著者はウィリー ・ ヘイガー財団、シュトゥットガルトによる金融支援に感謝しています。我々 はまたホスホン酸のサンプルを提供するため Zschimmer & シュワルツ Mohsdorf GmbH & Co. KG の従業員に感謝したいと思います。

<ol>
	<li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directive+2000/60/EC+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+23+October+2000+establishing+a+framework+for+Community+action+in+the+field+of+water+policy.">Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy.</a> Official Journal of the European Communities. , 327 (2000).</li><li>Rott, E., Steinmetz, H., Metzger, J. 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T., Bolte, M., Lemaire, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photodegradation+of+ferric+ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic+acid)+(EDTMP)+in+aqueous+solution.">Photodegradation of ferric ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid) (EDTMP) in aqueous solution.</a> Water Research. 23 (7), 845-851 (1989).</li><li>Nowack, B., Stone, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Degradation+of+nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic+acid)+and+related+(amino)phosphonate+chelating+agents+in+the+presence+of+manganese+and+molecular+oxygen.">Degradation of nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) and related (amino)phosphonate chelating agents in the presence of manganese and molecular oxygen.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 34 (22), 4759-4765 (2000).</li><li>Nowack, B., Stone, A. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+of+phosphonate+antiscalant+from+reverse+osmosis+membrane+concentrate+onto+granular+ferric+hydroxide.">Adsorption of phosphonate antiscalant from reverse osmosis membrane concentrate onto granular ferric hydroxide.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 46 (17), 9638-9645 (2012).</li><li>Mart&#237;nez, R. J., Farrell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+Nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic+acid)+reactions+with+ferric+hydroxide.">Understanding Nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) reactions with ferric hydroxide.</a> Chemosphere. 175, 490-496 (2017).</li><li>Chen, Y., Baygents, J. 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E., Izawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+ion+buffers.">Hydrogen ion buffers.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 24, 53-68 (1972).</li><li>Ferguson, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+ion+buffers+for+biological+research.">Hydrogen ion buffers for biological research.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 104 (2), 300-310 (1980).</li><li>Goldberg, R. N., Kishore, N., Lennen, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermodynamic+quantities+for+the+ionization+reactions+of+buffers.">Thermodynamic quantities for the ionization reactions of buffers.</a> Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 31 (2), 231-370 (2002).</li><li>Schmidt, C. K., Raue, B., Brauch, H. J., Sacher, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trace-level+analysis+of+phosphonates+in+environmental+waters+by+ion+chromatography+and+inductively+coupled+plasma+mass+spectrometry.">Trace-level analysis of phosphonates in environmental waters by ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.</a> International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 94 (4), 385-398 (2014).</li><li>Nowack, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+phosphonates+in+natural+waters+by+ion-pair+high-performance+liquid+chromatography.">Determination of phosphonates in natural waters by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography.</a> Journal of Chromatography A. 773 (1-2), 139-146 (1997).</li><li>Murphy, J., Riley, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+single+solution+method+for+the+determination+of+phosphate+in+natural+waters.">A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters.</a> Analytica Chimica Acta. 27, 31-36 (1961).</li><li>Worsfold, P., McKelvie, I., Monbet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+phosphorus+in+natural+waters:+A+historical+review.">Determination of phosphorus in natural waters: A historical review.</a> Analytica Chimica Acta. 918, 8-20 (2016).</li><li>Going, J. E., Eisenreich, S. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simplified+phosphorus+analysis+technique.">A simplified phosphorus analysis technique.</a> Environmental Letters. 9 (1), 43-53 (1975).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ISO 6878:2004. Water quality-Determination of phosphorus-Ammonium molybdate spectrometric method. , (2004).</li><li>Freundlich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#220;ber+die+Adsorption+in+L&#246;sungen+(About+the+adsorption+in+solutions).">&#220;ber die Adsorption in L&#246;sungen (About the adsorption in solutions).</a> Z. Physical Chemistry. 57, 385-470 (1907).</li><li>Ho, Y. S., Porter, J. F., McKay, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Equilibrium+isotherm+studies+for+the+sorption+of+divalent+metal+ions+onto+peat:+Copper,+nickel+and+lead+single+component+systems.">Equilibrium isotherm studies for the sorption of divalent metal ions onto peat: Copper, nickel and lead single component systems.</a> Water Air &amp; Soil Pollution. 141 (1-4), 1-33 (2002).</li><li>Li, L., Zhang, S., Li, G., Zhao, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+chemical+oxygen+demand+of+nitrogenous+organic+compounds+in+wastewater+using+synergetic+photoelectrocatalytic+oxidation+effect+at+TiO2+nanostructured+electrode.">Determination of chemical oxygen demand of nitrogenous organic compounds in wastewater using synergetic photoelectrocatalytic oxidation effect at TiO2 nanostructured electrode.</a> Analytica Chimica Acta. 754, 47-53 (2012).</li></ol>

利害の対立が宣言されていません。

酸の重要性が増し廃水廃水処理または受信側の水ボディを保護するためにこれらの化合物を除去する信頼性の高い方法の研究が必要です。現時点では産業排水5,11,12,13,14,16から酸の除去に非常にほとんどの研究を します。手順提示ここ物質、特に粒状の水酸化第二鉄、鉄酸化物への吸着により酸の除去に関する調査をすることができますショー実施迅速かつ確実にときに従い、特定のプロトコル。
吸着の研究に決定的な点は、pH 値のメンテナンスです。これは、バッファーを使用せず回転遠心分離機管で実行できません。この記事で良いバッファーが 0.01 M の濃度でのみ許容 pH 調整が可能、GFH に酸の吸着に大きな影響はありませんでもこの濃度を示した。良いバッファーのアプリケーションはまた、活性炭などではなく、非極性材料に酸の吸着に関する研究のため、ここに示す手順を使用できない理由理由です。良いバッファーと競合ホスホン無料吸着サイト。
提案手法が、ホスホン酸、吸着剤に接触した後する必要があります直接測定するない決定を介してを示唆している HPLC22または IC-誘導結合プラズマ質量21による酸の直接分析は非常に複雑で高価なため、合計 P の標準化された方法 (ISO 687828) 一般的に消化が行われて、合計 P 定量用うち H2による、4と K2S2O8ホット プレート、pH 値に設定されます 3-10 の手段によってNaOH と青い色の複雑な (色強度はリン酸濃度に正比例) は、アスコルビン酸とモリブデン酸溶液の助けを借りて形成されます。この標準的な方法は非常に労働と時間がかかり、なぜ ISO 法 (ISOミニ) のより速い変形は開発されました。ISOミニメソッドは、五分の一に量を減らします。消化快適で起こるサーモスタットと NaOH 量消化が修正された後。このメソッドにより、非常に短い時間内で実施されるリン測定の数が多いと ISO 法と比較して精度が損なわれない。
各バッファーは異なる代金引換です。さらに、0.01 M の比較的高い必要なバッファー濃度サンプル成分の十分な消化力を保障するために酸化剤のかなり高い金額が ISO 法に規定よりも皆無を意味します。K2S2O8投与量が低すぎる、または高すぎる、誤った測定結果は発生します。ISOミニメソッドでこの K2S2O8投与量、従って一致各バッファーに個別にします。もう一つの重要なポイントは、水酸化ナトリウムの投与量です。原則として再生ソリューション > 0.1 m NaOH 濃度があります。それを避けるために [H+]: [ミズーリ州] 比色複雑な25,26の形成に従わない、H2の適切な調整消化する前に4の数量はそのために必要ないる。この問題発生再生ソリューションを再利用数回、それによって pH 値、COD を変更します。信頼性と簡単な pH 測定は、スクリュー キャップの容器では不可能ですので、適切な pH 調整がされていない、ここで、紹介した ISOミニ方法はしたがって、非常に高い pH 値のサンプルの限界に達する。再生ソリューションは、ISO メソッドを使用するため勧めします。

モチベーション
表面水に、必要であるとりわけ、欧州水枠組み指令1の実装のコンテキストで栄養を減らす努力リン排出量のより詳細な検討が必要です。浄水処理、冷却水の硬度の安定剤として、洗剤や洗浄剤剤として繊維、紙工業の漂白剤として使用されている (図 1)、酸の化学物質グループは特に量・環境関連2関連します。ホスホン水ボディ2,3,4の長期的な富に貢献する疑いがあります。たとえば、日光または MnIIと溶存酸素の存在下で紫外線によるホスホンは微生物学的利用可能な隣酸塩5,6に低下する可能性が。リン酸の供給過剰リンの水域の生態学的地位の継続的な改善のための重要なターゲット物質を作る、水域の生態学的不均衡の本質的な特徴であります。
ホスホンは、7、8,9,10を塩、鉄やアルミを使用してときに、析出・凝集による廃水から削除できます。このプロセスでは、金属は難溶性の金属水酸化物に変換されます。比較的大きな比表面積を持つこれらの極の群れは負荷電の酸の吸着剤として機能します。しかし、凝集プロセスは 2 つの主要な不利な点を持つことができます。に応じて、排水汚泥量試料量の 30% までの11に発生します。この汚泥は、分離、扱われ、さらに堆積またはフィルター ステージで処分します。さらに、ホスホン複雑な追加の凝集剤をことができます、特に硬さが低水排水中の群れの形成を防ぐため。この効果は、凝集剤の増加量によって補正できます。ただし、これは高められた β 値につながる (β = 排水中リン凝集剤のモル比)11,12。複雑な排水のマトリックスでは、したがって、最適な凝集剤投与量のコントロールが複雑に。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57618/57618fig1.jpg"> 図 1: 重要なホスホン11.の構造式<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57618/57618fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
金属含有表面に酸の高吸着親和性を悪用可能な代替は、上記されていない欠点は、酸化鉄 (洗面) に基づくフィルター材料。そのようなフィルター材料の文献はリン酸13,14,15,16の除去への調査を中心に述べる。粒状水酸化第二鉄 (GFH) ホスホン少しワークロードと有意な関連が特にこの作品で、選択の粒状フィルター材料の吸着能力の調査を可能にするプロシージャを紹介します。コスト削減します。吸着量の研究は、次の手順に分けることができます: ホスホン酸ソリューション、吸着試験 (、顆粒のホスホン酸溶液の接触) ホスホン酸分析の準備。すべてのステップは、完全に調整しなければなりません。
吸着テストと適切なバッファーの使用のための概念 吸着能力の研究のためバッチまたは列のテストを実行できます。吸着等温式または吸着剤の pH 依存性を決定するためにバッチ アプローチは、いくつかのパラメーターを変えることの可能性を時間の短い期間内に多くの結果を取得できるので優れています。PH 値は、吸着に影響を与える最も重要な要因の 1 つです。遵守や pH 値の調整は、吸着剤との接触以前に試料溶液の pH 値の単純な調整は通常不十分である検査技師にとって大きな挑戦です。各吸着剤の材料は、おおよその点電荷 (PZC) の pH を目指して通常。したがって、吸着剤と直接接触のとき 8 の pH 値に変化したこと、水溶液、例えばpH 3 に調整可能です。排水は、この効果を減衰する自然のバッファリング能力をほとんどの場合は。合成廃水を使用する場合、ただし、特定のターゲット物質の除去のみの特定の吸着剤を検討する、すなわち、具体的に対象物質、例えば、競争力のあるスパイクは、純粋な水、陰イオン。対照的に粉末吸着剤、pH 値は、酸を追加することによって目的の範囲で簡単に維持することができますオープン攪拌容器、このフォームで pH 無調整の基地とバッチのアプローチで行うことができます、粒状になります。顆粒均一中断を維持するために非常に高い攪拌速度が必要、材料の非常に急速な摩耗で発生します。このような耐摩耗性を意図しない場合穏やかな方法は、ソリューションの継続的に混合顆粒を保つために閉じた遠沈管を回転します。PH 値を一定に保つ唯一の方法は、バッファーを使用するここでは。
リン酸塩及びフィルター材料の鉄を含むホスホン酸塩の吸着を調査することができるためにバッファーの次の要件を満たす必要があります: リン;無色。水溶性。せいぜい、ないの錯化剤;ホスホン極フィルター素材への吸着についての競争無し使用される; 異なるバッファーの同じような構造バッファーまたはその分解物合計 P 定量消化後ない複雑な色のスペクトルの吸光度にマイナスの影響を持つ必要があります。生化学研究分野のいわゆる良いバッファーが開発した17,18,19、ちょうどこれらの特質があります。したがって、この作品の調査について表 1にバッファーが選ばれました。PK 値の各バッファーは、バッファーによって一定保つことができる範囲を示します。ただし、pH 範囲 < 5、クエン酸 (CitOH) と (中) 酢酸などの有機酸は使用する必要があります。クエン酸は錯化剤が、それは、ほとんど鉄を含むフィルター材料がとにかく不安定になる ph のバッファーします。酢酸とモップはいた NTMP のスラリー ゲーサイト (α-成熟) ph 4.6 と 7.2 への吸着を調査するノバックと石7によって既に使用います。しかし、吸着の pH 依存性の実験は、バッファリングせず場所を取った。
<img alt="Table 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57618/57618table1.jpg"> 表 1: pK、値20、理論的酸素要求量 (ソード) と分析実際化学的酸素要求 (量 COD) 本研究で使用されるバッファーの。
合計 P 決定 (ISOミニ) 緩衝液に適応 各吸着試験後各ソリューションは、残留ホスホン酸濃度を分析する必要があります。ごく最近、0.1 μ g/L の範囲で定量の限界による環境試料中の酸の定量法が導入されました。それは IC-誘導結合プラズマ質量法および (ホスホンの「無料」ホスホン酸への変換) の陽イオン交換と陰イオン交換器 (酸濃度の前) の21の使用に基づいています。さらに、すでに 1997 年にノバックの22から法で導入された 15 100 μ g/L、鉄III、高速液体クロマトグラフィーおよびこれらの吸光光度検出を使用する保存とホスホンの pre 錯形成に基づいているの検出のより高い限界複合体。ただし、これらのメソッドは、非常に時間がかかり、高価です。唯一リン含有化合物は、ホスホン酸合成廃水を研究、合計 P 濃度を決定するホスホン酸濃度を決定するのに十分です。無機リン酸の定量は、後者前の消化を必要と合計 P の決定よりもはるかに少ない問題実験者を提示します。事前に加えられなければならない化学物質の量は、サンプルで現在の化合物に正確にマッチしなければなりません。
リン酸イオンの定量現在主にマーフィーとライリーの23により導入されたメソッドを使用して実行されます。このメソッドは激しく着色されたリンモリブデン ブルー錯体の吸光光度検出に基づいて ([PSb2Mo12O40]− λmaxで 880 で nm) リン酸の存在下で形成されていると酸性モリブデン酸アスコルビン酸とアンチモン (iii) 還元剤24として使用しています。他の研究 [H+] の最適な比率で: [ミズーリ州] 60 8025,26に決定しました。合計 P、消化を決定するためにすなわちC O P, リン含有 C P 社債 P-O-P の破壊化合物し、リンのリン酸への酸化は、リンモリブデン青形成24前に遂行されなければなりません。.Eisenreichら27は、酸性の環境で酸化剤ペルオキソ (8K2S2O) の使用に基づいて簡易法を発表しました。これらの結果の多くは ISO 687828, リン酸 P 及び水試料 (排水・海水) の全 P 濃度の定量のための手順を体系的に説明する開発組み込まれています。
ISO 6878 (図 2) によると総 P 決定 K2S2O8の少なくとも 30 分の酸性 pH (硫酸の使用) で三角フラスコで消化されるべきサンプルが必要です。消化力の後の pH 値は 3-10 NaOH とのエルレンマイヤー フラスコ 50 mL のメスフラスコに転送されるコンテンツを使用してに設定されます。このフラスコにアスコルビン酸、モリブデン酸塩及びアンチモンを含む酸性溶液をサンプルに追加され、その後、水で満たされました。880 の波長でのこの青の色の強度を測定 10 ~ 30 分後 nm。リン酸定量の場合、消化は省略されます。つまり、サンプルはアスコルビン酸と同様、アンチモン、モリブデン酸を含む溶液 50 mL メスフラスコに混合され青発色の強さは、光度計で測定します。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57618/57618fig2.jpg"> 図 2: ISO 6878 NaOH とアスコルビン酸、モリブデン酸を含むを使用して着色後の pH 調整、ペルオキソ二硫酸カリウム硫酸を使用して消化を適用によると総 P 決定のプロシージャ ソリューションです。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57618/57618fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
それする必要があります常に世話をすると消化中にサンプルが沸騰しないと ph 3-10 サンプルの調整は時間が長いので、総 P 測定のプロシージャは非常に複雑。非常に短い時間でできるだけ多くのサンプルを分析するために、合計 P とオルト リン酸定量の小型フォームはこの ISO メソッドに基づいて開発されました。図 3では、このメソッドの各ステップをまとめたものです。カラー ソリューションの最終巻は、この小型定量法 (ISOミニ) 10 mL (ISO 方式でこれは 50 mL)。したがって、ISOミニメソッドは、5 分の 1 を使用するソリューションの量を減らします。ISOミニメソッドで、148-150 ° c 最も高い可能な酸化を取得する、その消化が (消化をホット プレートに三角フラスコ提案 ISO 法) と対照をなしてサーモスタットで実施は。アスコルビン酸と酸性モリブデン酸溶液と共に消化後 NaOH が追加されます。
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57618/57618fig3.jpg"> 図 3: ISO 6878 の変更および小型形態に応じて合計 P 決定のプロシージャ (ISOミニ) バイアル 10 mL スクリュー キャップを使用して、バッファーに依存カリウム ペルオキソ二硫酸濃度、加熱サーモスタットと添加以前にそれを転送することがなく直接消化サンプルに試薬を色します。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57618/57618fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
サンプルに含まれている有機バッファー必要があります効果的に pH 値を維持するためにホスホン酸 (5-30 μ M) と比較すると比較的高濃度 (10 mM) であります。これらのバッファーは、吸着試験後合計 P の分析のため消化する必要があります。したがって、酸化剤の投与量を考慮するあまりにも多くの酸化剤消化後に形成された複雑な色の形成を妨げてはならない、各バッファーにマッチしなければなりません。合計 P 定量分析化学的酸素要求量 (COD) に基づいて各バッファーの消化に必要な K2S2O8数量を推定するために、どのように多くの電子の比較を時に変換できる、O2 K2S2O8の削減が必要です。
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- → 2 H2O
S2O82 - + 2 e- → 2、42- 
したがって、特定の分子の酸化は、O の2分子として倍のペルオキソ二硫酸分子を必要です。したがって、20 mL のサンプル ボリュームの場合、サンプルのタラを超えない 500 mg/L ISO メソッドを使用する場合。しかし、MES の表 1から最小のモル質量と良いバッファーの場合でも既に 2.4 g/L のタラは 10 mM の濃度で存在。吸着テストおよび ISOミニメソッド本稿の手順プロトコルに加えて、調査必要なバッファー濃度, ホスホン酸吸着にバッファーと K2S2O8 の影響ISOミニ方法で彼らの消化に必要な水酸化ナトリウム投与量と量。
フロイントリッヒ吸着モデル 吸着等温線、すなわち、特定の接触時間後の吸着 (mg/L P) の溶存濃度 c に適用される (例えばmg/g の P 吸着剤の) q の読み込みをモデルには Freundlich29によって提案された式。
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/57618/57618eq1.jpg">
Ln(c) 上得られた実測値 q および c をプロット関数 ln(q) の形で線形回帰によって決まりますこの関数の勾配は 1/n と KF値30y 軸切片に対応します。
プロシージャの概要 ホスホンに関して粒状水酸化第二鉄の吸着容量を決定するためのプロセス全体は、いくつかのステップに分かれています、プロトコル」に記載されています。分析試薬 (プロトコルのセクション 1) の十分な量を準備する必要は。数週間の耐久性です。ホスホン酸含有溶液 (セクション 2)、準備し、吸着試験 (粒状材料のホスホン酸溶液の接触) が続く (セクション 3) と合計 P 小型 ISO 法 (セクション 4) によるとの分析。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1359px;" width="1359">
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	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:465px;">Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)</td>
			<td style="width:352px;">Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1120802510</td>
			<td style="width:423px;">98% (p.a.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hydrochloric acid (HCl)</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20254.401</td>
			<td>32% (AnalaR NORMAPUR, p.a.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)</td>
			<td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1064981000</td>
			<td>&#8805;99% (p.a.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Citric acid monohydrate (CitOH&#8729;OH)</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20276.292</td>
			<td>99.9% (AnalaR NORMAPUR, p.a.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic acid (AcOH)</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20104.334</td>
			<td>100% (p.a.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES)</td>
			<td>SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M3671-250G</td>
			<td>&#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS)</td>
			<td>SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M1254-250G</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)</td>
			<td>SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H3375-250G</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid (EPPS)</td>
			<td>SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E9502-250G</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPSO)</td>
			<td>SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C2278-100G</td>
			<td>&#8805;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPS)</td>
			<td>SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C2632-250G</td>
			<td>&#8805;98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC)</td>
			<td>Zschimmer &#38; Schwarz (Mohsdorf, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CUBLEN P 50</td>
			<td>50 % technical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1-Hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid monohydrate (HEDP&#183;H2O)</td>
			<td>SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">54342-50G</td>
			<td>&#8805;95,0 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitrilotris(methylene phosphonic acid) (NTMP)</td>
			<td>SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">72568-50G</td>
			<td>&#8805;97,0 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP&#183;1.4H2O)</td>
			<td>Zschimmer &#38; Schwarz (Mohsdorf, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP&#183;6H2O)</td>
			<td>Zschimmer &#38; Schwarz (Mohsdorf, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1048731000</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.5% (p.a.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium peroxodisulfate (K2S2O8)</td>
			<td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1050920250</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.0% (p.a.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L(+)-Ascorbic acid (C6H8O6)</td>
			<td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1004680500</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.7% (p.a.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate ((NH4)6Mo7O24&#183;4H2O)</td>
			<td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1011800250</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.0% (p.a.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium antimony-(III) oxide tartrate hemihydrate (K(SbO)C4H4O6&#8729;&#189;H2O)</td>
			<td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1080920250</td>
			<td>&#8805;99.5% (p.a.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Granular ferric hydroxide (GFH)</td>
			<td>Hego BioTec (Berlin, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>FerroSorp RW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Syringe membrane filters</td>
			<td>Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH (G&#246;ttingen, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17765----------Q</td>
			<td>Minisart RC Hydrophilic 25 mm 0.45 &#956;m pore size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Single-use syringes for membrane filtration</td>
			<td>Henke Sass Wolf (Tuttlingen, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5200.X00V0</td>
			<td>3-part Soft-Ject Luer 20 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rotator</td>
			<td>LLG Labware (Meckenheim, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6.263 660</td>
			<td>uniROTATOR2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Clamp for rotator</td>
			<td>LLG Labware (Meckenheim, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6.263 664</td>
			<td>Clamp for uniROTATOR2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Screw cap vial</td>
			<td>Glasger&#228;tebau Ochs (Bovenden, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">135215</td>
			<td>Pr&#228;paratenglas Duran, 16x100 mm, thread GL18, cap with PTFE seal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Micropipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf (Hamburg, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3123000047</td>
			<td>eppendorf Research plus 10&#8211;100 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Micropipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf (Hamburg, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3123000063</td>
			<td>eppendorf Research plus 100&#8211;1000 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Micropipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf (Hamburg, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3123000071</td>
			<td>eppendorf Research plus 0.5&#8211;5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Precision balance</td>
			<td>Precisa Gravimetrics (Dietikon, Switzerland)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Precisa LX 220 A SCS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Thermostat</td>
			<td>Hach (Berlin, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LTV077</td>
			<td>HT200S High Temperature Thermostat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Thermostat</td>
			<td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1712000001</td>
			<td>Spectroquant TR 320</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Jasco Labor- u. Datentechnik (Gro&#223;-Umstadt, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>UV/VIS Spectrophotometer Jasco V-550</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Sarstedt (N&#252;mbrecht, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">62.559.001</td>
			<td>Tube 50 mL, 115x28 mm, flat/conical base PP, assembled cap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pH probe</td>
			<td>WTW (Weilheim, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">103635</td>
			<td>WTW pH-Electrode SenTix 41</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pH device</td>
			<td>WTW (Weilheim, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>WTW Multi 350i</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">COD determination</td>
			<td>Hach (Berlin, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LCK514</td>
			<td>100&#8211;2000 mg/L O2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sieve</td>
			<td>Retsch (Haan, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">60.131.000500</td>
			<td>Test sieve 0.5 mm mesh (ISO 3310/1) stainless steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Drying cabinet</td>
			<td>Memmert (Schwabach, Germany)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Modell 600</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optimized procedure for determining the adsorption of phosphonates onto granular ferric hydroxide using a miniaturized phosphorus determination method

鉄を含むフィルター材料に酸の吸着を調査する手順を紹介する特に粒状水酸化第二鉄 (GFH)、少しの努力と高い信頼性。ホスホン酸、例えばトリメチルホスホン酸ニトリル (NTMP) は GFH 有機酸 (例えば酢酸) または良いバッファー (例えば2-(Nmorpholino) によってバッファー溶液中の回転子の接触ethanesulfonic 酸) 【 MES 】 とN- シクロヘキシル-2-ヒドロキシ-3-aminopropanesulfonic 酸 [CAPSO]) 50 mL 遠沈管の特定の時点の 10 mM の濃度で。その後、膜ろ過 (0.45 μ m 孔サイズ)、合計後とりわけ開発された定量法 (ISOミニ) を用いたリン (合計 P) 濃度の測定します。このメソッドは、変更および ISO 6878 法の簡略化: 4 mL のサンプルを4と K2S2O8スクリュー キャップでバイアル、H2と混合、148-150 ° c 1 時間加熱、NaOH で混ぜ、アスコルビン酸、酸性モリブデン酸アンチモン (iii) (10 mL の最終巻) とブルー錯体を生成します。リン濃度に正比例は、色の輝度、光光度法による測定 (880 nm)。使用されるバッファー濃度には pH 4 と 12 の間ホスホン酸の吸着に重要な影響がないことを示しています。したがって、バッファーは吸着サイトのホスホン酸とは競合しません。さらに、バッファーの比較的高い濃度は NaOH 量と一致する ISO 6878 で指定されたよりも消化に (8K2S2O) の酸化剤の高用量濃度を必要とします。各バッファー。簡素化にもかかわらず ISOミニ方法は標準化された方法と比較してその精度が失われません。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method at JoVE

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

鉄を含むフィルター材料に酸の吸着を調査する手順について述べる少しの努力と高い信頼性で、特に粒状水酸化第二鉄。バッファー溶液中、ホスホン酸、ローテーターを用いた吸着剤との接触をもたらしたし、小型リン定量法によって解析し。

最適化された小型リン定量法を用いた粒状水酸化第二鉄に酸の吸着を確認する手順

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric ...

optimized-procedure-for-determining-adsorption-phosphonates-onto

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

14.5K ビュー.  University of Stuttgart. 鉄を含むフィルター材料に酸の吸着を調査する手順について述べる少しの努力と高い信頼性で、特に粒状水酸化第二鉄。バッファー溶液中、ホスホン酸、ローテーターを用いた吸着剤との接触をもたらしたし、小型リン定量法によって解析し。

ビデオ: Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

Determination of Microbial Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Waters, Soils, and Sediments using High Throughput Microplate Assays

Much of the nutrient cycling and carbon processing in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular enzymes released by microorganisms. Thus, measurement of the activity of these extracellular enzymes can give insights into the rates of ecosystem level processes, such as organic matter decomposition or nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization. Assays of extracellular enzyme activity in environmental samples typically involve exposing the samples to artificial colorimetric or fluorometric substrates and tracking the rate of substrate hydrolysis. Here we describe microplate based methods for these procedures that allow the analysis of large numbers of samples within a short time frame. Samples are allowed to react with artificial substrates within 96-well microplates or deep well microplate blocks, and enzyme activity is subsequently determined by absorption or fluorescence of the resulting end product using a typical microplate reader or fluorometer. Such high throughput procedures not only facilitate comparisons between spatially separate sites or ecosystems, but also substantially reduce the cost of such assays by reducing overall reagent volumes needed per sample.

Microplate based procedures are described for the colorimetric or fluorometric analysis of extracellular enzyme activity. These procedures allow for the rapid assay of such activity in large numbers of environmental samples within a manageable time frame.

ハイスループットマイクロプレートアッセイを用いてウォーターズ、土壌、および底質中の微生物細胞外酵素活性の測定

Much of the nutrient cycling and carbon  processing in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular  enzymes released by ...

環境学

A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)

Despite being one of the most productive fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, much remains unknown about the natural reproductive dynamics of American lobsters. Recent work in exploited crustacean populations (crabs and lobsters) suggests that there are circumstances where mature females are unable to achieve their full reproductive potential due to sperm limitation. To examine this possibility in different regions of the American lobster fishery, a reliable and noninvasive method was developed for sampling large numbers of female lobsters at sea. This method involves inserting a blunt-tipped needle into the female&#39;s seminal receptacle to determine the presence or absence of a sperm plug and to withdraw a sample that can be examined for the presence of sperm. A series of control studies were conducted at the dock and in the laboratory to test the reliability of this technique. These efforts entailed sampling 294 female lobsters to confirm that the presence of a sperm plug was a reliable indicator of sperm within the receptacle and thus, mating. This paper details the methodology and the results obtained from a subset of the total females sampled. Of the 230 female lobsters sampled from George&#39;s Bank and Cape Ann, MA (size range = 71-145 mm in carapace length), 90.3% were positive for sperm. Potential explanations for the absence of sperm in some females include: immaturity (lack of physiological maturity), breakdown of the sperm plug after being used to fertilize a clutch of eggs, and lack of mating activity. The surveys indicate that this technique for examining the mating success of female lobsters is a reliable proxy that can be used in the field to document reproductive activity in natural populations.

A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters Homarus americanus

Fishery-induced changes to exploited crustacean fisheries, such as the American lobster fishery, could potentially influence their reproductive dynamics, leading to a reduction in mating success. This study&#39;s goal was to develop a noninvasive method for ascertaining the mating success of female lobsters that may be physiologically or functionally mature.

非侵襲的方法<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;女性アメリカンロブスターにおける交配の成功（の決定<em&gt;ロブスターのamericanus</em&gt;）

Despite being one of the most productive fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, much remains unknown about the natural reproductive dynamics of American ...

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of natural proteins have a molecular mass between 40 - 200 kDa1,2, a robust and high-throughput method with a nanometer resolution capability is needed. Negative staining (NS) electron microscopy (EM) is an easy, rapid, and qualitative approach which has frequently been used in research laboratories to examine protein structure and protein-protein interactions. Unfortunately, conventional NS protocols often generate structural artifacts on proteins, especially with lipoproteins that usually form presenting rouleaux artifacts. By using images of lipoproteins from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a standard, the key parameters in NS specimen preparation conditions were recently screened and reported as the optimized NS protocol (OpNS), a modified conventional NS protocol 3 . Artifacts like rouleaux can be greatly limited by OpNS, additionally providing high contrast along with reasonably high&#8208;resolution (near 1 nm) images of small and asymmetric proteins. These high-resolution and high contrast images are even favorable for an individual protein (a single object, no average) 3D reconstruction, such as a 160 kDa antibody, through the method of electron tomography4,5. Moreover, OpNS can be a high&#8208;throughput tool to examine hundreds of samples of small proteins. For example, the previously published mechanism of 53 kDa cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) involved the screening and imaging of hundreds of samples 6. Considering cryo-EM rarely successfully images proteins less than 200 kDa has yet to publish any study involving screening over one hundred sample conditions, it is fair to call OpNS a high-throughput method for studying small proteins. Hopefully the OpNS protocol presented here can be a useful tool to push the boundaries of EM and accelerate EM studies into small protein structure, dynamics and mechanisms.

More than half of proteins are small proteins (molecular mass &#60;200 kDa) that are challenging for both electron microscope imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions. Optimized negative staining is a robust and high-throughput protocol to obtain high contrast and relatively high resolution (~1 nm) images of small asymmetric proteins or complexes under different physiological conditions.

最適化された負の染色：電子顕微鏡による小型·非対称蛋白質構造を調べるためのハイスループットプロトコル

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) loading from lake sediments can account for a substantial portion of the total P load in eutrophic, and some mesotrophic, lakes. Laboratory determination of P release rates from sediment cores is one approach for determining the role of internal P loading and guiding management decisions. Two principal alternatives to experimental determination of sediment P release exist for estimating internal load: in situ measurements of changes in hypolimnetic P over time and P mass balance. The experimental approach using laboratory-based sediment incubations to quantify internal P load is a direct method, making it a valuable tool for lake management and restoration.
Laboratory incubations of sediment cores can help determine the relative importance of internal vs. external P loads, as well as be used to answer a variety of lake management and research questions. We illustrate the use of sediment core incubations to assess the effectiveness of an aluminum sulfate (alum) treatment for reducing sediment P release. Other research questions that can be investigated using this approach include the effects of sediment resuspension and bioturbation on P release.
The approach also has limitations. Assumptions must be made with respect to: extrapolating results from sediment cores to the entire lake; deciding over what time periods to measure nutrient release; and addressing possible core tube artifacts. A comprehensive dissolved oxygen monitoring strategy to assess temporal and spatial redox status in the lake provides greater confidence in annual P loads estimated from sediment core incubations.

Lake eutrophication is a water quality issue worldwide, making the need to identify and control nutrient sources critical. Laboratory determination of phosphorus release rates from sediment cores is a valuable approach for determining the role of internal phosphorus loading and guiding management decisions.

内部リン負荷の尺度として湖堆積物の研究室に決定されたリンフラックス

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of phages infecting Arthrobacter hosts has been limited, perhaps due to the low success rate of many previous isolation techniques, resulting in an underrepresented group of Arthrobacter phages available for study. The enrichment technique described here, unlike many others, uses a filtered extract free of contaminating bacteria as the base for indicator bacteria growth, Arthrobactersp. KY3901, specifically. By first removing soil bacteria the target phages are not hindered by competition with native soil bacteria present in initial soil samples. This enrichment method has resulted in dozens of unique phages from several different soil types and even produced different types of phages from the same enriched soil sample isolate. The use of this procedure can be expanded to most nutrient rich aerobic media for the isolation of phages in a vast diversity of interesting host bacteria.

An Optimized Enrichment Technique for the Isolation of Arthrobacter Bacteriophage Species from Soil Sample Isolates

We present an enrichment protocol for the isolation of bacteriophages infecting bacteria in the Arthrobacter genus. This enrichment protocol produces fast and reproducible results for the isolation and amplification of Arthrobacter phages from soil isolates.

の単離のための最適化された濃縮技術<em&gt;アルスロ</em&gt;バクテリオファージ種土壌サンプルの分離株から

Bacteriophage isolation from environmental samples has been performed for decades using principles set forth by pioneers in microbiology. The isolation of ...

A Bending Test for Determining the Atterberg Plastic Limit in Soils

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a considerable subjective judgment from the operator that carries out the test is involved during its performance, which may affect the final result significantly. Different alternative methods have been put forward, but they cannot compete with the standard rolling test in speed, simplicity and cost.
In an earlier study by the authors, a simple method with a simple device to determine the PL was presented (the &#34;thread bending test&#34; or simply &#34;bending test&#34;); this method allowed the PL to be obtained with minimal operator interference. In the present paper a version of the original bending test is shown. The experimental basis is the same as the original bending test: soil threads which are 3 mm in diameter and 52 mm long are bent until they start to crack, so that both the bending produced and its related moisture content are determined. However, this new version enables the calculation of PL from an equation, so it is not necessary to plot any curve or straight line to obtain this parameter and, in fact, the PL can be achieved with only one experimental point (but two experimental points are recommended).
The PL results obtained with this new version are very similar to those obtained through the original bending test and the standard rolling test by a highly experienced operator. Only in particular cases of high plasticity cohesive soils, there is a greater difference in the result. Despite this, the bending test works very well for all types of soil, both cohesive and very low plasticity soils, where the latter are the most difficult to test via the standard thread rolling method.

The traditional standardized test for determining the plastic limit in soils is performed by hand, and the result varies depending on the operator. An alternative method based on bending measurements is presented in this study. This allows the plastic limit to be obtained with a clear and objective criterion.

土壌にAtterberg塑性限界を決定するための曲げ試験

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a ...

Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector

To improve the performance of solar adsorption refrigeration, an experimental system with a solar concentration collector was set up and investigated. The main components of the system were the adsorbent bed, the condenser, the evaporator, the cooling sub-system, and the solar collector. In the first step of the experiment, the vapor-saturated bed was heated by the solar radiation under closed conditions, which caused the bed temperature and pressure to increase. When the bed pressure became high enough, the bed was switched to connect to the condenser, thus water vapor flowed continually from the bed to the condenser to be liquefied. Next, the bed needed to cool down after the desorption. In the solar-shielded condition, achieved by aluminum foil, the circulating water loop was opened to the bed. With the water continually circulating in the bed, the stored heat in the bed was took out and the bed pressure decreased accordingly. When the bed pressure dropped below the saturation pressure at the evaporation temperature, the valve to the evaporator was opened. A mass of water vapor rushed into the bed and was adsorbed by the zeolite material. With the massive vaporization of the water in the evaporator, the refrigeration effect was generated finally. The experimental result has revealed that both the COP (coefficient of the performance of the system) and the SCP (specific cooling power of the system) of the SAPO-34 zeolite was greater than that of the ZSM-5 zeolite, no matter whether the adsorption time was longer or shorter. The system of the SAPO-34 zeolite generated a maximum COP of 0.169.

With solar energy as the driving force, a novel adsorption refrigeration system has been developed and experimentally investigated. Water vapor and zeolite formed the working pair of the adsorption system. This manuscript describes the setup of the experimental rig, the operation procedure, and the important results.

太陽吸着冷凍濃縮コレクターの実験システム

To improve the performance of solar adsorption refrigeration, an experimental system with a solar concentration collector was set up and investigated. The ...

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules

The mechanisms underpinning the deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich sediments are still largely debated. Specifically, the impact of the interaction of clay particles with reactive, planktonic cyanobacterial cells to the sedimentary record is under studied. This interaction is a potentially major contributor to shale depositional models. Within a lab setting, the flocculation and sedimentation rates of these materials can be examined and measured in a controlled environment. Here, we detail a protocol for measuring the sedimentation rate of cyanobacterial/clay mixtures. This methodology is demonstrated through the description of two sample experiments: the first uses kaolin (a dehydrated form of kaolinite) and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (a marine coccoid cyanobacteria), and the second uses kaolin and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (a freshwater coccoid cyanobacteria). Cyanobacterial cultures are mixed with varying amounts of clay within a specially designed tank apparatus optimized to allow continuous, real-time video and photographic recording. The sampling procedures are detailed as well as a post-collection protocol for precise measurement of chlorophyll a from which the concentration of cyanobacterial cells remaining in suspension can be determined. Through experimental replication, a profile is constructed that displays sedimentation rate.

The interaction and sedimentation of the clay and bacterial cells within the marine realm, observed in natural environments, can be best investigated in a controlled lab environment. Here, we describe a detailed protocol, which outlines a novel method for measuring the sedimentation rate of clay and cyanobacterial floccules.

Floccules 粘土/シアノ バクテリアの定着率の定量

The mechanisms underpinning the deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich sediments are still largely debated. Specifically, the impact of the interaction ...

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, lower vapor pressure, non-flammability, higher heat capacity, and tunable solubility and acidity. Here, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from the pentosan present in jute biomass in a one-pot process by utilizing a catalytic amount of Br&#248;nsted acidic 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate IL. The acidic IL is synthesized in the lab and characterized using NMR spectroscopic techniques for understanding its purity. The various properties of BAIL are measured such as acid strength, thermal and hydrothermal stability, which showed that the catalyst is stable at a higher temperature (250 &#176;C) and possesses very high acid strength (Ho 1.57). The acidic IL converts over 90% of pentosan into sugars and furfural. Hence, the presenting method in this study can also be employed for the evaluation of pentosan concentration in other kinds of lignocellulosic biomass.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from a renewable non-edible lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., jute) with the presence of Br&#248;nsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as the catalyst in water. The BAILs catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than conventional mineral acid catalysts (H2SO4 and HCl).

ペントサン解析手法ジュート バイオマスと酸性イオン液体を用いた糖モノマーへの変換に存在

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, ...

A Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid Identification of Bemisia tabaci

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an invasive pest of considerable importance, affecting the production of vegetable and ornamental crops in many countries around the world. Severe yield losses are caused by direct feeding, and even more importantly, also by the transmission of more than 100 harmful plant pathogenic viruses. As for other invasive pests, increased international trade facilitates the dispersal of B. tabaci to areas beyond its native range. Inspections of plant import products at points of entry such as seaports and airports are, therefore, seen as an important prevention measure. However, this last line of defense against pest invasions is only effective if rapid identification methods for suspicious insect specimens are readily available. Because the morphological differentiation between the regulated B. tabaci and close relatives without quarantine status is difficult for non-taxonomists, a rapid molecular identification assay based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology has been developed. This publication reports the detailed protocol of the novel assay describing rapid DNA extraction, set-up of the LAMP reaction, as well as interpretation of its read-out, which allows identifying B. tabaci specimens within one hour. Compared to existing protocols for the detection of specific B. tabaci biotypes, the developed method targets the whole B. tabaci species complex in one assay. Moreover the assay is designed to be applied on-site by plant health inspectors with minimal laboratory training directly at points of entry. Thorough validation performed under laboratory and on-site conditions demonstrates that the reported LAMP assay is a rapid and reliable identification tool, improving the management of B. tabaci.

A Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification LAMP Assay for Rapid Identification of Bemisia tabaci

This paper reports the protocol for a rapid identification assay for Bemisia tabaci based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology. The protocol requires minimal laboratory training and can, therefore, be implemented on-site at points of entry for plant imports such as seaports and airports.

タバココナジラミの迅速同定のループ介在増幅法 (LAMP) アッセイ

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an invasive pest of considerable importance, affecting the production of vegetable and ornamental crops in many ...