I.は、セルを融解 TN5細胞の凍結バイアルを取る、そして37℃の水浴中で解凍します。 25センチメートル2 TCフラスコ内の昆虫エクスプレス培地（Invitrogen、カタログ番号- 10486）5mlを追加します。エクスプレス5人がグルタミンなしで来ることに注意してください。100Xグルタミンペンの連鎖球菌または1 LTのメディアに単独でグルタミン10mlのを追加する必要があります。それにTN5細胞を追加し、27℃インキュベーターで30分間インキュベートする。その後、フラスコの底に付着した細胞を乱すことなく静かにDMSOと培地を吸引除去する。新鮮培地5mlを追加します。 II。細胞の成長と拡大毎日のセルを監視する。フラスコを約70％コンフルエントになると、両側にフラスコを叩いにより懸濁液中の細胞をもたらすと昆虫エクスプレス培地と細胞培養5mlの21 mlを加え175センチメートル2フラスコに細胞を移す。各T175フラスコは、最終的なボリュームとして25〜30ミリリットル培地で入力してください。コンフルエントフラスコを（約1万/ミリリットル濃）1 / 4、1 / 5必要に応じて分割する。細胞の生い茂るをさせてください。セルを分割している通路の数を数えます。それは細胞溶解を生じる細胞の老化を引き起こす可能性があるため、継代数30の上に成長しない。あなたは100万/ mlの濃度で目的のボリュームに達すると、細胞に感染。 私は一般的に通常seventy 175センチメートル2フラスコと約にのぼる2〜2.5リットル、最大成長する。 25 / 30ミリリットルフラスコ、または5つの1リットルの三角フラスコと約へ。各フラスコに400ミリリットルに500ミリリットル 注：どちらのT - 175プラグシールフラスコまたはコーニング三角フラスコで細胞を成長させることができる。三角フラスコで増殖する細胞は、速くて簡単です。 III。エンドポイント希釈法によるウイルスの力価測定<ol><li>エクスプレスfive SFM培地の200ulで平底96ウェルプレートにウェル当たりプレート3000から5000までの細胞。細胞は27℃で少なくとも30分間静しましょう​​。 </li><li>バキュロウイルスストックの連続希釈を行う。一つは、ウェル当たり250ulを使用して、96ウェルU底プレートの1行に1 / 10に希釈を行う必要があります。希釈液は、エクスプレスファイブSFM培地で作られています。 </li><li>マルチチャンネルピペットを用いて、細胞に様々な希釈の一定量（通常は20μlのを）転送する。 </li><li> 27 7日間° Cで培養。エッジの行からの蒸発を避けるために、パラフィルムでプレートの端を包む。 </li><li> 7日後、プレートをチェックし、ウイルスのどの希釈は50％の感染を与える決定する - このウイルスの濃度の半分の井戸が感染している）。その後pfu / mlの（PFU -プラーク形成単位）で表現される力価を、計算には次の式を使用してください。式は、ほとんどのバキュロウイルスのマニュアルに含まれています。 </li></ol> IV。細胞に感染それは、ウイルスの正確な力価を知ることが非常に重要です。ウイルスの必要な量を追加。ウイルスストックの調製のために細胞は、ウイルスの変異の生産に1（ファイブ細胞を1Highする1pfu）高MOIリード以上ではないの感染多重度（MOI）で感染されるべきである。タンパク質生産のため、通常の量はMO1 50から10までです。 例： mCD1dバキュロウイルスの力価= 1X108 pfu / mlの追加MOI = 1（ウイルスを増幅する）= 20X10 ^ 6細胞/フラスコ/ 1X10 ^ 8 pfu / mlの= 200 UL /フラスコ MOI = 5〜10（タンパク質の生産のための）20x10の場合= 1ミリリットルに2ミリリットル^ 6細胞/フラスコ感染後4日目に、感染細胞を見てください。彼らは、切り離されたフローティング、腫れや成形ソーセージでなければなりません。 上清を回復V. 感染フラスコから培地を取る、と250ミリリットル青色キャップファルコンスピニングボトルに移す。彼らはオートクレーブして再利用することができます。 200rpm、20分間、4℃で均一にボトルを記入し、ソーバルGSAローターで細胞を遠心分離上清を収集し、さらに精製するために進んでください。 VI。組換えmCD1dの精製<ol><li> 150mmのリン酸ナトリウム緩衝液（pH7.4）で透析し、濃度</li><li> Ni - NTAアガロースクロマトグラフィーにより、150​​mmのナトリウムリン酸200 mMのImmidazoleと+ B2MをmCD1dタンパク質を溶出させる</li><li> Immidazoleを取り除くために20mMのトリスHCl PH8緩衝液を用いて脱塩カラムを実行します。 </li><li>残りの汚染物質を除去するためにMonoQカラムを用いた陰イオン交換クロマトグラフィーを実行します。 </li><li> YM 30コンセントレータ（Millipore）を用いて1mg/mlに集中する </li><li>製造業者のプロトコル（アビディティ）によるとmCD1dのBirAを酵素biotynlation </li><li>遊離ビオチンは、生理食塩水（PBS）、pH7.4の緩衝化リン酸を用いてS200カラム（サイズ排除Chromatograpy）によって除去される。 biotynlated蛋白質の2〜3 MGSの平均は、上清2リットルから得ることができた</li><li> - GalCerをCD1d四量体の製造。 </li></ol> 、- GalCerをして​​水溶性biotynlated CD1d - B2をCD1d分子をロードするためにmは、PBS中の0.5％ツイーン-20、O.9％塩化ナトリウムに溶解- GalCerを三倍モル過剰、室温で一晩インキュベートする。ストレプトアビジンと室温で4時間インキュベート - 四量体はPEの4倍モル過剰の- GalCerをロードしたCD1dモノマーを混合することにより生成されます。 48℃で保存する

<ol>
	<li>Benlagha, K., Weiss, A., Beavis, A., Teyton, L., Bendelac, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+identification+of+glycolipipd+antigen-specific+T+cells+using+fluorecent+CD1d+tetramers.">In vivo identification of glycolipipd antigen-specific T cells using fluorecent CD1d tetramers.</a> J. Exp. Med. 191, 1895-1903 (2000).</li><li>Kinjo, Y., Wu, D., Kim, G., Xing, G. W., Poles, M. A., Ho, D. D., Tsuji, M., Kawahara, K., Wong, C. H., Kronenberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognition+of+bacterial+glycosphingolipids+by+natural+killer+T+cells.">Recognition of bacterial glycosphingolipids by natural killer T cells.</a> Nature. 434, 520-525 (2005).</li><li>Naidenko, O. V., Maher, J. K., Ernst, W. A., Sakai, T., Modlin, R. L., Kronenberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+and+antigen+presentation+of+ceramide-containing+glycolipids+by+soluble+mouse+and+human+CD1d+molecules.">Binding and antigen presentation of ceramide-containing glycolipids by soluble mouse and human CD1d molecules.</a> J. Exp. Med. 190, 1069-1080 (1999).</li><li>Porcelli, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+CD1+family:+A+third+lineage+of+antigen-+presenting+molecules.">The CD1 family: A third lineage of antigen- presenting molecules.</a> Adv. Immunol. 59, 1-98 (1995).</li><li>Sidobre, S., Kronemberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD1+tetramers:+A+powerful+tool+for+the+analysis+of+glycolipid-reactive+T+cells.">CD1 tetramers: A powerful tool for the analysis of glycolipid-reactive T cells.</a> J. Immunol. 169, 1340-1348 (2002).</li></ol>

この手順では、それは、開始の成長、昆虫細胞に感染し、これらの細胞を用いてバキュロウイルスの力価方法をする方法を示されています。この手順の最も重要な側面は、細胞の維持であり、バキュロウイルスの正確な力価を知ることができます。一度CD1四量体を生成して、それらが糖脂質反応性T細胞の解析のための強力なツールとして使用することができます。バキュロウイルスシステムは、この手順では、はるかに広い適用性を持つように、MHCクラスIIテトラマーを含む組換えタンパク質を生成するために広く使用されています。

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Express Five SFM</td>
<td> Serum Free Medium</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10486025</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>High Five TM</td>
<td> Insect Cells</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>B855-02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glutamine Pen strep</td>
<td>Antibiotics</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10378-016</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>25cm2 TC Flask</td>
<td> Plastic</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>10-126-28</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>175 cm2 TC Flask</td>
<td> Plug seal flask</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>10-126-8</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Erlenmeyer Flask</td>
<td> Cell Culture Flask</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>07 200 672</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>YM 30 Concenterator</td>
<td>30,000 MWCO</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>UFC 903096</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FPLC equipment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BrA Enzyme and Buffer</td>
<td> Biotinylation Kit</td>
<td>Avidity</td>
<td>BIRA500</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ni-NTA Agarose Column</td>
<td>His Tag Protein Purification Column</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Desalting column</td>
<td> To get Rod of Salt from Protein</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MonoQ Column</td>
<td>Anion Exchange Chromatgraphy</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>S200 Column</td>
<td> Size Exclusion Chromatography</td>
<td>GE Healthcare</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>alpha-Galcer</td>
<td> Glycolipid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE- Streptavidin</td>
<td> For conjugating Protein</td>
<td>Molecular Probe</td>
<td> S-866</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

a method for production of recombinant mcd1d protein in insect cells.

CD1タンパク質は、抗原提示分子の第3のクラスを構成する。彼らは、非共有結合β2-ミクログロブリンに関連付けられている約50 - kDaのグリコシル化重鎖として表現さ​​れる細胞表面の糖タンパク質です。彼らは脂質ではなく、ペプチドを結合する。それらの構造がMHCクラスIとクラスIIの抗原提示分子にCD1タンパク質の類似性を確認するものの、mCD1d溝は相対的に、狭く深く、そして非常に疎水性であり、それは古典的で説明したいくつかの浅いポケットの代わりに二つの結合ポケットを有するMHC -エンコードされた抗原提示分子。それらのアミノ酸配列に基づいて、そのようなhydrobphobic溝は脂質抗原の結合のための理想的な環境を提供します。 ナチュラルキラーT（NKT）細胞は、CD1dによってバインドされるか提示糖脂質を認識するために彼らのTCRを使用してください。 CD1から提示された脂質に反応性T細胞は自己免疫と感染症予防にと腫瘍拒絶に関与してきた。したがって、識別、浄化とcd1 -反応性NKT細胞の応答を追跡する機能は非常に重要です。 CD1dによるアルファガラクトシルセラミド（α- GalCerを）の四量体の生成は、NKT細胞の生物学の重要な洞察を持っています。他のCD1分子から構成された四量体も生成されており、これらの新しい試薬を大幅に脂質反応性T細胞の機能の知識を拡大し、脂質ベースのワクチンに対する応答を監視することで、自己免疫疾患やその他の診断に利用できる可能性を治療法。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method For Production of Recombinant mCD1d Protein in Insect Cells. at JoVE.com

A Method For Production of Recombinant mCD1d Protein in Insect Cells.

昆虫細胞を調製し、mCD1d四量体を生成する組換えmCD1d proteinandの生産を目的とバキュロウイルスとそれらを感染させる方法。

昆虫細胞における組換えmCD1dタンパク質の製造方法。

CD1 proteins constitute a third class of antigen-presenting molecules. They are cell surface glycoproteins, expressed as approximately 50-kDa glycosylated ...

a-method-for-production-of-recombinant-mcd1d-protein-in-insect-cells

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.7K ビュー.  La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology. 昆虫細胞を調製し、mCD1d四量体を生成する組換えmCD1d proteinandの生産を目的とバキュロウイルスとそれらを感染させる方法。

ビデオ: A Method For Production of Recombinant mCD1d Protein in Insect Cells.

Pyrosequencing: A Simple Method for Accurate Genotyping

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.


Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.

パイロシーケンシング：正確なジェノタイピングのための簡単​​な方法

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a ...

生物学

A Protocol for Phage Display and Affinity Selection Using Recombinant Protein Baits

Using recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules is an efficient means to discover interactions. The technique has largely been used to discover protein-protein interactions but the bait molecule to be challenged need not be restricted to proteins. The protocol presented here has been optimized to allow a modest number of baits to be screened in replicates to maximize the identification of independent clones presenting the same protein. This permits greater confidence that interacting proteins identified are legitimate interactors of the bait molecule. Monitoring the phage titer after each affinity selection round provides information on how the affinity selection is progressing as well as on the efficacy of negative controls. One means of titering the phage, and how and what to prepare in advance to allow this process to progress as efficiently as possible, is presented. Attributes of amplicons retrieved following isolation of independent plaque are highlighted that can be used to ascertain how well the affinity selection has progressed. Trouble shooting techniques to minimize false positives or to bypass persistently recovered phage are explained. Means of reducing viral contamination flare up are discussed.

Phage display is a powerful technique to capture proteins or protein moieties that interact with an immobilized molecule of interest. Once a decision of the type of phage cDNA library to create and screen has been made, the protocol described here permits efficient affinity selection leading to identification of interactors.

組換えタンパク質ベイトを用いてファージディスプレイおよび親和性選択のためのプロトコル

Using  recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by  a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules ...

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana

Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short period of time. However, this technology is only just beginning to be applied to large-scale production as many technological obstacles to scale up are now being overcome. Here, we demonstrate a simple and reproducible method for industrial-scale transient protein production based on vacuum infiltration of Nicotiana plants with Agrobacteria carrying launch vectors. Optimization of Agrobacterium cultivation in AB medium allows direct dilution of the bacterial culture in Milli-Q water, simplifying the infiltration process. Among three tested species of Nicotiana, N. excelsiana (N. benthamiana &#215; N. excelsior) was selected as the most promising host due to the ease of infiltration, high level of reporter protein production, and about two-fold higher biomass production under controlled environmental conditions. Induction of Agrobacterium harboring pBID4-GFP (Tobacco mosaic virus-based) using chemicals such as acetosyringone and monosaccharide had no effect on the protein production level. Infiltrating plant under 50 to 100 mbar for 30 or 60 sec resulted in about 95% infiltration of plant leaf tissues. Infiltration with Agrobacterium laboratory strain GV3101 showed the highest protein production compared to Agrobacteria laboratory strains LBA4404 and C58C1 and wild-type Agrobacteria strains at6, at10, at77 and A4. Co-expression of a viral RNA silencing suppressor, p23 or p19, in N. benthamiana resulted in earlier accumulation and increased production (15-25%) of target protein (influenza virus hemagglutinin).

Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana

Transient protein production in Nicotiana plants based on vacuum infiltration with Agrobacteria carrying launch vectors (Tobacco mosaic virus-based) is a rapid and economic approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins. We simplified the procedure and improved target accumulation by optimizing conditions of bacteria cultivation, selecting host species, and co-introducing RNA silencing suppressors.

最適化と利用の<em&gt;アグロバクテリウム</em中&gt;媒介一過性タンパク質産生<em&gt;タバコ</em

Agrobacterium-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short ...

Efficient Production and Purification of Recombinant Murine Kindlin-3 from Insect Cells for Biophysical Studies

Kindlins are essential coactivators, with talin, of the cell surface receptors&#160;integrins and also participate in integrin outside-in signalling, and the control of gene transcription in the cell nucleus. The kindlins are ~75 kDa multidomain proteins and bind to an NPxY motif and upstream T/S cluster of the integrin &#946;-subunit cytoplasmic tail. The hematopoietically-important kindlin isoform, kindlin-3, is critical for platelet aggregation during thrombus formation, leukocyte rolling in response to infection and inflammation and osteoclast podocyte formation in bone resorption. Kindlin-3&#39;s role in these processes has resulted in extensive cellular and physiological studies. However, there is a need for an efficient method of acquiring high quality milligram quantities of the protein for further studies. We have developed a protocol, here described, for the efficient expression and purification of recombinant murine kindlin-3 by use of a baculovirus-driven expression system in Sf9 cells yielding sufficient amounts of high purity full-length protein to allow its biophysical characterization. The same approach could be taken in the study of the other mammalian kindlin isoforms.

Kindlins are fundamental to cell adhesion through integrins but studies of them have been hampered by the difficulty encountered in expressing them recombinantly in bacterial hosts. We describe here methods for their efficient production in baculovirus-infected insect cells.

生物物理学研究のための昆虫細胞からの効率的な生産と組換えマウスKindlin-3の精製

Kindlins are essential coactivators, with talin, of the cell surface receptors&#160;integrins and also participate in integrin outside-in signalling, and ...

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live cells. BRET is the non-radiative transfer of energy from a 'donor' luciferase enzyme to an 'acceptor' fluorescent protein. In the most common configuration of this assay, the donor is Renilla reniformis luciferase and the acceptor is Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Because the efficiency of energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent, observation of the BRET phenomenon requires that the donor and acceptor be in close proximity. To test for an interaction between two proteins of interest in cultured mammalian cells, one protein is expressed as a fusion with luciferase and the second as a fusion with YFP. An interaction between the two proteins of interest may bring the donor and acceptor sufficiently close for energy transfer to occur. Compared to other techniques for investigating protein-protein interactions, the BRET assay is sensitive, requires little hands-on time and few reagents, and is able to detect interactions which are weak, transient, or dependent on the biochemical environment found within a live cell. It is therefore an ideal approach for confirming putative interactions suggested by yeast two-hybrid or mass spectrometry proteomics studies, and in addition it is well-suited for mapping interacting regions, assessing the effect of post-translational modifications on protein-protein interactions, and evaluating the impact of mutations identified in patient DNA.

Interactions between proteins are fundamental to all cellular processes. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, the interaction between a pair of proteins can be monitored in live cells and in real time. Furthermore, the effects of potentially pathogenic mutations can be assessed.

生物発光共鳴エネルギー転移を用いて生細胞中のタンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用を調査する

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live ...

Recombinant Protein Expression for Structural Biology in HEK 293F Suspension Cells: A Novel and Accessible Approach

The expression and purification of large amounts of recombinant protein complexes is an essential requirement for structural biology studies. For over two decades, prokaryotic expression systems such as E. coli have dominated the scientific literature over costly and less efficient eukaryotic cell lines. Despite the clear advantage in terms of yields and costs of expressing recombinant proteins in bacteria, the absence of specific co-factors, chaperones and post-translational modifications may cause loss of function, mis-folding and can disrupt protein-protein interactions of certain eukaryotic multi-subunit complexes, surface receptors and secreted proteins. The use of mammalian cell expression systems can address these drawbacks since they provide a eukaryotic expression environment. However, low protein yields and high costs of such methods have until recently limited their use for structural biology. Here we describe a simple and accessible method for expressing and purifying milligram quantities of protein by performing transient transfections of suspension grown HEK (Human Embryonic Kidney) 293F cells.

The expression of recombinant proteins by mammalian systems is becoming an attractive method for producing protein complexes for structural biology. Here we present a simple yet highly efficient expression system using suspension grown mammalian cells to purify protein complexes for structural studies.

HEK 293F懸濁細胞における構造生物学のための組換えタンパク質の発現：小説とアクセアプローチ

The expression and purification of large amounts of recombinant protein complexes is an essential requirement for structural biology studies. For over two ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

A streamlined approach to screening for the expression of recombinant membrane proteins in Escherichia coli based on fusion to green fluorescent protein is presented.

膜タンパク質の緑色蛍光タンパク質ベースの発現スクリーニングで<em&gt;エシェリヒア·コリ</em

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

A Comparative Analysis of Recombinant Protein Expression in Different Biofactories: Bacteria, Insect Cells and Plant Systems

Plant-based systems are considered a valuable platform for the production of recombinant proteins as a result of their well-documented potential for the flexible, low-cost production of high-quality, bioactive products.
In this study, we compared the expression of a target human recombinant protein in traditional fermenter-based cell cultures (bacterial and insect) with plant-based expression systems, both transient and stable.
For each platform, we described the set-up, optimization and length of the production process, the final product quality and the yields and we evaluated provisional production costs, specific for the selected target recombinant protein.
Overall, our results indicate that bacteria are unsuitable for the production of the target protein due to its accumulation within insoluble inclusion bodies. On the other hand, plant-based systems are versatile platforms that allow the production of the selected protein at lower-costs than Baculovirus/insect cell system. In particular, stable transgenic lines displayed the highest-yield of the final product and transient expressing plants the fastest process development. However, not all recombinant proteins may benefit from plant-based systems but the best production platform should be determined empirically with a case-by-case approach, as described here.

In this study the expression of a target human recombinant protein in different production platforms was compared. We focused on traditional fermenter-based cultures and on plants, describing the set-up of each system and highlighting, on the basis of the reported results, the inherent limits and advantages for each platform.

細菌、昆虫細胞およびプラントシステムズ：異なるバイオファクトリーでの組換えタンパク質発現の比較分析

Plant-based systems are considered a valuable platform for the production of recombinant proteins as a result of their well-documented potential for the ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

ゼブラフィッシュにおける腎毒素マイクロインジェクションは急性腎障害をモデルに

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

A Graphical User Interface for Software-assisted Tracking of Protein Concentration in Dynamic Cellular Protrusions

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex signaling mechanisms underlying filopodial initiation, elongation and subsequent stabilization or retraction, it is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal protein activity in these dynamic structures. To analyze protein function in filopodia, we recently developed a semi-automated tracking algorithm that adapts to filopodial shape-changes, thus allowing parallel analysis of protrusion dynamics and relative protein concentration along the whole filopodial length. Here, we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for optimized cell handling, image acquisition and software analysis. We further provide instructions for the use of optional features during image analysis and data representation, as well as troubleshooting guidelines for all critical steps along the way. Finally, we also include a comparison of the described image analysis software with other programs available for filopodia quantification. Together, the presented protocol provides a framework for accurate analysis of protein dynamics in filopodial protrusions using image analysis software.

We present a software solution for semi-automated tracking of relative protein concentration along the length of dynamic cellular protrusions.

動的細胞突起におけるソフトウェア支援トラッキングのためのグラフィカルユーザインタフェース

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex ...