太平洋の北西国立研究所 (なり) 核プロセス科学イニシアティブ (NPSI) 感謝しております-支援のため監督研究と開発 (LDRD) 基金。・ チャタジー博士 Sayandev は、合成ベーマイト粒子を提供されています。インストゥルメンタル アクセスが w. r. ワイリー環境分子科学研究所 (EMSL) 一般ユーザーの提案書を提供されました。EMSL はオフィスの生物と環境研究 (BER) なりで主催国立科学ユーザー施設です。バテル契約 DE AC05 76RL01830 下 DOE のなりが運営しています。

<ol>
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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systems+and+methods+for+analyzing+liquids+under+vacuum.">Systems and methods for analyzing liquids under vacuum.</a> USA patent. , (2011).</li><li>Yang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+SEM+and+ToF-SIMS+analysis+of+IgG+conjugated+gold+nanoparticles+at+aqueous+surfaces.">In situ SEM and ToF-SIMS analysis of IgG conjugated gold nanoparticles at aqueous surfaces.</a> Surf Interface Anal. 46 (4), 224-228 (2014).</li><li>Liu, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+chemical+probing+of+the+electrode-electrolyte+interface+by+ToF-SIMS.">In situ chemical probing of the electrode-electrolyte interface by ToF-SIMS.</a> Lab Chip. 14 (5), 855-859 (2014).</li><li>Ding, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+Molecular+Imaging+of+the+Biofilm+and+Its+Matrix.">In situ Molecular Imaging of the Biofilm and Its Matrix.</a> Anal Chem. 88 (22), 11244-11252 (2016).</li><li>Hua, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-dimensional+and+three-dimensional+dynamic+imaging+of+live+biofilms+in+a+microchannel+by+time-of-flight+secondary+ion+mass+spectrometry.">Two-dimensional and three-dimensional dynamic imaging of live biofilms in a microchannel by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.</a> Biomicrofluidics. 9 (3), 031101 (2015).</li><li>Hua, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+imaging+of+molecular+changes+in+a+hydrated+single+cell+by+dynamic+secondary+ion+mass+spectrometry+and+super-resolution+microscopy.">Chemical imaging of molecular changes in a hydrated single cell by dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry and super-resolution microscopy.</a> Integr Biol. 8 (5), 635-644 (2016).</li><li>Hua, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+molecular+imaging+of+a+hydrated+biofilm+in+a+microfluidic+reactor+by+ToF-SIMS.">In situ molecular imaging of a hydrated biofilm in a microfluidic reactor by ToF-SIMS.</a> Analyst. 139 (7), 1609-1613 (2014).</li><li>Yu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capturing+the+transient+species+at+the+electrode-electrolyte+interface+by+in+situ+dynamic+molecular+imaging.">Capturing the transient species at the electrode-electrolyte interface by in situ dynamic molecular imaging.</a> Chem Commun. 52 (73), 10952-10955 (2016).</li><li>Yang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+a+hybrid+microfluidic+platform+compatible+for+in+situ+imaging+by+vacuum-based+techniques.">Making a hybrid microfluidic platform compatible for in situ imaging by vacuum-based techniques.</a> J Vac Sci Technol, A. 29 (6), (2011).</li><li>Yang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+liquid+surfaces+under+vacuum+using+SEM+and+ToF-SIMS.">Probing liquid surfaces under vacuum using SEM and ToF-SIMS.</a> Lab Chip. 11 (15), 2481-2484 (2011).</li><li>Yao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switchable+1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene+and+1-hexanol+ionic+liquid+analyzed+by+liquid+ToF-SIMS.">Switchable 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene and 1-hexanol ionic liquid analyzed by liquid ToF-SIMS.</a> Surf Sci Spectra. 23 (1), 9-28 (2016).</li><li>Yu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capturing+the+transient+species+at+the+electrode-electrolyte+interface+by+in+situ+dynamic+molecular+imaging.">Capturing the transient species at the electrode-electrolyte interface by in situ dynamic molecular imaging.</a> Chem Commun. 52 (73), 10952-10955 (2016).</li><li>Clark, S. B., Buchanan, M., Wilmarth, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Basic Research Needs for Environmental Management. , (2016).</li><li>Mills, O. P., Rose, W. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

SEM は、高分解能1ナノ (nm) レベルの有機・無機材料における表面キャラクタリゼーションの強力な手法です。たとえば、地質試料26と半導体27などしっかりと乾燥試料を解析する広く使用されます。しかし、電子顕微鏡1に必要な高真空環境の中で液体の不適合による湿式、液体のサンプルを特徴付けることの制限がありま...

走査型電子顕微鏡 (SEM) は、高解像度イメージング1を生産することによって様々 な標本の調査に広く適用されています。エネルギー分散型 x 線分光 (EDX)、SEM に関連付けられているは、元素組成1の決定を可能。 にします。伝統的に、イメージングのだけ乾燥した固体サンプルの SEM が適用されます。最後の 30 年で環境 SEM (フラッディングガス) は、蒸気環境2,3,4、5の部分的な水和物サンプルを分析するため開発されました。ただし、フラッディングガスは目的の高解像度6でウェット、完全流体のサンプルをイメージできません。ウェットの SEM 細胞も濡れている画像試料の SEM7,8; を使用して開発されました。それにもかかわらず、これらの細胞が電子イメージングを後方散乱し、それらデザイン9,10アプリケーションのアクセシビリティの高いに生体試料を中心に開発されました。
SEM を使用して、ネイティブの液体環境の様々 なサンプルを分析する際の課題に対処するため、我々 は真空対応マイクロ流体デバイス、分析で、液体真空インターフェイス (サルヴィ)、高空間分解能セカンダリを有効にするためのシステムを発明しました。SEM の高真空モードを用いた液体試料の電子 (SE) イメージングと元素分析この手法には、次のユニークな機能が含まれています: 1) 液体が直接では、直径 1-2 マイクロメートルの小さな開口部でプローブ2) 液体は表面張力によって穴内に保持されます。・ 3) サルヴィはポータブルで、1 つ以上分析プラットフォーム11,12,13,14,15,16,17 に適応することができます ,18。
サルヴィは 100 nm 厚のシリコン窒化 (罪) 膜で構成されています、200 μ m の広いマイクロ製ポリジメチルシロキサン (PDMS) ブロック。罪膜ウィンドウは、マイクロをシールに適用されます。作製の詳細と重要な設計上の考慮事項は、以前の論文と特許11,19,20詳細いた。現在、大手メーカーと顕微鏡用消耗品の供給のディストリビューターは、液体 SEM アプリケーション21,22の市販サルヴィ デバイスを販売するためのライセンスを購入しています。
分析機器の真空ベースのサルヴィのアプリケーションは、さまざまな水溶液とバイオ フィルム、哺乳類細胞、ナノ粒子、および電極材料12,を含む複雑な液体混合物を使用して実証されています。14,17,20,23,24します。 ただし、前述の仕事のほとんどは従って液体のアプリケーション キー分析ツールとして飛行時間二次イオン質量分析 (TOF-SIMS) を利用サルヴィの SEM が十分に検討されていません。今回、サルヴィは液体の SEM 画像と EDX 元素分析を用いた液体の大きい非球状粒子の研究に使用されています。サンプルは研究室で合成された AlOOH 粒子から成っています。サブマイクロ メーター サイズ ベーマイト粒子は、ハンフォード ・ サイトで高レベル放射性廃棄物に存在する知られています。溶解する遅く、廃棄物処理にレオロジーの問題を引き起こす可能性があります。したがって、液体25ベーマイト粒子を特徴付ける機能を持つことが重要です。この技術的なアプローチは、これらの粒子と関連のレオロジー特性の改善された理解の様々 な物理化学的条件のベーマイトを研究に使用できます。これらの粒子は、液体中に浮遊する粒子を研究するために高真空 SEM にサルヴィを適用する方法を示すステップバイ ステップを利用しました。サルヴィと SEM の統合および SEM データ集録のための重要な技術的なポイントは、用紙内で強調表示されます。
プロトコルは、将来的に液体の SEM の多様なアプリケーションでこの手法を活用に興味がある人のためサルヴィと液体の SEM イメージングを用いた液体試料解析のデモを提供します。

<table width="2033">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">Carbon Coater</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Cressington</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">208 Carbon</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">It is accompanied with thickness monitor MTM-10.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">SEM</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">FEI</td>
			<td>Quanta 3D FEG</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">It provides highly resolved scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI)</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">SALVI is a unique, vacuum compatible microfluidic cell that enables the characterization of the liquid sample using vacuu- based scientific instrument.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">PEEK Union</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Valco</td>
			<td>ZU1TPK</td>
			<td>The polyether ether ketone union is used for connecting the inlet and outlet of SALVI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">BD</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21-377-821</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">Range: 100 to 1,000 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">Pipette Tip 1</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Neptune</td>
			<td>2112.96.BS</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">1,000 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">Pipette Tip 2</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Rainin</td>
			<td>17001865</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">20 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">Syringe Pump</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>70-2213</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">It is used to inject the liquid sample into the SALVI device.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">pH meter</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Fisher Scientific/accumet</td>
			<td>13-636-AP72</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">It is used for measuring the pH of AlOOH in DI water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">Barnstead Ultrapure Water System, UV/UF</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thermo Scientific Barnstead</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Nanopure diamond D11931</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">It is used for producing DI water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">Centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Fisher scientific/Falcon</td>
			<td>15-527-90</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">15 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">Bransonic ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>2510</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">It is used to ultrasonicate the AlOOH liquid sample.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>11106015</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">XS64</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:289px;height:20px;">AlOOH</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">It is synthesized by scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">xT microscope Control</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>Quanta 3D FEG</td>
			<td>Default microscope control software of SEM Quanta 3D FEG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDAX Genesis software</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">EDAX</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">The software is used for collecting the EDX elemental information of the samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:289px;height:21px;">Teflon tubing</td>
			<td>SUPELCO</td>
			<td>58697-U</td>
			<td style="width:1237px;">It is used for introducing the sample into the microchannel and holding adequate volume of liquid.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in situ characterization of boehmite particles in water using liquid sem

液体真空インターフェイス (サルヴィ) と走査型電子顕微鏡 (SEM) での解析システムを用いたin situイメージングおよび元素ベーマイト (AlOOH) 中の異物分析水を実現します。本稿では、法と真空を統合することの重要なステップ SEM と二次電子の高真空下での液体中の粒子の (SE) 画像を得るに互換性のある SAVLI。エネルギー分散型 x 線分光 (EDX) を使用 (DI) 純水のみと同様空のチャネルを含む液とコントロールのサンプル中の粒子の元素分析を取得します。液中粒子合成ベーマイト (AlOOH) は、液体の SEM 図にモデルとして使用されます。結果は良好な分解能を持つ SE モードで粒子がイメージ化されることを示す (すなわち、400 nm)。AlOOH EDX スペクトルは、アルミニウム (Al) ・ ディ ・水と比較すると、空のチャネル コントロールから重要な信号を示しています。液体 SEMその場では、多くのエキサイティングなアプリケーションと液体中の粒子を研究する強力な手法です。この手順は、液体の SEM 画像とサルヴィを用いた EDX 分析を実施するために、このアプローチを使用する場合、潜在的な落とし穴を減らすために技術的なノウハウを提供するために目指しています。

粒子のイメージを作成する方法を示す代表的な結果を示す EDX と相まって液体 SEM 画像その場を用いた解析と。結果には、SE の画像と EDX スペクトルがあります。100,000 X と図 1に 200,000 X 倍率で SE の画像を得た。図 1 aは、AlOOH の SE のイメージを示しています図 1 b ・ ディ ・水と?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Situ Characterization of Boehmite Particles in Water Using Liquid SEM at JoVE.com

In Situ Characterization of Boehmite Particles in Water Using Liquid SEM

その場で液体の SEM を用いた水中のベーマイト粒子のキャラクタリゼーション

その場で液体走査型電子顕微鏡によってリアルタイム イメージングおよび脱イオン水にベーマイト粒子の元素組成分析の手順を紹介します。

In situ imaging and elemental analysis of boehmite (AlOOH) particles in water is realized using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

In Situ Characterization of Boehmite Particles in Water Using Liquid SEM

9.1K ビュー.  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. その場で液体走査型電子顕微鏡によってリアルタイム イメージングおよび脱イオン水にベーマイト粒子の元素組成分析の手順を紹介します。

ビデオ: In Situ Characterization of Boehmite Particles in Water Using Liquid SEM

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)

Here we present a workflow to analyze the metabolic profiles for biological samples of interest including; cells, serum, or tissue. The sample is first separated into polar and non-polar fractions by a liquid-liquid phase extraction, and partially purified to facilitate downstream analysis. Both aqueous (polar metabolites) and organic (non-polar metabolites) phases of the initial extraction are processed to survey a broad range of metabolites. Metabolites are separated by different liquid chromatography methods based upon their partition properties. In this method, we present microflow ultra-performance (UP)LC methods, but the protocol is scalable to higher flows and lower pressures. Introduction into the mass spectrometer can be through either general or compound optimized source conditions. Detection of a broad range of ions is carried out in full scan mode in both positive and negative mode over a broad m/z range using high resolution on a recently calibrated instrument. Label-free differential analysis is carried out on bioinformatics platforms. Applications of this approach include metabolic pathway screening, biomarker discovery, and drug development.

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry UPLC-HRMS

Untargeted metabolomics provides a hypothesis generating snapshot of a metabolic profile. This protocol will demonstrate the extraction and analysis of metabolites from cells, serum, or tissue. A range of metabolites are surveyed using liquid-liquid phase extraction, microflow ultraperformance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) coupled to differential analysis software.

ウルトラパフォーマンス液体クロマトグラフィー - 高分解能質量分析（UPLC-HRMS）を使用した生物源から非標的メタボロミクス

Here we present a workflow to analyze the metabolic profiles for biological samples of interest including; cells, serum, or tissue. The sample is first ...

化学

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have shown considerable promise as an electrode material where many of their reported properties such as extended solvent window, low background currents, corrosion resistance, etc., arise from the catalytically inert nature of the surface. However, if during the growth process, non-diamond-carbon (NDC) becomes incorporated into the electrode matrix, the electrochemical properties will change as the surface becomes more catalytically active. As such it is important that the electrochemist is aware of the quality and resulting key electrochemical properties of the BDD electrode prior to use. This paper describes a series of characterization steps, including Raman microscopy, capacitance, solvent window and redox electrochemistry, to ascertain whether the BDD electrode contains negligible NDC i.e. negligible sp2 carbon. One application is highlighted which takes advantage of the catalytically inert and corrosion resistant nature of an NDC-free surface i.e. stable and quantifiable local proton and hydroxide production due to water electrolysis at a BDD electrode. An approach to measuring the local pH change induced by water electrolysis using iridium oxide coated BDD electrodes is also described in detail.

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

A protocol is described for the characterization of the key electrochemical parameters of a boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode and subsequent application for in situ pH generation experiments.

ホウ素ドープダイヤモンド電極品質とアプリケーションの評価<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;水電解による局所のpHの変更

Boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have shown considerable promise as an electrode material where many of their reported properties such as extended ...

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and engineers. Growth of such anisotropic nanocrystals through a simple chemical method is a challenging task. In this study, we fabricate discotic nanodisks of zirconium phosphate [Zr(HPO4)2&#183;H2O] as a model material using hydrothermal, reflux and microwave-assisted methods. Growth of crystals is controlled by duration time, temperature, and concentration of reacting species. The novelty of the adopted methods is that discotic crystals of size ranging from hundred nanometers to few micrometers can be obtained while keeping the polydispersity well within control. The layered discotic crystals are converted to monolayers by exfoliation with tetra-(n)-butyl ammonium hydroxide [(C4H9)4NOH, TBAOH]. Exfoliated disks show isotropic and nematic liquid crystal phases. Size and polydispersity of disk suspensions is highly important in deciding their phase behavior.

A two dimensional model material of discotic zirconium phosphate was developed. The inorganic crystal with lamellar structure was synthesized by hydrothermal, reflux, and microwave-assisted methods. On exfoliation with organic molecules, layered crystals can be converted to monolayers, and nematic liquid crystal phase was formed at sufficient concentration of monolayers.

コロイド液の結晶を得ることが合成とディスコティックリン酸ジルコニウムの剥離

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and ...

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular identity and function. Each of the seven PtdInsPs varies in their distribution and abundance, which are tightly regulated by specific kinases and phosphatases. The abundance of PtdInsPs can change abruptly in response to various signaling events or disturbance of the regulatory machinery. To understand how these events lead to changes in the amount of PtdInsPs and their resulting impact, it is important to quantify PtdInsP levels before and after a signaling event or between control and abnormal conditions. However, due to their low abundance and similarity, quantifying the relative amounts of each PtdInsP can be challenging. This article describes a method for quantifying PtdInsP levels by metabolically labeling cells with 3H-myo-inositol, which is incorporated into PtdInsPs. Phospholipids are then precipitated and deacylated. The resulting soluble 3H-glycero-inositides are further extracted, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and detected by flow scintillation. The labeling and processing of yeast samples is described in detail, as well as the instrumental setup for the HPLC and flow scintillator. Despite losing structural information regarding acyl chain content, this method is sensitive and can be optimized to concurrently quantify all seven PtdInsPs in cells.

Phosphoinositides are signaling lipids whose relative abundance rapidly changes in response to various stimuli. This article describes a method to measure the abundance of phosphoinositides by metabolically labeling cells with 3H-myo-inositol, followed by extraction and deacylation. Extracted glycero-inositides are then separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and quantified by flow scintillation.

高速液体クロマトグラフィー結合フローシンチレーションにより放射性標識およびホスホイノシチドの細胞レベルの定量化

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular ...

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

This work demonstrates in situ characterization of protein biomolecules in the aqueous solution using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The fibronectin protein film was immobilized on the silicon nitride (SiN) membrane that forms the SALVI detection area. During ToF-SIMS analysis, three modes of analysis were conducted including high spatial resolution mass spectrometry, two-dimensional (2D) imaging, and depth profiling. Mass spectra were acquired in both positive and negative modes. Deionized water was also analyzed as a reference sample. Our results show that the fibronectin film in water has more distinct and stronger water cluster peaks compared to water alone. Characteristic peaks of amino acid fragments are also observable in the hydrated protein ToF-SIMS spectra. These results illustrate that protein molecule adsorption on a surface can be studied dynamically using SALVI and ToF-SIMS in the liquid environment for the first time.

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

This work presents a protocol for liquid handling and sample introduction to a microchannel for in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of protein biomolecules in an aqueous solution.

サルヴィとTOF-SIMSによる水中で水和タンパク質のその場キャラクタリゼーションで

This work demonstrates in situ characterization of protein biomolecules in the aqueous solution using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans. De-starched wheat endosperm cell walls were isolated as an alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR)1 and sequentially extracted with water (W-sol Fr) and 1 M KOH containing 1% NaBH4 (KOH-sol Fr) as described by Ratnayake et al. (2014)2. Two different approaches (see summary in Figure 1) are adopted. In the first, intact W-sol AXs are treated with 2AB to tag the original RE backbone chain sugar residue and then treated with an endoxylanase to generate a mixture of 2AB-labelled RE and internal region reducing oligosaccharides, respectively. In a second approach, the KOH-sol Fr is hydrolyzed with endoxylanase to first generate a mixture of oligosaccharides which are subsequently labelled with 2AB. The enzymically released ((un)tagged) oligosaccharides from both W- and KOH-sol Frs are then methylated and the detailed structural analysis of both the native and methylated oligosaccharides is performed using a combination of MALDI-TOF-MS, RP-HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and ESI-MSn. Endoxylanase digested KOH-sol AXs are also characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that also provides information on the anomeric configuration. These techniques can be applied to other classes of polysaccharides using the appropriate endo-hydrolases.

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the structural characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans by tagging the RE with 2 aminobenzamide prior to enzymatic (endoxylanase) hydrolysis and then analysis of the resultant oligosaccharides using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

酵素的、化学（メチル化）と物理（質量分析、核磁気共鳴）技術を用いた植物の壁ヘテロキシランのシーケンシング

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

A method is demonstrated to monitor macroscopic translational diffusion using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging. A host-guest system with nitroxide spin probe 3-(2-Iodoacetamido)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (IPSL) as a guest inside the periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) aerogel UKON1-GEL as a host and ethanol as a solvent is used as an example to describe the protocol. Data is shown from a previous publication, where the protocol has been applied to both IPSL and Tris(8-carboxy-2,2,6,6-perdeutero-tetramethyl-benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d&#8242;]bis(1,3)dithiole) methyl (Trityl) as guest molecules and UKON1-GEL and SILICA-GEL as host systems. 
A method is shown to prepare aerogel samples that cannot be synthesized directly in the sample tube for measurement due to a size change during synthesis. The aerogel is attached to sample tubes using heat shrink tubing and a pressure cooker to reach the necessary temperature without evaporating the solvent in the process. The method does not assume a clearly defined initial distribution of guest molecules at the start of the measurement. Instead, it requires a reservoir on top of the aerogel and experimentally determines the influx rate during data analysis.
The diffusion is monitored continually over a period of 20 hr by recording the 1d spin density profile within the sample. The spectrometer settings for the imaging experiment are described quantitatively. Data analysis software is provided to take the resonator sensitivity profile into account and to numerically solve the diffusion equation. The software determines the macroscopic translational diffusion coefficient by least square minimization of the difference between the experiment and the numerical solution of the diffusion equation.

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

A protocol for the in situ monitoring of the diffusion of guest molecules in porous media using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging is presented.

電子常磁性共鳴イメージングを使用した多孔質体でゲスト分子の拡散の場の監視で

A method is demonstrated to monitor macroscopic translational diffusion using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging. A host-guest system with ...

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

Bacterial biofilms are surface-associated communities that are vastly studied to understand their self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and their roles in environmental microbiology. This study outlines a method to cultivate biofilm attachment to the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) and achieve in situ chemical mapping of a living biofilm by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). This is done through the culturing of bacteria both outside and within the SALVI channel with our specialized setup, as well as through optical imaging techniques to detect the biofilm presence and thickness before ToF-SIMS analysis. Our results show the characteristic peaks of the Shewanella biofilm in its natural hydrated state, highlighting upon its localized water cluster environment, as well as EPS fragments, which are drastically different from the same biofilm's dehydrated state. These results demonstrate the breakthrough capability of SALVI that allows for in situ biofilm imaging with a vacuum-based chemical imaging instrument.

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

This article presents a method for growing a biofilm for in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry for chemical mapping in its hydrated state, enabled by a microfluidic reactor, System for Analysis at the liquid Vacuum Interface. The Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with green fluorescence protein was used as a model.

その場でサルヴィ、TOF-SIMSシェワネラ oneidensis MR1 バイオ フィルムの特性

Bacterial biofilms are surface-associated communities that are vastly studied to understand their self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) ...

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and related diseases, but their precise measurement is still a challenge. Many protocols have been described for neurotransmitter measurement by a variety of instruments, including high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, there are shortcomings, such as complicated operation or hard-to-detect multiple targets, which cannot be avoided, and presently, the dominant analysis technique is still HPLC coupled with sensitive electrochemical or fluorimetric detection, due to its high sensitivity and good selectivity. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the pretreatment and detection of catecholamines with high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) in real urine samples of infants, using electrospun composite nanofibers composed of polymeric crown ether with polystyrene as adsorbent, also known as the packed-fiber solid phase extraction (PFSPE) method. We show how urine samples can be easily precleaned by a nanofiber-packed solid phase column, and how the analytes in the sample can be rapidly enriched, desorbed, and detected on an ECD system. PFSPE greatly simplifies the pretreatment procedures for biological samples, allowing for decreased time, expense, and reduction of the loss of targets. 
Overall, this work illustrates a simple and convenient protocol for solid-phase extraction coupled to an HPLC-ECD system for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA)) and two of their metabolites (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC)) in infants' urine. The established protocol was applied to assess the differences of urinary catecholamines and their metabolites between high-risk infants with perinatal brain damage and healthy controls. Comparative analysis revealed a significant difference in urinary MHPG between the two groups, indicating that the catecholamine metabolites may be an important candidate marker for early diagnosis of cases at risk for brain damage in infants.

We present a convenient solid-phase extraction coupled to high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ECD) for simultaneous determination of three monoamine neurotransmitters and two of their metabolites in infants' urine. We also identify the metabolite MHPG as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of brain damage for infants.

抽出と神経伝達物質カテコールアミン及びその代謝物の高速液体クロマトグラフィーによる分析のための便利な方法

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and ...

Using Graphene Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy to Study in Situ Nanocrystal Etching

Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy provides the ability to observe nanoscale chemical transformations and dynamics as the reactions are occurring in liquid environments. This manuscript describes the process for making graphene liquid cells through the example of graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments of gold nanocrystal etching. The protocol for making graphene liquid cells involves coating gold, holey-carbon TEM grids with chemical vapor deposition graphene and then using those graphene-coated grids to encapsulate liquid between two graphene surfaces. These pockets of liquid, with the nanomaterial of interest, are imaged in the electron microscope to see the dynamics of the nanoscale process, in this case the oxidative etching of gold nanorods. By controlling the electron beam dose rate, which modulates the etching species in the liquid cell, the underlying mechanisms of how atoms are removed from nanocrystals to form different facets and shapes can be better understood. Graphene liquid cell TEM has the advantages of high spatial resolution, compatibility with traditional TEM holders, and low start-up costs for research groups. Current limitations include delicate sample preparation, lack of flow capability, and reliance on electron beam-generated radiolysis products to induce reactions. With further development and control, graphene liquid cell may become a ubiquitous technique in nanomaterials and biology, and is already being used to study mechanisms governing growth, etching, and self-assembly processes of nanomaterials in liquid on the single particle level.

Using Graphene Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy to Study in Situ Nanocrystal Etching

Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy can be used to observe nanocrystal dynamics in a liquid environment with greater spatial resolution than other liquid cell electron microscopy techniques. Etching premade nanocrystals and following their shape using graphene liquid cell Transmission Electron Microscopy can yield important mechanistic information about nanoparticle transformations.

グラフェン液セル透過型電子顕微鏡を使用してナノ結晶エッチングその場を研究するには

Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy provides the ability to observe nanoscale chemical transformations and dynamics as the reactions are occurring in ...