この作品はSONATA、フランスのアジャンス国立デラRECHERCHE（ANR-13-IS08-0001）および米国国立科学財団との共同プロジェクトにより賄われていました。クリスティン・バデュエル ANR-16-ACHN-0026プロジェクトを通じてフランス国立研究機構（ANR）によって運営されています。著者らはまた、暖かくマリジャ・マーガス、アナCvitešić、サンジャ・フルカ・ミローサベビックとイレーナCiglenecki、ザグレブのラジェー・ボスコービック研究所から、クロアチアマリーナFrapaでのエアロゾルのサンプリングとの助けのため、Rogoznicaの、クロアチアに感謝します。

<ol>
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著者は、開示することは何もありません。

プロトコルでは、すべての重要なステップが詳述されています。抽出物（表面張力及び濃度測定）の分析：それらはフィルター上エアロゾルの収集、それらの界面活性剤抽出（SPE抽出、続いて水抽出二重抽出を使用して）が挙げられます。 全体の方法のために、品質管理は、ブランクフィルタで抽出し、分析方法の適用によって）1なされた（偏差&lt;5のMn M -1超純水と比較して表面張力と吸光度に比色の検出限界下法）、2）抽出効率および再現性/再現性を含むそれらの不確実性を決定することにより、濃度の所与の範囲内の抽出された界面活性剤の％は、3）比色法の電位干渉をチェックすることによって、この方法は、検出することをチェックすることによって、すなわち界面活性剤の唯一の目標タイプ（anioNIC、カチオン性および非イオン性）及び6）参照6で完全に詳細として比色法にエアロゾル抽出物（無機塩、小酸）から潜在的干渉をチェックすることにより、参照4で完全に詳述されるように他の人を見ません。 我々の知る限りでは、この記事で紹介した大気中のサンプルからの界面活性剤の抽出方法は、現在、大気化学の中で最も選択的なものです。特に、はるかに選択的なこれらの化合物の調査のために過去に行われ、単純な水抽出物よりなります。エアロゾル試料中の高濃度であり、このような無機塩及び小有機酸のようなイオン成分を除去及び濃縮measurを妨害することが示されているように11、23、24第2の抽出工程が重要ですements。 6この抽出方法は、表面およびバルクで、サンプル中に存在する全ての界面活性剤を除去することが示されています。得られた抽出物は、このように、これらの化合物の正確な特徴付けを可能にするために十分に濃縮されています。 しかし、界面活性剤に加えて、他の穏やかな非極性又は極性化合物は、大気エアロゾルから抽出されることが可能です。例えば、通常のサンプリング領域に応じて、同様の方法25と、によって抽出された「フミン様物質」（HULIS）は、抽出物中に存在し得ます。これらの化合物は、我々のサンプルにおいて特徴の界面活性剤と比較して軽度の界面活性剤である26、27、28は、このように測定された表面張力またはCMCに大きく寄与してはなりません。しかし、彼らはポリ酸であり、アニオン性conceを妨げる可能性<html> ntration測定。将来的には、界面活性剤濃度への寄与（ すなわち 、それらは、エチルバイオレットと反応するか否か、アニオン性界面活性剤を滴定するために使用される染料）を決定する必要があります。それらの寄与が重要である場合、追加の手順は、例えばHULISはなく、界面活性剤を含むであろうUV可視または蛍光により活性である全ての化合物を排除するために、抽出法に加えることができます。 これまでのところ、この原稿に提示された1つ以上のエアロゾルの表面張力のエアロゾル界面活性剤用表面張力曲線の測定のための他の方法が利用可能ではありません。それは大気サンプルと一致するサンプル容量を必要とする唯一のものであるように吊り滴技術がこれらの測定のために推奨されています。任意抽出せずに直接ミクロンサイズの粒子上の表面張力を測定する光学技術は、開発されています。 10、お尻=「外部参照」&gt; 20は、29はこれまでのところ、彼らは実験室で生成した粒子にのみ適用されますが、潜在的にいつか大気のものにも適用することができます。 界面活性剤濃度の測定のため、この作業に提示比色法は、我々の方法のように、だけ水抽出物にはなく、二重の抽出物に30、14、13、11、大気エアロゾル試料に以前に適用されています。上記の下線を引いたように、これは、のような重要な違いである、第2の抽出工程は、無機塩および濃度の測定を妨害する小有機酸のような化合物を除去します。 6 最初に、海水より大きな水性サンプルのために開発された電気化学技術は、また、アトモス中の界面活性剤の濃度を測定するために使用されていますphericエアロゾル。得られた界面活性剤の濃度は、選択された参照化合物に依存し、全ての界面活性剤の検出感度が同一であると仮定し、すなわち 31、32この方法は、相対的です。この技術について報告された検出限界は、0.02 mgのL -1である基準としてテトラoctylphenolethoxylateを使用する場合、こうして0.03μM、および比色法により、アニオン性およびカチオン性界面活性剤は約0.05μMの検出限界に匹敵します。しかしための比色法による非イオン性及び総界面活性剤濃度の決意に不確実性のため、両方の方法（インターキャリブレーション）を比較することは興味深いであろう。 提示される方法のいくつかの点をさらに向上させることができました。 同一の感度は非常にUSEFであろう全ての非イオン性界面活性剤とウィットを検出するであろうコバルト、チオシアン酸以外の染料現在の濃度測定の不確実性の主な情報源をULと減らします。 これらの化合物は、大気サンプル中の検出限界であることが多いように、現在の20％と推定カチオン性界面活性剤の抽出効率は、また、改善することができます。これは、特定のSPEカラムを使用することにより、例えば、行うことができます。 抽出および滴定条件をさらに向上させることができました。例えば、平行三つの異なるSPEのセットアップに使用し、各々は、抽出効率を向上させる、および手続き（以下汚染リスク）の品質を向上させることができ、界面活性剤のクラスのために最適化。試料の質量を分析するためのSPEカートリッジの最適な吸着剤密度も決定されてできました。滴定反応のための条件（pHは、添加剤）をさらに即ち検出限界を下げ、さらに濃度測定の感度を向上させるために、最適化することができます。 分析自体の品質を向上させることはないが、さらなる改変が、として、そのようなエアロゾルの異なるサイズ画分（ すなわち亜集団）にではなく、収集された全ての粒子に本発明の方法を適用するように、大気中の界面活性剤についての追加情報をもたらしますここで紹介します。分析の他のタイプはまた、界面活性剤またはUV-可視吸光度、蛍光、または偏光の化学構造を決定するために高度に存在することを示すために、このようなLC / HR MS、タンデムMS、またはNMRなどの抽出に適用することができます抽出物中のコンジュゲート、またはキラル化合物。

雲はほとんどの環境と生態系の水文学のため、および気候システムのために、地球の大気中で必要不可欠です。しかし、その形成機構のいくつかの局面は、まだ理解されていない、特に凝縮核として作用するエアロゾル粒子中に存在する化学物質の寄与。理論1は、エアロゾル粒子中に存在する界面活性化合物、または界面活性剤は、強くその形成エネルギー従って、それらの表面張力を低下させることにより、クラウド滴形成を促進すべきであることを予測します。しかし、これらの効果は、数十年にわたって観察にとらえどころのない残っていると雲の形成上の界面活性剤の役割は、現在、すべてのクラウド調査と大気と気候モデルでは大気中のコミュニティの大部分によって拒否され、無視されます。 雲の形成におけるエアロゾルの界面活性剤の役割の理解の欠如のための一つの理由は、ISO法の不在となっています後半、それらを特徴づけます。他の環境からのサンプルとは異なり、大気中のサンプルの分析は、非常に小さな試料体積と質量（ここでは、典型的には10と100μgの間）および化学的複雑さ（塩の混合物、ミネラル、および多数の有機物）などの定期的な課題2に直面しています。これらの課題を克服し、エアロゾルの理解を向上させるためには、具体的に大気のエアロゾル試料からこれらの化合物は、2）エアロゾル相でそれらの絶対濃度を決定抽出し、3）その表面張力曲線を決定する）いくつかの方法が最近1に我々のグループによって開発されている界面活性剤それらの臨界ミセル濃度（CMC）、界面活性剤が表面で飽和し、バルク中でミセルを形成するために開始される濃度を含む、水です。これらのメソッドの最新バージョンは、この論文で提示されています。 コンプで使用することができさらなる改良と特徴づけ、他のタイプ、提示されたものにlementは、議論されます。これらの方法の最近のアプリケーションは、既に、大気エアロゾル3、4、5、6及び作用のモードにおける中の界面活性剤の濃度を決定すること、自身3をこの役割を証明することによって、このような分析は、雲の形成における界面活性剤の役割の理解を向上させることができる方法を示していますそれらの生体起源、3、4、7を証明し、古典的な楽器による観察の欠如を説明クラウド滴形成、3、6。 8、9、10

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1448">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:828px;">Quartz filters</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Fioroni</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for example &#216;47mm or &#216;150mm, Grammage 85g/m2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Aluminium foils or glass Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td>backed in oven (773 K, 6h)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Tweezers, scissors</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Desiccator</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) set-up</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">SPE vacuum manifold Ac-Elut</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Varian&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Pump Laboxat</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Knf LAB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Nitrogen dryer set-up</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">hand-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Compressed Nirogen 4.5 in bottle B50, 200 bar at 15&#176;C</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Linde</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Tensiometer</td>
			<td>Dataphysics&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">&#160;OCA 15EC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:828px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;">SCA software for OCA version 4-4.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">UV-Vis spectrometer</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">8453</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Stir-plates</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Glassware</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Glass Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td>for the water extraction step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Beakers</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 mL, 30 mL, 60 mL glass bottles with corks</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tubes for SPE</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnetic stirring bars</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Ultrasound bath</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td>for glassware washing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Micropipettes (0.5 - 5 mL, 0.100 - 1mL, 10 - 100 &#956;L)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Rainin Pipette-Life XLS</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Disposable small&#160; equipment</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Syringe filters 0.40&#956;m PVDF</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">SPE C18 cartridges Strata C18-E cartridges 500 mg / 3 mL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Phenomenex</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic syringes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Needles</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4 mL-vials</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pasteur glass pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micropipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:828px;">Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) &#8805; 98.5 % Bioreagent</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">L3771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) &#8805; 97%</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">323586</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benzyltetradecyldimethylammonium (zephiramine)&#160; &#8805; 99.0 % anhydrous Fluka</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">13401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solution (CTAC) 25 wt % in H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">292737</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol (Triton X114) laboratory grade</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">X114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether (Brij35) Fluka Bio Chemika</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">858366</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-&#945;-phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk type XVI-E&#160; lyophilized powder &#8805; 99 %</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">P3556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis &#8805; 98 %</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">S3523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">R-95Dd rhamnolipid (95 % dirhamnolipid, 5 % monorhamnolipid)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">L510025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethyl violet cationic triarylmethane dye</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">228842</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Patent Blue VF dye content 50 %</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">198218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ammonium thiocyanate &#8805; 99 % puriss. p.a.,&#160; ACS reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">31120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate &#8805; 98 % ACS reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">239267</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic anhydride &#8805; 99 % ReagentPlus</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">320102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium acetate &#8805; 99.0 % anhydrous Reagent Plus</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">S8750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 99.4&#8722; 100.6 % ACS reagent powder</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">E9884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium sulfate anhydrous &#8805; 99.0 % granulated puriss. p.a. ACS reagent Fluka</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">71960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol puriss. p.a. ACS Reagent&#160; reag. Ph. Eur. 96% (v/v)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">32294</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Acetonitrile&#160; &#8805; 99.9 % HiPerSolv CHROMANORM Reag. Ph. Eur. (European Pharmacopoeia Reagent) grade gradient for HPLC</td>
			<td>VWR BDH Prolabo</td>
			<td>20060.32</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">to be manipulated under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Chloroform 99 % stable with 0.8&#8722;1 % ethanol</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">L13200-0F</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">to be manipulated under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Toluene &#62; 99 %</td>
			<td>Chimie Plus</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">24053</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">to be manipulated under hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Denatured ethanol for washing</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:828px;">Ultra-Pure water</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Ultrapure water system Purelab Classic, Elga</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extraction and characterization of surfactants from atmospheric aerosols

大気エアロゾル中に存在する界面活性化合物、または界面活性剤は、地球の大気、気象学、水文学における中心プロセスにおける液体の水の雲の形成において重要な役割を果たすことが期待され、気候システムのためのものです。これらの化合物の特定の抽出および特性は、何十年も欠けているので、しかし、非常に少しは、このように雲の形成と地球の生態系とその潜在的なリンクの完全な理解を防ぎ、アクションと起源の自分のアイデンティティ、性質、モードに知られています。 本稿では、最近、大気エアロゾル試料から全ての界面活性剤の1）標的抽出及び臨界含むエアロゾル相におけるそれらの絶対濃度）2の決意し、水で3）それらの静的表面張力曲線のための方法を開発して存在しますミセル濃度（CMC）。これらのメソッドは、私は、9つの参照の界面活性剤で検証されていますncludingアニオン性、カチオン性および非イオン性のもの。結果の例は、将来の改善と議論されて提示されたもの以外の特徴付けのためのクロアチアや提案の沿岸サイトで収集された微細なエアロゾル粒子（直径&lt;1μM）で見出さ界面活性剤のために提示されています。

注：大気のサンプルに適用される前に、このセクションに提示されたすべてのプロトコルが9つの参照界面活性剤及び表面張力曲線でテストされた、最小表面張力、及び得られたCMCを、文献とよく一致していました。 21、22 1.濃度微細なエアロゾル（&lt;1μmの直径、又は「PM1」）サンプルは、これらのサンプルを処理し、抽出セクション2及び3に記載されているように、それぞれのした2月2015でRogoznicaの、クロアチアの海岸部位に石英ファイバーフィルター上に集めました本稿。アニオン性、カチオン性および非イオン性界面活性剤およびエアロゾル試料体積中の総界面活性剤濃度、C サーフ、P（M）についての濃度は、第4節Tに従って測定しました。彼の結果は、図1に提示され、測定された界面活性剤の中でアニオン性および非イオン性界面活性剤の優位性を証明しています。 抽出された界面活性剤のサンプルおよび表面張力曲線の2表面張力 図2に示すように、第5、及び濃度測定に記載のように表面張力の測定を組み合わせ、同じ試料に対する絶対表面張力曲線が得られました。これらの曲線は、エアロゾル試料中の界面活性剤濃度とこれらの試料の表面張力（「σ 分 」） を示し、グラフCMC値（ 図2）を決定することを可能にします。 <img alt="図1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig1.jpg" /> フィギュア1：Rogoznicaの、クロアチアに収集細かいエアロゾル（PM1）で界面活性剤濃度。アニオン性（青）、カチオン性（赤）、非イオン性界面活性剤（緑色）との総界面活性剤濃度エアロゾル相中（各界面活性剤濃度の合計）、C サーフ、P（M）についての濃度は、比色分析を用いて測定します2月2015年Rogoznicaの、クロアチアの海岸沿いのサイトで収集細かい（&lt;1μm）の大気エアロゾル中の方法は、結果は、アニオン性および非イオン性界面活性剤の優位性を示しています。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig2.jpg" /> 図2 からエアロゾル中の界面活性剤のための典型的な表面張力曲線とCMCRogoznicaの、クロアチア。表面張力及び濃度測定を組み合わせることによって得られた2015年3月2日の試料における界面活性剤の絶対表面張力曲線。黒丸は、界面活性剤抽出物の測定された表面張力を表します。曲線の終わりにオレンジドットは、算出したエアロゾル試料中の濃度（ステップ4.4.6）、及び「σ 分 」は、その表面張力を表します。 CMCのグラフィカル決意が示されています。 <a href="https://ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55622/55622fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols at JoVE.com

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

方法は、大気エアロゾル中に存在する界面活性剤の標的抽出およびそれらの臨界ミセル濃度（CMC）を含む水中でのそれらの絶対濃度と表面張力曲線の決意のために提示されています。

大気エアロゾルからの抽出および界面活性剤の特性評価

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

extraction-characterization-surfactants-from-atmospheric

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

16.7K ビュー.  IRCELYON, F-69626. 方法は、大気エアロゾル中に存在する界面活性剤の標的抽出およびそれらの臨界ミセル濃度（CMC）を含む水中でのそれらの絶対濃度と表面張力曲線の決意のために提示されています。 

ビデオ: Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study evaporation under various surface boundary conditions to improve our current understanding and characterization of this multiphase phenomenon as well as to validate numerical heat and mass transfer theories that couple Navier-Stokes flow in the atmosphere and Darcian flow in the porous media. Experimental data were collected using a unique soil tank apparatus interfaced with a small climate controlled wind tunnel. The experimental apparatus was instrumented with a suite of state of the art sensor technologies for the continuous and autonomous collection of soil moisture, soil thermal properties, soil and air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. This experimental apparatus can be used to generate data under well controlled boundary conditions, allowing for better control and gathering of accurate data at scales of interest not feasible in the field. Induced airflow at several distinct wind speeds over the soil surface resulted in unique behavior of heat and mass transfer during the different evaporative stages.

A protocol for the design and construction of a soil tank interfaced to a small climate controlled wind tunnel to study the effects of atmospheric forcings on evaporation is presented. Both the soil tank and wind tunnel are instrumented with sensor technologies for the continuous in situ measurement of environmental conditions.

蒸発させる上で大気強制力の影響を探る：大気境界層と浅い地下の実験的インテグレーション

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study ...

環境学

Simultaneous DNA-RNA Extraction from Coastal Sediments and Quantification of 16S rRNA Genes and Transcripts by Real-time PCR

Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction also known as quantitative PCR (q-PCR) is a widely used tool in microbial ecology to quantify gene abundances of taxonomic and functional groups in environmental samples. Used in combination with a reverse transcriptase reaction (RT-q-PCR), it can also be employed to quantify gene transcripts. q-PCR makes use of highly sensitive fluorescent detection chemistries that allow quantification of PCR amplicons during the exponential phase of the reaction. Therefore, the biases associated with &#39;end-point&#39; PCR detected in the plateau phase of the PCR reaction are avoided. A protocol to quantify bacterial 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from coastal sediments via real-time PCR is provided. First, a method for the co-extraction of DNA and RNA from coastal sediments, including the additional steps required for the preparation of DNA-free RNA, is outlined. Second, a step-by-step guide for the quantification of 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from the extracted nucleic acids via q-PCR and RT-q-PCR is outlined. This includes details for the construction of DNA and RNA standard curves. Key considerations for the use of RT-q-PCR assays in microbial ecology are included.

A protocol to quantify bacterial 16S rRNA genes and transcripts from coastal sediments via real-time PCR is provided. The methodology includes the co-extraction of DNA and RNA; preparation of DNA-free RNA; and 16S rRNA gene and transcript quantification via RT-q-PCR, including standard curve construction.

リアルタイムPCRによる沿岸堆積物および定量16SのrRNA遺伝子と転写物からの同時DNA-RNA抽出

Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction also known as quantitative PCR (q-PCR) is a widely used tool in microbial ecology to quantify gene abundances of ...

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling from hydrothermal sources in the Precambrian ocean was oxidized by molecular oxygen [O2] produced by cyanobacteria. The oldest BIFs, deposited prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at about 2.4 billion years (Gy) ago, could have formed by direct oxidation of Fe(II) by anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under anoxic conditions. As a method for testing the geochemical and mineralogical patterns that develop under different biological scenarios, we designed a 40 cm long vertical flow-through column to simulate an anoxic Fe(II)-rich marine upwelling system representative of an ancient ocean on a lab scale. The cylinder was packed with a porous glass bead matrix to stabilize the geochemical gradients, and liquid samples for iron quantification could be taken throughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen was detected non-invasively via optodes from the outside. Results from biotic experiments that involved upwelling fluxes of Fe(II) from the bottom, a distinct light gradient from top, and cyanobacteria present in the water column, show clear evidence for the formation of Fe(III) mineral precipitates and development of a chemocline between Fe(II) and O2. This column allows us to test hypotheses for the formation of the BIFs by culturing cyanobacteria (and in the future photoferrotrophs) under simulated marine Precambrian conditions. Furthermore we hypothesize that our column concept allows for the simulation of various chemical and physical environments &#8212; including shallow marine or lacustrine sediments.

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

We simulated a Precambrian ferruginous marine upwelling system in a lab-scale vertical flow-through column. The goal was to understand how geochemical profiles of O2 and Fe(II) evolve as cyanobacteria produce O2. The results show the establishment of a chemocline due to Fe(II) oxidation by photosynthetically produced O2.

光合成細菌の増殖を探検する鉄（II）リッチ先カンブリア時代マリン湧昇システムの実験室でのシミュレーション

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was extracted using six different methods (centrifugation, sonication, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), formamide with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), formaldehyde with NaOH and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) with heat and constant mixing). AGS was collected from a pilot wastewater treatment reactor. The ionic gel-forming property of the extracted EPS of the six different extraction methods was tested with calcium ions (Ca2+). From the six extraction methods used, only the Na2CO3 extraction could solubilize the hydrogel matrix of AGS. The alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALE) recovered with this method formed ionic gel beads with Ca2+. The Ca2+-ALE beads were stable in EDTA, formamide with NaOH and formaldehyde with NaOH, indicating that ALE are one part of the structural polymers in EPS. It is recommended to use an extraction method that combines physical and chemical treatment to solubilize AGS and extract structural EPS.

The protocol provides a methodology to solubilize aerobic granular sludge in order to extract alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALE).

好気性グラニュール汚泥からの構造細胞外高分子物質の抽出

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) ...

Biofilm Removal Using Carbon Dioxide Aerosols without Nitrogen Purge

Biofilms can cause serious concerns in many applications. Not only can they cause economic losses, but they can also present a public health hazard. Therefore, it is highly desirable to remove biofilms from surfaces. Many studies on CO2 aerosol cleaning have employed nitrogen purges to increase biofilm removal efficiency by reducing the moisture condensation generated during the cleaning. However, in this study, periodic jets of CO2 aerosols without nitrogen purges were used to remove Pseudomonas putida biofilms from polished stainless steel surfaces. CO2 aerosols are mixtures of solid and gaseous CO2 and are generated when high-pressure CO2 gas is adiabatically expanded through a nozzle. These high-speed aerosols were applied to a biofilm that had been grown for 24 hr. The removal efficiency ranged from 90.36% to 98.29% and was evaluated by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the biofilm as the treatment time was varied from 16 sec to 88 sec. We also performed experiments to compare the removal efficiencies with and without nitrogen purges; the measured biofilm removal efficiencies were not significantly different from each other (t-test, p &gt; 0.55). Therefore, this technique can be used to clean various bio-contaminated surfaces within one minute.

Biofilms on surfaces can be effectively and rapidly removed by using a periodic jet of carbon dioxide aerosols without a nitrogen purge.

バイオフィルム除去窒素パージすることなく、二酸化炭素エアロゾルを使用します

Biofilms can cause serious concerns in many applications. Not only can they cause economic losses, but they can also present a public health hazard. ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

プラスチックペレットからの有機塩素系農薬の抽出と塑性解析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using three recently developed experiments in which dust particles are exposed to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. The UV light source has a narrow bandwidth in wavelength centered at 172 nm. The beam electrons with the energy of 120 eV are created with a negatively biased hot filament. When the vacuum chamber is filled with the argon gas, a thermal plasma is created in addition to the electron beam. Insulating dust particles of a few tens of microns in diameter are used in the experiments. Dust particles are recorded to be lofted to a height up to a few centimeters with a launch speed up to 1 m/s. These experiments demonstrate that photo and/or secondary electron emission from a dusty surface changes the charging mechanism of dust particles. According to the recently developed &#34;patched charge model&#34;, the emitted electrons can be re-absorbed inside microcavities between neighboring dust particles below the surface, causing the accumulation of enhanced negative charges on the surrounding dust particles. The repulsive forces between these negatively charged particles may be large enough to mobilize and lift them off the surface. These experiments present the advanced understanding of dust charging and transport on dusty surfaces, and laid a foundation for future investigations of its role in the surface evolution of airless planetary bodies.

Dust charging and mobilization is demonstrated in three experiments with exposure to thermal plasma with beam electrons, beam electrons only, or ultraviolet (UV) radiation only. These experiments present the advanced understanding of electrostatic dust transport and its role in shaping the surfaces of airless planetary bodies.

ほこりの充電と紫外放射またはプラズマへの露出表面上動員の実験方法

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

Corals are important ocean invertebrates that are critical for overall ocean health as well as human health. However, due to human impacts such as rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification, corals are increasingly under threat. To tackle these challenges, advances in cell and molecular biology have proven to be crucial for diagnosing the health of corals. Modifying some of the techniques commonly used in human medicine could greatly improve researchers&#39; ability to treat and save corals. To address this, a protocol for in situ hybridization used primarily in human medicine and evolutionary developmental biology has been adapted for use in adult corals under stress.
The purpose of this method is to visualize the spatial expression of an RNA probe in adult coral tissue that has been embedded in paraffin and sectioned onto glass slides. This method focuses on removal of the paraffin and rehydration of the sample, pretreatment of the sample to ensure permeability of the sample, pre-hybridization incubation, hybridization of the RNA probe, and visualization of the RNA probe. This is a powerful method when using non-model organisms to discover where specific genes are expressed, and the protocol can be easily adapted for other non-model organisms. However, the method is limited in that it is primarily qualitative, because expression intensity can vary depending on the amount of time used during the visualization step and the concentration of the probe. Furthermore, patience is required, as this protocol can take up to 5 days (and in many cases, longer) depending on the probe being used. Finally, non-specific background staining is common, but this limitation can be overcome.

In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Paraffin-Embedded Adult Coral Samples

The goal of this protocol is to perform in situ hybridization on adult coral samples that have been embedded in paraffin and sectioned onto glass slides. This is a qualitative method used to visualize the spatial expression of an RNA anti-sense probe in paraffin-embedded tissues.

その場でパラフィン埋め込まれた大人サンゴの標本の交配の技術

Corals are important ocean invertebrates that are critical for overall ocean health as well as human health. However, due to human impacts such as rising ...

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only recently have microplastics in freshwater systems, such as rivers and lakes, been quantified. Microplastic sampling at the surface usually consists of deploying drift nets behind either a stationary or moving boat, which limits the sampling to environments with low levels of suspended sediments and floating or submerged debris. Previous studies that employed drift nets to collect microplastic debris typically used nets with &#8805;300 &#181;m mesh size, allowing plastic debris (particles and fibers) below this size to pass through the net and elude quantification. The protocol detailed here enables: 1) sample collection in environments with high suspended loads and floating or submerged debris and 2) the capture and quantification of microplastic particles and fibers &lt;300 &#181;m. Water samples were collected using a peristaltic pump in low-density polyethylene (PE) containers to be stored before filtering and analysis in the lab. Filtration was done with a custom-made microplastic filtration device containing detachable union joints that housed nylon mesh sieves and mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. Mesh sieves and membrane filters were examined with a stereomicroscope to quantify and separate microplastic particulates and fibers. These materials were then examined using a micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro ATR-FTIR) to determine microplastic polymer type. Recovery was measured by spiking samples using blue PE particulates and green nylon fibers; percent recovery was determined to be 100% for particulates and 92% for fibers. This protocol will guide similar studies on microplastics in high velocity rivers with high concentrations of sediment. With simple modifications to the peristaltic pump and filtration device, users can collect and analyze various sample volumes and particulate sizes.

Most microplastic research to date has occurred in marine systems where suspended solid levels are relatively low. Focus is now shifting to freshwater systems, which may feature high sediment loads and floating debris. This protocol addresses collecting and analyzing microplastic samples from aquatic environments that contain high suspended solid loads.

サンプリング、並べ替え、および高い浮遊負荷と大きい浮遊残骸水圏環境における Microplastics の特性

The ubiquitous presence of plastic debris in the ocean is widely recognized by the public, scientific communities, and government agencies. However, only ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

デザインと二枚貝のサスペンションが海で餌を定量化するための装置の使用

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...