著者は、顕微鏡のアドバイスと支援ありがとうポール ・ トーマス。ここに関与するこの仕事は、BBSRC によって支えられた (付与なし。M.M.M. と t. w. BB/J009040/1)。

<ol>
	<li>Bacallao, R., Antony, C., Dotti, C., Karsenti, E., Stelzer, E. H., Simons, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+subcellular+organization+of+Madin-Darby+canine+kidney+cells+during+the+formation+of+a+polarized+epithelium.">The subcellular organization of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells during the formation of a polarized epithelium.</a> J Cell Biol. 109 (6 Pt 1), 2817-2832 (1989).</li><li>Bellett, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+plus-end+and+minus-end+capture+at+adherens+junctions+is+involved+in+the+assembly+of+apico-basal+arrays+in+polarised+epithelial+cells.">Microtubule plus-end and minus-end capture at adherens junctions is involved in the assembly of apico-basal arrays in polarised epithelial cells.</a> Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 66 (10), 893-908 (2009).</li><li>Mogensen, M. M., Tucker, J. B., Mackie, J. B., Prescott, A. R., Nathke, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adenomatous+polyposis+coli+protein+unambiguously+localizes+to+microtubule+plus+ends+and+is+involved+in+establishing+parallel+arrays+of+microtubule+bundles+in+highly+polarized+epithelial+cells.">The adenomatous polyposis coli protein unambiguously localizes to microtubule plus ends and is involved in establishing parallel arrays of microtubule bundles in highly polarized epithelial cells.</a> J Cell Biol. 157 (6), 1041-1048 (2002).</li><li>Mogensen, M. M., Tucker, J. B., Stebbings, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+polarities+indicate+that+nucleation+and+capture+of+microtubules+occurs+at+cell+surfaces+in+Drosophila.">Microtubule polarities indicate that nucleation and capture of microtubules occurs at cell surfaces in Drosophila.</a> J Cell Biol. 108 (4), 1445-1452 (1989).</li><li>Sanchez, A. D., Feldman, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule-organizing+centers:+from+the+centrosome+to+non-centrosomal+sites.">Microtubule-organizing centers: from the centrosome to non-centrosomal sites.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. , (2016).</li><li>Sato, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Lgr5+stem+cells+build+crypt-villus+structures+in+vitro+without+a+mesenchymal+niche.">Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche.</a> Nature. 459 (7244), 262-265 (2009).</li><li>van der Flier, L. G., Clevers, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cells,+self-renewal,+and+differentiation+in+the+intestinal+epithelium.">Stem cells, self-renewal, and differentiation in the intestinal epithelium.</a> Annu Rev Physiol. 71, 241-260 (2009).</li><li>Goldspink, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ninein+is+essential+for+apico-basal+microtubule+formation+and+CLIP-170+facilitates+its+redeployment+to+non-centrosomal+microtubule+organizing+centres.">Ninein is essential for apico-basal microtubule formation and CLIP-170 facilitates its redeployment to non-centrosomal microtubule organizing centres.</a> Open Biol. 7 (2), (2017).</li><li>Verissimo, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+mutant+RAS+in+patient-derived+colorectal+cancer+organoids+by+combinatorial+drug+screening.">Targeting mutant RAS in patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids by combinatorial drug screening.</a> Elife. 5, (2016).</li><li>Young, M., Reed, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organoids+as+a+Model+for+Colorectal+Cancer.">Organoids as a Model for Colorectal Cancer.</a> Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep. 12 (5), 281-287 (2016).</li><li>Andersson-Rolf, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+generation+of+conditional+and+reversible+gene+knockouts.">One-step generation of conditional and reversible gene knockouts.</a> Nat Methods. 14 (3), 287-289 (2017).</li><li>Schwank, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+repair+of+CFTR+by+CRISPR/Cas9+in+intestinal+stem+cell+organoids+of+cystic+fibrosis+patients.">Functional repair of CFTR by CRISPR/Cas9 in intestinal stem cell organoids of cystic fibrosis patients.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 13 (6), 653-658 (2013).</li><li>Goldspink, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microtubule+end-binding+protein+EB2+is+a+central+regulator+of+microtubule+reorganisation+in+apico-basal+epithelial+differentiation.">The microtubule end-binding protein EB2 is a central regulator of microtubule reorganisation in apico-basal epithelial differentiation.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 126 (17), 4000-4014 (2013).</li><li>Yoneda, M., Molinolo, A. A., Ward, J. M., Kimura, S., Goodlad, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+Device+to+Rapidly+Prepare+Whole+Mounts+of+the+Mouse+Intestine.">A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine.</a> J Vis Exp. (105), e53042 (2015).</li><li>Andersson-Rolf, A., Fink, J., Mustata, R. C., Koo, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+video+protocol+of+retroviral+infection+in+primary+intestinal+organoid+culture.">A video protocol of retroviral infection in primary intestinal organoid culture.</a> J Vis Exp. (90), e51765 (2014).</li><li>Coquelle, F. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LIS1,+CLIP-170's+key+to+the+dynein/dynactin+pathway.">LIS1, CLIP-170's key to the dynein/dynactin pathway.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 22 (9), 3089-3102 (2002).</li><li>Belshaw, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+DNA+methylation+in+individual+colonic+crypts+reveal+aging+and+cancer-related+field+defects+in+the+morphologically+normal+mucosa.">Patterns of DNA methylation in individual colonic crypts reveal aging and cancer-related field defects in the morphologically normal mucosa.</a> Carcinogenesis. 31 (6), 1158-1163 (2010).</li><li>Whitehead, R. H., VanEeden, P. E., Noble, M. D., Ataliotis, P., Jat, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+conditionally+immortalized+epithelial+cell+lines+from+both+colon+and+small+intestine+of+adult+H-2Kb-tsA58+transgenic+mice.">Establishment of conditionally immortalized epithelial cell lines from both colon and small intestine of adult H-2Kb-tsA58 transgenic mice.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 90 (2), 587-591 (1993).</li><li>Hamilton, K. L., Butt, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+transport+into+everted+sacs+of+the+small+intestine+of+mice.">Glucose transport into everted sacs of the small intestine of mice.</a> Adv Physiol Educ. 37 (4), 415-426 (2013).</li><li>Rogers, S. L., Rogers, G. C., Sharp, D. J., Vale, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+EB1+is+important+for+proper+assembly,+dynamics,+and+positioning+of+the+mitotic+spindle.">Drosophila EB1 is important for proper assembly, dynamics, and positioning of the mitotic spindle.</a> J Cell Biol. 158 (5), 873-884 (2002).</li></ol>

著者は競合する金銭的な利益を宣言しません。

腸組織の分離 小さな腸陰窩と絨毛と体液の分離には、粘膜面、遠心分離、分別 (揺れ) 細胞の接触を緩和する EDTA 溶液処理を公開することが含まれます。提示された腸絨毛/地下室の隔離のプロトコルは、補酵素 aらとホワイト ヘッドらから変更されています。17,18
粘膜面を公開します。 我々 は、この手順の開発で腸管の粘膜表面を公開する方法の数を試しましたが。古典的なアプローチは (ターン内側) を片脚に管では、通常約 100 mm 長い、セグメントは 1 つの端をクリックし、残りのチューブで組織のひだでキャッチ金属の棒を使用してチューブ19に下落しました。マウス組織、角の丸い金属の棒 (直径 2.4 mm) が理想的です。このアプローチには、PBS と EDTA へのアクセスを許可する粘膜の表面を拡大しての利点があります。我々 は当初、このアプローチを使用が、移動距離が短い (約 5 cm) に、管を切断しこれは容易に証明されるようにはさみを解剖と各セクションを開きます。このアプローチは、適切な場合にのみ、いくつかの腸が必要です。多くの動物がするかどうか、デバイスを使用実験で、専用切削オープン チューブ縦、米田らによって記述されました。14はより効率的になります。
絨毛と陰窩筋層からの剥離 最初基になる組織17,18から粘膜を緩める 3 mM PBS と比較的長い潜伏時間最大 60 分の EDTA を使用しました。EDTA のこの集中でわかったインキュベーション時間は 30 分マウス結腸から陰窩を緩めるのに十分です.ただし、小腸クリプト/絨毛隔離のため我々 は効率的な方法であることを証明する短い時間のより集中 EDTA を使用してみました。すべての後の作品は、絨毛やへんとう陰窩に関連する分数を生成する 30 mM EDTA 法を用いて抽出した組織で行われました。陰窩、我々 は通常、修正する前に分数 3-5 をプール、それはタイミングが腸管に沿って位置などの要因の数、マウス、炎症、以前ダイエットの年齢に依存しているので、適切な分数がこれらかどうかを確認することが重要、など同様に、組織は次の効果を発揮する EDTA 処理に動揺するのに必要な時間の長さが異なる条件下で異なる場合があります。結果は絨毛と陰窩または主に絨毛または陰窩 (図 2) の混合物を含む分離組織画分です。クリプト抽出が 30 の管の組織を揺することによって 1 つのステップで達成可能かもしれない大腸に絨毛がない、s。これらの画分は固定および免疫ラベリング処理できます。
地下の行列から腸オルガノイドの分離 地下行列ドームからオルガノイドの分離は、細胞の回復ソリューションを使用して実現できます。低ゲル化地下行列が 2-8 ° c. に温度のニーズによってソリューションの作品注意は動的微小管が保持されないがあります。したがって、動的微小管の免疫標識のように、+ EBs セルなどのヒントは、固定する前に地下の行列からの回復はお勧めしません。しかし、器官毛細細胞における微小管のほとんどが比較的安定している、これらの保存された (図 6)。また、centrosomal と接合部のタンパク質として細胞マーカーの免疫標識のためによく働いた。
固定のプロトコル (新鮮な PFA 製) ホルムアルデヒドはリバーシブルを形成する比較的速効定着剤クロスリンクし、4 %pfa 免疫標識の微小管と γ-チューブリンとファロイジンで染色のアクチン フィラメントの例のためによく働きます。希薄 PFA の高濃度が動作しませんでした、クリプト幹細胞ニッチ内幹細胞マーカー Lgr5 およびパネート細胞マーカー CD24 など免疫標識のためによく働いた 1% など PFA 溶液です。
グルタルアルデヒドの追加を与える微小管と 3.7 %pfa、0.05% グルタルアルデヒド PHEMO バッファー (68 mM パイプ、25 mM HEPES、15 mM グリコールエーテルジアミン四酢酸 3 mM MgCl2)2で 0.5% 洗剤の混合物から成っているいわゆる PHEMO 固定のより良い保全抗原性を損なうことがなく微小管の優れた保護を提供します。それはまたファロイジンで染色のアクチン フィラメントと E-カドヘリン、β-カテニンは、γ-チューブリンの免疫標識のためによく働きます。ただし、3 D ティッシュ、器官毛細文化 PHEMO 固定は矛盾した結果を生成、使用されませんでしたので。
メタノールは、比較的良好な浸透を与える、抗原性を維持するために傾向がある凝集剤の定着剤です。100% メタノール (-20 ° C) の固定いくつかの収縮を紹介し、適度な形態保全と微小管、+ のヒント、および 2 D 細胞培養で ninein を含む多くの centrosomal の抗体のために働きます。ただし、この固定方法を使用する場合、いくつか organoids が崩壊しました。また、全体の陰窩、絨毛、または organoids を介して抗体の浸透は当初、問題が、洗浄ソリューションおよび長期の洗濯に洗剤を 0.1% 添加がより良い結果を達成しました。
ホルムアルデヒド ・ メタノールの組み合わせは、ロジャースらによって以前使用されていた20で免疫ラベル EB1ショウジョウバエ。ホルムアルデヒドの混合物に基づいて固定プロトコルとメタノールしたがって腸組織と 3% ホルムアルデヒドと 97% メタノール-20 ° C に冷やしてがロジャースによって使用された混合物から炭酸ナトリウム 5 mM を省略に基づくオルガノイドのため開発されました。ら。20また、サンプル-20 ° C で冷凍庫で修正されましたこれは特に免疫標識の井戸 + クリップ 170 など、EBs のヒントを働いたが、固定と免疫標識の微小管とアクチン組織と 3 D organoids 内の優れたはまた証明しました。非常に良い構造保全は明らかと抗原性が γ-チューブリンなど ninein、centrosomal 蛋白質と同様、いくつかの細胞骨格と関連付けられているタンパク質の維持されたメタノールより一貫して働いた ninein のラベルが固定。

政井上皮の形成は開発における基本的なプロセスを微小管と centrosomal 蛋白質の劇的な再構成が含まれます。放射状の微小管配列整理センター位置 centrosomal 微小管から発せられる (脂質) は多くの動物細胞で顕著で、比較的フラット電池に適して。対照的に、腸のような円柱状の上皮細胞より良い形状とこれらの細胞の特別な機能をサポートしている非ラジアル transcellular 微小管配列を組み立てます。Transcellular 微小管1,2のアンカレッジの責任となる頂点とを形成し、根尖部の非 centrosomal MTOCs (n MTOCs) へ移動体による微小管のこの劇的な再編を実現します。,3,4,5。
上皮細胞の分化と関連する微小管再構成の私達の知識の多くは、生体内で組織アーキテクチャを表示しない 2 Dの in vitro細胞層の調査から来ています。Clevers や同僚6、によって開拓された organoid 文化 3 D培養の開発はように模倣体内アーキテクチャと開発主要な技術の進歩を表します。上皮細胞の分化の階層は腸; で明らか陰窩の下部に幹細胞増殖し、徐々 に、彼らは完全に前に差別になる小さな腸粘膜や大腸の表面にクリプトを移行するを区別するためのセルを増幅未熟なトランジットを生じ7ルーメンに流した。重要なは、これがどこ幹細胞のニッチから細胞増殖形成嚢胞その後下部と嚢胞領域に向かって徐々 に進んで分化細胞とクリプトのような芽を生成する腸 organoids にレプリケートされます。絨毛のような8になります。腸器官毛細のためだけでなく微小管と薬と食品のスクリーニングのための理想的なプラットフォームを提供することと同様に、上皮細胞の分化が、他の多くの蛋白質の中に centrosomal の再編を検討する強力なモデルを表す化合物の潜在的な治療の利点9,10。
Organoids、蛍光付けられた蛋白質のライブ イメージングに適して両方ノック- と編集11,12CRISPR/Cas9 遺伝子を用いたノックアウト オルガノイドを生成できます。しかし、式と勉強する内因性のタンパク質の局在化の確立は重要な特にタグ付きタンパク質の動作を確認します。免疫標識 3 D organoids 地下マトリックスまたはex vivo分離の成長組織は 2 D で培養皿で育った細胞よりも複雑です。固定のプロトコルは (すなわち、結合の抗体のエピトープ) 抗体の抗原性を維持したままオルガノイドの繊細な 3 D 構造を維持する必要があります。たとえば、4% パラホルムアルデヒド (PFA)、定着剤として使用されますが、比較的迅速な演技の定着剤と形態のよい保存を与える、私たちの経験でそれ頻繁抗原性が失われる結果、多くには適していませんcentrosomal 抗体。3 D 構造と組織に浸透する定着剤および抗体の能力を考慮も必要があります。このためには、我々 が変更し、組織分離と 3 Dの in vitro organoids とex vivoの間接免疫標識の開発されたプロトコルが腸組織を分離しました。固定して地下マトリックス内免疫標識の代替として 3 D オルガノイドの隔離のためのプロトコルで、小さい腸陰窩と絨毛と大腸の組織を分離する方法をについて説明します。微小管と、ninein などの centrosomal 蛋白質 (参照も参照8、EB タンパク質やクリップ 170 など微小管プラス端までトラッキング蛋白質 (+ ヒント) 免疫標識の 3 つの代替固定のプロトコルを提案します。 13)。各プロトコルに関連付けられている賛否両論についても述べる。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8537-500ML</td>
			<td>washing and PFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Recovery Solution</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354253</td>
			<td>isolate organoids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lobind microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30108116</td>
			<td>prevent cells sticking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 M EDTA solution, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>03690-100ML</td>
			<td>Crypt isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11517532</td>
			<td>Isolate crypts from villi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td>detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G6767</td>
			<td>blocking agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used as non-stick agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde, 4% in PBS</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>J61899</td>
			<td>fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde solution (36.5&#8211;38% in H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F8775</td>
			<td>used as fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol 99.9% Analytical grade</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M/4000/17</td>
			<td>used as fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MaxFluor Mouse on Mouse Immunofluorescence Detection Kit</td>
			<td>Maxvision 
			Biosciences</td>
			<td>MF01-S</td>
			<td>commercial immunofluorescence kit; to reduce non-specific labelling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotator SB2 or SB3</td>
			<td>Stuart</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>microcentrifuge tube rotator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>antigen retrieval</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydromount</td>
			<td>National Diagnostics</td>
			<td>HS-106</td>
			<td>mountant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DABCO - 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D27802</td>
			<td>anti-fade agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permanent Positive Charged, Pre-Washed, 90 Degree Ground Edges</td>
			<td>Clarity</td>
			<td>N/C366</td>
			<td>slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass coverslip - thickness no. 1, 22 x 50 mm</td>
			<td>Clarity</td>
			<td>NQS13/2250</td>
			<td>coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356231</td>
			<td>Basement matrix for 3D organoid culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>62.547.254</td>
			<td>for processing tissue/organoids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>62.554.502</td>
			<td>for processing tissue/organoids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL LoBind tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30108051</td>
			<td>for isolated organoids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse monoclonal anti-E-cadherin antibody</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>610181</td>
			<td>primary antibody 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat monoclonal anti-tubulin YL1/2 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab6160</td>
			<td>primary antibody 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit alpha-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab15246</td>
			<td>primary antibody 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-beta-actin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab8227</td>
			<td>primary antibody 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat monoclonal anti-p150Glued antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>610473/4</td>
			<td>primary antibody 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat monoclonal EB3KT36 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab53360</td>
			<td>primary antibody 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse monoclonal EB1 antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>610535</td>
			<td>primary antibody 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti-Lgr5 antibody</td>
			<td>Abgent</td>
			<td>AP2745d</td>
			<td>primary antibody 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dylight anti-rat 488</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>112545167</td>
			<td>seconday antibody 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dylight anti-mouse 488</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>ST115545166</td>
			<td>seconday antibody 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dylight anti-rabbit 647</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>111605144</td>
			<td>seconday antibody 1:400</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immuno-fluorescent labeling of microtubules and centrosomal proteins in ex vivo intestinal tissue and 3d in vitro intestinal organoids

体内の組織構造や形態形成を模倣する 3 Dの in vitroオルガノイドの出現細胞と発生生物学の主要な生物学的質問を勉強する能力は大きく進歩しました。さらに、遺伝子編集とウイルス遺伝子導入の技術進歩と共にオルガノイド医学研究と疾患の治療のための新薬の開発を進めることを約束します。Organoids 栽培体外地下行列の動作と様々 なタンパク質の機能を研究するため強力なモデル システムを提供して、蛍光付けられた蛋白質のライブ イメージングに適しています。ただし、 ex vivo体内と体外式と内因性のタンパク質の局在を確立する organoids はタグ付きタンパク質の動作を確認することが重要。この目的のために開発し、組織の分離、固定および腸オルガノイド培養 ex vivo腸管組織に微小管、centrosomal、および関連付けられている蛋白質の局在の免疫分類のプロトコルを変更します。また抗体抗原性を維持し、良好な浸透と定着剤および抗体のクリアランスを有効にしながらオルガノイド培養用の 3 D 構造を維持する定着剤の目的であった。寒さへの暴露は、安定した微小管がすべて depolymerizes し、さまざまなプロトコルを変更する場合、これは重要な要因だった。エチレンジアミン酸 (EDTA) 濃度 3 mM から 30 mM に絨毛と小腸の陰窩の効率的な剥離を与えたこと 3 ミリメートルの EDTA はでしたが体液がわかった。開発したホルムアルデヒド ・ メタノール固定プロトコルは、微小管、アクチン、および結合 (EB) 蛋白質の効果的な分類のための抗原性を維持しながら非常に良い構造保全を与えた。メタノールのプロトコルはより一貫して働いていたが、また centrosomal タンパク質 ninein の働いた。さらに、固定と微小管と関連するタンパク質の免疫標識を organoids から分離したまたは地下マトリックス内に残ると達成できることを設立しました。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids at JoVE.com

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

体内組織から腸管の 3 D 構造の隔離のためのプロトコルを提案して地下行列体外埋め込み organoids、ディテールの異なる固定と、微小管の免疫分類のために最適化されたプロトコルを汚すcentrosomal、および接合部のタンパク質だけでなく細胞マーカー Lgr5 幹細胞タンパク質を含みます。

微小管と 3 D培養腸 Organoids とEx Vivo腸組織における Centrosomal 蛋白質の免疫蛍光ラベリング

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological ...

immuno-fluorescent-labeling-microtubules-centrosomal-proteins-ex-vivo

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

15.2K ビュー.  University of East Anglia. 体内組織から腸管の 3 D 構造の隔離のためのプロトコルを提案して地下行列体外埋め込み organoids、ディテールの異なる固定と、微小管の免疫分類のために最適化されたプロトコルを汚すcentrosomal、および接合部のタンパク質だけでなく細胞マーカー Lgr5 幹細胞タンパク質を含みます。

ビデオ: Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Cells for In Vivo Studies

GABAergic cortical interneurons, derived from the embryonic medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE), are functionally and morphologically diverse. Inroads have been made in understanding the roles of distinct cortical interneuron subgroups, however, there are still many mechanisms to be worked out that may contribute to the development and maturation of different types of GABAergic cells. Moreover, altered GABAergic signaling may contribute to phenotypes of autism, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Specific Cre-driver lines have begun to parcel out the functions of unique interneuron subgroups. Despite the advances in mouse models, it is often difficult to efficiently study GABAergic cortical interneuron progenitors with molecular approaches in vivo. One important technique used to study the cell autonomous programming of these cells is transplantation of MGE cells into host cortices. These transplanted cells migrate extensively, differentiate, and functionally integrate. In addition, MGE cells can be efficiently transduced with lentivirus immediately prior to transplantation, allowing for a multitude of molecular approaches. Here we detail a protocol to efficiently transduce MGE cells before transplantation for in vivo analysis, using available Cre-driver lines and Cre-dependent expression vectors. This approach is advantageous because it combines precise genetic manipulation with the ability of these cells to disperse after transplantation, permitting greater cell-type specific resolution in vivo.

Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence MGE Cells for In Vivo Studies

GABAergic cortical interneuron progenitors disperse, develop and synaptically integrate into a host cortex after transplantation. These cells can be easily transduced before transplantation for in vivo studies of genetically modified GABAergic precursors. Here, we show viral labeling techniques to target specific interneuron subgroups using existing Cre lines and Cre-dependent reporters.

ウイルス媒介標識およびための内側神経節隆起（MGE）の移植は、細胞<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;研究

GABAergic cortical interneurons, derived from the embryonic medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE), are functionally and morphologically ...

発生生物学

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T cell replacement in lymphopenic patients. We studied thymic settling progenitors from murine embryonic day 13 and 18 thymi by two complementary in vitro and in vivo techniques, both based on the &#8220;hanging drop&#8221; method. This method allowed colonizing irradiated fetal thymic lobes with E13 and/or E18 thymic progenitors distinguished by CD45 allotypic markers and thus following their progeny. Colonization with mixed populations allows analyzing cell autonomous differences in biologic properties of the progenitors while colonization with either population removes possible competitive selective pressures. The colonized thymic lobes can also be grafted in immunodeficient male recipient mice allowing the analysis of the mature T cell progeny in vivo, such as population dynamics of the peripheral immune system and colonization of different tissues and organs. Fetal thymic organ cultures revealed that E13 progenitors developed rapidly into all mature CD3+ cells and gave rise to the canonical &#947;&#948; T cell subset, known as dendritic epithelial T cells. In comparison, E18 progenitors have a delayed differentiation and were unable to generate dendritic epithelial T cells. The monitoring of peripheral blood of thymus-grafted CD3-/- mice further showed that E18 thymic settling progenitors generate, with time, larger numbers of mature T cells than their E13 counterparts, a feature that could not be appreciated in the short term fetal thymic organ cultures.

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

This article describes in vivo and in vitro methodology to characterize the thymic settling progenitors by the analysis of the kinetics of generation, phenotype and numbers of their T cell progeny.

胸腺の特性を用いてマウス胚における前駆細胞をセトリング<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;と<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;アッセイ

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) play a crucial role in maintaining corneal clarity through active pumping. A reduced CEC count may lead to corneal edema and diminished visual acuity. However, human CECs are prone to compromised proliferative potential. Furthermore, stimulation of cell growth is often complicated by gradual endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). Therefore, understanding the mechanism of EnMT is necessary for facilitating the regeneration of CECs with competent function. In this study, we prepared a primary culture of bovine CECs by peeling the CECs with Descemet's membrane from the corneal button and demonstrated that bovine CECs exhibited the EnMT process, including phenotypic change, nuclear translocation of &#946;-catenin, and EMT regulators snail and slug, in the in vitro culture. Furthermore, we used a rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury model to demonstrate the EnMT process in vivo. Collectively, the in vitro primary culture of bovine CECs and in vivo rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury models offers useful platforms for investigating the mechanism of EnMT.

In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

A primary culture of bovine corneal endothelial cells was used to investigate the mechanism of corneal endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, a rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury model was used to demonstrate corneal endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vivo.

in vitroおよびin vivoモデルで角膜内皮間葉転換を研究します

Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) play a crucial role in maintaining corneal clarity through active pumping. A reduced CEC count may lead to corneal edema ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

マウス二次口蓋融合のライブイメージング

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

郭清ときのこ体の免疫蛍光染色と大人のショウジョウバエ脳光受容器ニューロン

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Processing of Human Cardiac Tissue Toward Extracellular Matrix Self-assembling Hydrogel for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications

Acellular extracellular matrix preparations are useful for studying cell-matrix interactions and facilitate regenerative cell therapy applications. Several commercial extracellular matrix products are available as hydrogels or membranes, but these do not possess tissue-specific biological activity. Because perfusion decellularization is usually not possible with human heart tissue, we developed a 3-step immersion decellularization process. Human myocardial slices procured during surgery are first treated with detergent-free hyperosmolar lysis buffer, followed by incubation with the ionic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the process is completed by exploiting the intrinsic DNase activity of fetal bovine serum. This technique results in cell-free sheets of cardiac extracellular matrix with largely preserved fibrous tissue architecture and biopolymer composition, which were shown to provide specific environmental cues to cardiac cell populations and pluripotent stem cells. Cardiac extracellular matrix sheets can then be further processed into a microparticle powder without further chemical modification, or, via short-term pepsin digestion, into a self-assembling cardiac extracellular matrix hydrogel with preserved bioactivity.

Processing of Human Cardiac Tissue Toward Extracellular Matrix Self-assembling Hydrogel for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications

This protocol describes the complete decellularization of human myocardium while preserving its extracellular matrix components. Further processing of the extracellular matrix results in the production of microparticles and a cytoprotective self-assembling hydrogel.

ひと心筋細胞外マトリックスの in VitroとIn Vivo応用のハイドロゲルを自己組織化に向けての処理

Acellular extracellular matrix preparations are useful for studying cell-matrix interactions and facilitate regenerative cell therapy applications. ...

Real-time Measurement of Epithelial Barrier Permeability in Human Intestinal Organoids

Advances in 3D culture of intestinal tissues obtained through biopsy or generated from pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation, have resulted in sophisticated in vitro models of the intestinal mucosa. Leveraging these emerging model systems will require adaptation of tools and techniques developed for 2D culture systems and animals. Here, we describe a technique for measuring epithelial barrier permeability in human intestinal organoids in real-time. This is accomplished by microinjection of fluorescently-labeled dextran and imaging on an inverted microscope fitted with epifluorescent filters. Real-time measurement of the barrier permeability in intestinal organoids facilitates the generation of high-resolution temporal data in human intestinal epithelial tissue, although this technique can also be applied to fixed timepoint imaging approaches. This protocol is readily adaptable for the measurement of epithelial barrier permeability following exposure to pharmacologic agents, bacterial products or toxins, or live microorganisms. With minor modifications, this protocol can also serve as a general primer on microinjection of intestinal organoids and users may choose to supplement this protocol with additional or alternative downstream applications following microinjection.

This protocol describes the measurement of epithelial barrier permeability in real-time following pharmacologic treatment in human intestinal organoids using fluorescent microscopy and live cell microscopy.

人間の腸 Organoids 上皮関門の透過性のリアルタイム計測

Advances in 3D culture of intestinal tissues obtained through biopsy or generated from pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation, have resulted ...

Genetic Engineering of Primary Mouse Intestinal Organoids Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Transduction Viral Vectors for Frozen Sectioning

Intestinal organoid cultures provide a unique opportunity to investigate intestinal stem cell and crypt biology in vitro, although efficient approaches to manipulate gene expression in organoids have made limited progress in this arena. While CRISPR/Cas9 technology allows for precise genome editing of cells for organoid generation, this strategy requires extensive selection and screening by sequence analysis, which is both time-consuming and costly. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for efficient viral transduction of intestinal organoids. This approach is rapid and highly efficient, thus decreasing the time and expense inherent in CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We also present a protocol to generate frozen sections from intact organoid cultures for further analysis with immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent staining, which can be used to confirm gene expression or silencing. After successful transduction of viral vectors for gene expression or silencing is achieved, intestinal stem cell and crypt function can be rapidly assessed. Although most organoid studies employ in vitro assays, organoids can also be delivered to mice for in vivo functional analyses. Moreover, our approaches are advantageous for predicting therapeutic responses to drugs because currently available therapies generally function by modulating gene expression or protein function rather than altering the genome.

We describe step-by-step instructions to: 1) efficiently engineer intestinal organoids using magnetic nanoparticles for lenti- or retroviral transduction, and, 2) generate frozen sections from engineered organoids. This approach provides a powerful tool to efficiently alter gene expression in organoids for investigation of downstream effects.

凍結断面化のための磁気ナノ粒子転写ウイルスベクターを用いた一次マウス腸オルガノイドの遺伝子工学

Intestinal organoid cultures provide a unique opportunity to investigate intestinal stem cell and crypt biology in vitro, although efficient approaches to ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

ノードと走査型電子顕微鏡と蛍光抗体法マウント全体を使用して Gastrulating のマウス胚における脊索板を可視化

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Recapitulating Suckling-to-Weaning Transition In Vitro using Fetal Intestinal Organoids

At the end of the suckling period, many mammalian species undergo major changes in the intestinal epithelium that are associated with the capability to digest solid food. This process is termed suckling-to-weaning transition and results in the replacement of neonatal epithelium with adult epithelium which goes hand in hand with metabolic and morphological adjustments. These complex developmental changes are the result of a genetic program that is intrinsic to the intestinal epithelial cells but can, to some extent, be modulated by extrinsic factors. Prolonged culture of mouse primary intestinal epithelial cells from late fetal period, recapitulates suckling-to-weaning transition in vitro. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for mouse fetal intestinal organoid culture best suited to model this process in vitro. We describe several useful assays designed to monitor the change of intestinal functions associated with suckling-to-weaning transition over time. Additionally, we include an example of an extrinsic factor that is capable to affect suckling-to-weaning transition in vivo, as a representation of modulating the timing of suckling-to-weaning transition in vitro. This in vitro approach can be used to study molecular mechanisms of the suckling-to-weaning transition as well as modulators of this process. Importantly, with respect to animal ethics in research, replacing in vivo models by this in vitro model contributes to refinement of animal experiments and possibly to a reduction in the use of animals to study gut maturation processes.

This protocol describes how to mimic suckling-to-weaning transition in vitro using mouse late fetal intestinal organoids cultured for 30 days.

胎児腸オルガノイドを用いたインビトロで吸引から破乳移行を再現する

At the end of the suckling period, many mammalian species undergo major changes in the intestinal epithelium that are associated with the capability to ...