデオ: Digital PCR for Quantifying Circulating MicroRNAs in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Disease

Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

With heart failure leading the cause of death in the USA (Hunt), biomedical research is fundamental to advance medical treatments for cardiovascular diseases. Animal models that mimic human cardiac disease, such as myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemia-reperfusion (IR) that induces heart failure as well as pressure-overload (transverse aortic constriction) that induces cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (Goldman and Tarnavski), are useful models to study cardiovascular disease. In particular, myocardial ischemia (MI) is a leading cause for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality despite controlling certain risk factors such as arteriosclerosis and treatments via surgical intervention (Thygesen). Furthermore, an acute loss of the myocardium following myocardial ischemia (MI) results in increased loading conditions that induces ventricular remodeling of the infarcted border zone and the remote non-infarcted myocardium. Myocyte apoptosis, necrosis and the resultant increased hemodynamic load activate multiple biochemical intracellular signaling that initiates LV dilatation, hypertrophy, ventricular shape distortion, and collagen scar formation. This pathological remodeling and failure to normalize the increased wall stresses results in progressive dilatation, recruitment of the border zone myocardium into the scar, and eventually deterioration in myocardial contractile function (i.e. heart failure). The progression of LV dysfunction and heart failure in rats is similar to that observed in patients who sustain a large myocardial infarction, survive and subsequently develops heart failure (Goldman). The acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model in rats has been used to mimic human cardiovascular disease; specifically used to study cardiac signaling mechanisms associated with heart failure as well as to assess the contribution of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of heart failure. The method described in this report is the rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This model is also referred to as an acute ischemic cardiomyopathy or ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR); which is induced by an acute 30-minute period of ischemia by ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) followed by reperfusion of the tissue by releasing the LAD ligation (Vasilyev and McConnell). This protocol will focus on assessment of the infarct size and the area-at-risk (AAR) by Evan's blue dye and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) following 4-hours of reperfusion; additional comments toward the evaluation of cardiac function and remodeling by modifying the duration of reperfusion, is also presented. Overall, this AMI rat animal model is useful for studying the consequence of a myocardial infarction on cardiac pathophysiological and physiological function.

The rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is useful to study the consequence of a MI on cardiac pathophysiological and physiological function.

ラットにおける急性心筋梗塞

With heart failure leading the cause of death in the USA (Hunt), biomedical research is fundamental to advance medical treatments for cardiovascular ...

医学

MRI and PET in Mouse Models of Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. The similarity of the mouse heart to the human heart has made it an ideal model for testing novel therapeutic strategies.
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gives excellent views of the heart noninvasively with clear anatomical detail, which can be used for accurate functional assessment. Contrast agents can provide basic measures of tissue viability but these are nonspecific. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a complementary technique that is highly specific for molecular imaging, but lacks the anatomical detail of MRI. Used together, these techniques offer a sensitive, specific and quantitative tool for the assessment of the heart in disease and recovery following treatment.
In this paper we explain how these methods are carried out in mouse models of acute myocardial infarction. The procedures described here were designed for the assessment of putative protective drug treatments. We used MRI to measure systolic function and infarct size with late gadolinium enhancement, and PET with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to assess metabolic function in the infarcted region. The paper focuses on practical aspects such as slice planning, accurate gating, drug delivery, segmentation of images, and multimodal coregistration. The methods presented here achieve good repeatability and accuracy maintaining a high throughput.

We describe how to perform MRI and PET imaging of the mouse heart. The protocol is tailored to assess treatment efficacy in models of myocardial infarction and heart failure.

Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. The similarity of the mouse heart to the human heart has made it an ...

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One important prerequisite is a good understanding of all safety and efficacy aspects obtained in a large animal model that validly reflect the human scenario of myocardial infarction (MI). Pigs are widely used in this regard since their cardiac size, hemodynamics, and coronary anatomy are close to that of humans. Here, we present an effective protocol for using the porcine MI model using a closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. This approach is based on 90 min of myocardial ischemia, inducing large left ventricle infarction of the anterior, septal and inferoseptal walls. Furthermore, we present protocols for various measures of outcome that provide a wide range of information on the heart, such as cardiac systolic and diastolic function, hemodynamics, coronary flow velocity, microvascular resistance, and infarct size. This protocol can be easily tailored to meet study specific requirements for the validation of novel cardioregenerative biologics at different stages (i.e. directly after the acute ischemic insult, in the subacute setting or even in the chronic MI once scar formation has been completed). This model therefore provides a useful translational tool to study MI, subsequent adverse remodeling, and the potential of novel cardioregenerative agents.

This protocol describes the porcine myocardial infarction (MI) model using a 90 min closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. Furthermore, the protocol for several outcome parameters, such as cardiac function, hemodynamics, microvascular resistance, and infarct size, are also presented.

豚における心筋梗塞および機能的結果の評価

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One ...

Minimal Invasive Surgical Procedure of Inducing Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last decades. For clarification of the underlying mechanisms and the development of new therapeutic strategies, the availability of valid animal models are mandatory. Since we need new insights into pathomechanisms of cardiovascular diseases under in vivo conditions to combat myocardial infarction, the validity of the animal model is a crucial aspect. However, protection of animals are highly relevant in this context. Therefore, we establish a minimally invasive and simple model of myocardial infarction in mice, which assures a high reproducibility and survival rate of animals. Thus, this models fulfils the requirements of the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction) for animal experiments and assure the scientific information needed for further developing of therapeutical strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

A highly reproducible model for myocardial infarction in mice with minimal invasive manipulations is described. The model can be easily performed, resulting in a high reproducibility and survival rate. Thus, the described model will reduce the number of required animals as requested by the 3R principle (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction).

マウスにおける心筋梗塞を誘発する低侵襲手術手順

Myocardial infarction still remains the main cause of death in western countries, despite considerable progress in the stent development area in the last ...

Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It is characterized by fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue, in particular on exertion. Heart failure is a growing public health problem, the leading cause of hospitalization, and a major cause of mortality. Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of heart failure.
Ventricular remodelling refers to changes in structure, size, and shape of the left ventricle. This architectural remodelling of the left ventricle is induced by injury (e.g., myocardial infarction), by pressure overload (e.g., systemic arterial hypertension or aortic stenosis), or by volume overload. Since ventricular remodelling affects wall stress, it has a profound impact on cardiac function and on the development of heart failure. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is used to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac function post-myocardial infarction. This model is fundamentally different in terms of objectives and pathophysiological relevance compared to the model of transient ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In this latter model of ischemia/reperfusion injury, the initial extent of the infarct may be modulated by factors that affect myocardial salvage following reperfusion. In contrast, the infarct area at 24 hr after permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery is fixed. Cardiac function in this model will be affected by 1) the process of infarct expansion, infarct healing, and scar formation; and 2) the concomitant development of left ventricular dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy, and ventricular remodelling.
Besides the model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented in detail.

Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization and a major cause of mortality. A model of permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice is applied to investigate ventricular remodelling and cardiac dysfunction post-myocardial infarction. The technique of invasive hemodynamic measurements in mice is presented.

マウスの左前下冠動脈の動脈の常設ライゲーション：心筋梗塞後のリモデリングおよび心不全のモデル

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It ...

Primary Outcome Assessment in a Pig Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction

Mortality after acute myocardial infarction remains substantial and is associated with significant morbidity, like heart failure. Novel therapeutics are therefore required to confine cardiac damage, promote survival and reduce the disease burden of heart failure. Large animal experiments are an essential part in the translational process from experimental to clinical therapies. To optimize clinical translation, robust and representative outcome measures are mandatory. The present manuscript aims to address this need by describing the assessment of three clinically relevant outcome modalities in a pig acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model: infarct size in relation to area at risk (IS/AAR) staining, 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and admittance-based pressure-volume (PV) loops. Infarct size is the main determinant driving the transition from AMI to heart failure and can be quantified by IS/AAR staining. Echocardiography is a reliable and robust tool in the assessment of global and regional cardiac function in clinical cardiology. Here, a method for three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE) in pigs is provided. Extensive insight into cardiac performance can be obtained by admittance-based pressure-volume (PV) loops, including intrinsic parameters of myocardial function that are pre- and afterload independent. Combined with a clinically feasible experimental study protocol, these outcome measures provide researchers with essential information to determine whether novel therapeutic strategies could yield promising targets for future testing in clinical studies.

Reliable and accurate outcome assessment is the key for translation of preclinical therapies into clinical treatment. The current paper describes how to assess three clinically relevant primary outcome parameters of cardiac performance and damage in a pig acute myocardial infarction model.

急性心筋梗塞の豚モデルにおける主要アウトカム評価

Mortality after acute myocardial infarction remains substantial and is associated with significant morbidity, like heart failure. Novel therapeutics are ...

Real-time Pressure-volume Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any potential therapeutic approach directed against acute left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Current imaging modalities (e.g., echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging) have several limitations since data on LV pressure cannot directly be measured. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion could serve as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.
At the beginning of the procedure, mice were anesthetized followed by endotracheal intubation. For LV catheterization, the right carotid artery was exposed via middle-neck incision. The catheter was introduced and placed into the LV cavity. Left thoracotomy was conducted and the left main coronary artery (LCA) was ligated. To induce reperfusion, the suture was released after 45 min. Pressure-volume data was recorded at all times.
Ligation of the LCA caused a decrease in LV systolic function as evidenced by a 30% reduction in stroke volume, LV ejection fraction (EF), and cardiac output. Maximum dP/dt as a parameter for LV contractility was also significantly reduced and diastolic function was severely impaired (minimum dP/dt -40%). Reperfusion over a period of 20 min did not lead to a complete recovery of LV function.
Real-time pressure-volume analysis served as a valid procedure for monitoring cardiac function during acute myocardial infarction in mice. Maintaining stable anesthesia and a standardized surgical approach was crucial to ensure valid results. As the early phase of acute myocardial infarction is critical for morbidity and mortality, the delineated method could be beneficial for preclinical evaluation of new strategies for cardioprotection.

Acute myocardial infarction in mice induces acute but incompletely characterized changes in left ventricular (LV) function. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion serves as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.

マウスにおける急性心筋梗塞のリアルタイム圧解析

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any ...

A Cryoinjury Model to Study Myocardial Infarction in the Mouse

The use of animal models is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies for acute coronary syndrome and its complications. In this article, we demonstrate a murine cryoinjury infarct model that generates precise infarct sizes with high reproducibility and replicability. In brief, after intubation and sternotomy of the animal, the heart is lifted from the thorax. The probe of a handheld liquid nitrogen delivery system is applied onto the myocardial wall to induce cryoinjury. Impaired ventricular function and electrical conduction can be monitored with echocardiography or optical mapping. Transmural myocardial remodeling of the infarcted area is characterized by collagen deposition and loss of cardiomyocytes. Compared to other models (e.g., LAD-ligation), this model utilizes a handheld liquid nitrogen delivery system to generate more uniform infarct sizes.

This article demonstrates a model to study cardiac remodeling after myocardial cryoinjury in mice.

マウスの心筋梗塞を研究する凍結傷害モデル

The use of animal models is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies for acute coronary syndrome and its complications. In this article, we ...

Semi-Minimal Invasive Method to Induce Myocardial Infarction in Rats and the Assessment of Cardiac Function by an Isolated Working Heart System

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily and highly reproducible MI induction procedure is required to obtain further insight and better understanding of the underlying pathological changes. This procedure can also be used to evaluate the effects or potency of new and promising treatments (as drugs or interventions) in acute MI, subsequent remodeling and heart failure (HF). After intubation and pre-operative preparation of the animal, an anesthetic protocol with isoflurane was performed, and the surgical procedure was conducted&#160;quickly. Using a minimally invasive approach, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was located and occluded by a ligature. The occlusion can be performed acutely for subsequent reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion injury). Alternatively, the vessel can be ligated permanently to investigate the development of chronic MI, remodeling or HF. Despite common pitfalls, the drop-out rates are minimal. Various treatments such as remote ischemic conditioning can be examined for their cardioprotective potential pre-, peri- and post-operatively. The post-operative recovery was quick as the anesthesia was precisely controlled and the duration of the operation was short. Post-operative analgesia was administered for three days. The minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of infection and inflammation. Furthermore, it facilitates rapid recovery. The &#8220;working heart&#8221; measurements were performed ex vivo and enabled precise control of preload, afterload and flow. This procedure requires specific equipment and training for adequate performance. This manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step introduction for conducting these measurements.

This article presents an efficient method to perform myocardial ischemia and subsequent chronic reperfusion in rats using a minimally invasive approach. In addition, left ventricular hemodynamic function of rats is assessed by echocardiography and isolated working heart methods.&#160;

ラットの心筋梗塞を誘導する半最小侵襲法と、単離した働く心臓システムによる心機能の評価

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily ...

Intramyocardial Transplantation of MSC-Loading Injectable Hydrogels after Myocardial Infarction in a Murine Model

One of the major issues facing current cardiac stem cell therapies for preventing postinfarct heart failure is the low retention and survival rates of transplanted cells within the injured myocardium, limiting their therapeutic efficacy. Recently, the use of scaffolding biomaterials has gained attention for improving and maximizing stem cell therapy. The objective of this protocol is to introduce a simple and straightforward technique to transplant bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using injectable hydroxyphenyl propionic acid (GH) hydrogels; the hydrogels are favorable as a cell delivery platform for cardiac tissue engineering applications due to their ability to be cross-linked in situ and high biocompatibility. We present a simple method to fabricate MSC-loading GH hydrogels (MSC/hydrogels) and evaluate their survival and proliferation in three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture. In addition, we demonstrate a technique for intramyocardial transplantation of MSC/hydrogels in mice, describing a surgical procedure to induce myocardial infarction (MI) via left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation and subsequent MSC/hydrogels transplantation.

Stem cell-based therapy has emerged as an efficient strategy to repair injured cardiac tissues after myocardial infarction. We provide an optimal in vivo application for stem cell transplantation using gelatin hydrogels that are able to be enzymatically cross-linked.

マウスモデルにおける心筋梗塞後のMSC負荷注入性ヒドロゲルの筋内移植

One of the major issues facing current cardiac stem cell therapies for preventing postinfarct heart failure is the low retention and survival rates of ...