筆者らの研究室で仕事に支えられたスタンパーリアラヴェッロ ローマ、テレソン (付与なし。GGP14066)。

<ol>
	<li>Dadon-Nachum, M., Melamed, E., Offen, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+&amp;#34;dying-back&amp;#34;+phenomenon+of+motor+neurons+in+ALS.">The &amp;#34;dying-back&amp;#34; phenomenon of motor neurons in ALS.</a> J Mol Neurosci. 43 (3), 470-477 (2011).</li><li>Dobrowolny, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+Muscle+Is+a+Primary+Target+of+SOD1G93A-Mediated+Toxicity.">Skeletal Muscle Is a Primary Target of SOD1G93A-Mediated Toxicity.</a> Cell Metab. 8 (5), 425-436 (2008).</li><li>Mantilla, C. B., Zhan, W. Z., Sieck, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurotrophins+improve+neuromuscular+transmission+in+the+adult+rat+diaphragm.">Neurotrophins improve neuromuscular transmission in the adult rat diaphragm.</a> Muscle Nerve. 29 (3), 381-386 (2004).</li><li>Prakash, Y. S., Miyata, H., Zhan, W. Z., Sieck, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivity-induced+remodeling+of+neuromuscular+junctions+in+rat+diaphragmatic+muscle.">Inactivity-induced remodeling of neuromuscular junctions in rat diaphragmatic muscle.</a> Muscle Nerve. 22 (3), 307-319 (1999).</li><li>Sieck, D. C., Zhan, W. Z., Fang, Y. H., Ermilov, L. G., Sieck, G. C., Mantilla, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure-activity+relationships+in+rodent+diaphragm+muscle+fibers+vs.+neuromuscular+junctions.">Structure-activity relationships in rodent diaphragm muscle fibers vs. neuromuscular junctions.</a> Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 180 (1), 88-96 (2012).</li><li>Van Lunteren, E., Moyer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+DAP+on+diaphragm+force+and+fatigue,+including+fatigue+due+to+neurotransmission+failure.">Effects of DAP on diaphragm force and fatigue, including fatigue due to neurotransmission failure.</a> J Appl Physiol. 81 (5), 2214-2220 (1996).</li><li>Van Lunteren, E., Moyer, M., Kaminski, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adverse+effects+of+myasthenia+gravis+on+rat+phrenic+diaphragm+contractile+performance.">Adverse effects of myasthenia gravis on rat phrenic diaphragm contractile performance.</a> J Appl Physiol. 97 (3), 895-901 (2004).</li><li>Lee, Y., Mikesh, M., Smith, I., Rimer, M., Thompson, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscles+in+a+mouse+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy+show+profound+defects+in+neuromuscular+development+even+in+the+absence+of+failure+in+neuromuscular+transmission+or+loss+of+motor+neurons.">Muscles in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy show profound defects in neuromuscular development even in the absence of failure in neuromuscular transmission or loss of motor neurons.</a> Dev Biol. 356 (2), 432-444 (2011).</li><li>Personius, K. E., Sawyer, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variability+and+failure+of+neurotransmission+in+the+diaphragm+of+mdx+mice.">Variability and failure of neurotransmission in the diaphragm of mdx mice.</a> Neuromuscular Disord. 16 (3), 168-177 (2006).</li><li>R&#246;der, I. V., Petersen, Y., Choi, K. R., Witzemann, V., Hammer, J. A., Rudolf, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+myosin+Va+in+the+plasticity+of+the+vertebrate+neuromuscular+junction+in+vivo.">Role of myosin Va in the plasticity of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction in vivo.</a> PLoS ONE. 3 (12), e3871 (2008).</li><li>Chevessier, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+for+congenital+myasthenic+syndrome+due+to+MuSK+mutations+reveals+defects+in+structure+and+function+of+neuromuscular+junctions.">A mouse model for congenital myasthenic syndrome due to MuSK mutations reveals defects in structure and function of neuromuscular junctions.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 17 (22), 3577-3595 (2008).</li><li>Farchi, N., Soreq, H., Hochner, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+acetylcholinesterase+overexpression+induces+multilevelled+aberrations+in+mouse+neuromuscular+physiology.">Chronic acetylcholinesterase overexpression induces multilevelled aberrations in mouse neuromuscular physiology.</a> J Physiol. 546 (1), 165-173 (2002).</li><li>Kuei, J. H., Shadmehr, R., Sieck, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relative+contribution+of+neurotransmission+failure+to+diaphragm+fatigue.">Relative contribution of neurotransmission failure to diaphragm fatigue.</a> J Appl Physiol (Bethesda, Md: 1985). 68 (1), 174-180 (1990).</li><li>Del Prete, Z., Musar&#242;, A., Rizzuto, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+mechanical+properties,+including+isotonic+fatigue,+of+fast+and+slow+MLC/mIgf-1+transgenic+skeletal+muscle.">Measuring mechanical properties, including isotonic fatigue, of fast and slow MLC/mIgf-1 transgenic skeletal muscle.</a> Ann Biomed Eng. 36 (7), 1281-1290 (2008).</li><li>Lynch, G. S., Hinkle, R. T., Chamberlain, J. S., Brooks, S. V., Faulkner, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force+and+power+output+of+fast+and+slow+skeletal+muscles+from+mdx+mice+6-28+months+old.">Force and power output of fast and slow skeletal muscles from mdx mice 6-28 months old.</a> J Physiol. 535 (2), 591-600 (2001).</li><li>Brooks, S. V., Faulkner, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contractile+properties+of+skeletal+muscles+from+young,+adult+and+aged+mice.">Contractile properties of skeletal muscles from young, adult and aged mice.</a> J Physiol. 404, 71-82 (1988).</li><li>Lynch, G. S., Hinkle, R. T., Faulkner, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force+and+power+output+of+diaphragm+muscle+strips+from+mdx+and+control+mice+after+clenbuterol+treatment.">Force and power output of diaphragm muscle strips from mdx and control mice after clenbuterol treatment.</a> Neuromuscul Disord. 11 (2), 192-196 (2001).</li><li>Rizzuto, E., Pisu, S., Musar, A., Del Prete, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+Neuromuscular+Junction+Functionality+in+the+SOD1+G93A+Animal+Model+of+Amyotrophic+Lateral+Sclerosis.">Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality in the SOD1 G93A Animal Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.</a> Ann Biomed Eng . 43, (2015).</li><li>Soliani, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manuale di statistica per la ricerca e la professione statistica univariata e bivariata parametrica e non-parametrica per le discipline ambientali e biologiche. , (2004).</li><li>Gurney, M. E., Pu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+neuron+degeneration+in+mice+that+express+a+human+Cu,Zn+superoxide+dismutase+mutation.">Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase mutation.</a> Science (New York, N.Y). 264 (5166), 1772-1775 (1994).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

上記実験のプロトコルは、測定、差別または筋肉に直接に発生した任意の機能変化間接的神経筋接合部のレベルでの理想的な方法を提供します。この手法は NMJ 機能の間接測定に基づいているので、かどうか瑕疵は形態学的変化または生化学的変化に関係を確立する使用できません。対照的に、任意の形態学的または生化学的変化が神経伝達シグナルの機能を減らしたかどうかを決定するの効果的な方法を用意します。しかし、力の測定が完了したら、筋肉お風呂から削除、消された、最適の長さで固定、埋め込み化合物に囲まれたできイソペンタンを溶解で急速凍結されました。筋肉は、免疫組織化学的、形態学的分析など-80 ° C 以降の評価のために格納できます。
我々 はここで提案する手法は、初めて NMJ と筋肉の機能を特徴づけるいくつかのパラメーターの測定を組み合わせた実験的テスト プロトコルに基づいています。3 つの重要なポイントは、この手法には、信頼性の高い結果が得られますを確認します。
まず、骨格筋切除は比較的一般的な手法では今、余分な注意が必要、神経を筋肉をそのままに保つために手術の手順を実行するとき。オペレーターの能力は他の実験モデルを試行前に、こうしてコントロール マウスでテストされなければなりません。コントロール マウス、直接的および間接的な刺激に対する筋収縮反応は抑え、コントロール オペレーターの手術能力を同じように期待されます。
もう一つの重要なポイントは、直接パルス神経の刺激内の筋肉の枝によって、筋肉がアクティブ化はしないし、神経に適用パルスがお風呂で現在を広めることで artefactual 方法で筋肉を行わなかったことを確認する必要です。最初のポイントは、D-ツボクラリンの前後に膜上に直接筋肉が刺激される実験の別のセットを実行することによってテストできます (25 μ M) は、生理学的なお風呂に追加されています。激の現在の値が修正されると、筋肉応答が D ツボクラリンの付加によって変更しないでください。第 2 の点は、切除した神経の長さに関連しているし、はこうして変化しやすい。吸引電極の電流は、プロトコルのセクションで説明した各テストを開始する前に評価されなければなりません。
最後に、NMJ 機能は、直接的および間接的な刺激に対する筋の反応を比較することによって評価されて、以来電気パルスの非常に正確に同期する必要があります。この点は、プロトコルの中に筋肉が刺激される一度神経を膜に、14 回の終わりに 2 つ疲労パラダイムのため特に重要です。刺激フェーズと残り時間の両方が非常に低いので (0.33 s と 0.67 横隔膜の s)、非常に低い遅れも 1 つ 2 つのコンパートメントのアンバランスの刺激に 。

神経筋接合部 (NMJ) は、筋線維の運動終板と運動ニューロンの軸索の端末間の接続によって形成される化学シナプスです。略記は、筋肉と神経との間の通信が高齢化や筋萎縮性側索硬化症 (ALS) が発生すると、障害に重要な役割を再生する示されています。筋肉や神経は、双方向の方法1,2通信、筋肉奇形とは切り離して NMJ 欠陥を測定することができるという、physiopathological の相互作用に新たな洞察があります。確かに、この機能の評価は、形態や生化学的変化を減らす神経伝達機能を伝達するかどうかを評価するために役立つことがあります。
神経刺激と同じ筋に、膜の直接刺激によって誘発される応答による筋収縮反応の比較は NMJ 機能の間接測定として提案されています。確かに、膜刺激パスによって神経伝達シグナル、以来 2 つの収縮応答の違いと思われる略記で変更します。このアプローチをラット3,4,5,6、7、広く提案されており、またマウス モデル8,9,10、11,12に関する情報を収集するために使用します。
ここでは、私たちは消費税し、2 つの筋の準備、すなわちヒラメ坐骨とダイヤフラム隔の準備をテストする手順の詳細に説明します。特注を使用してソフトウェア、考案した NMJ と筋肉の両方の機能を特徴付けるいくつかの測定を組み合わせた連続的なテスト プロトコルそれにより筋肉の別々 に NMJ 損傷の包括的な評価を降伏します。特に、収縮力と筋の動態、直接力周波数曲線, 神経刺激、発砲とテタヌス周波数と intratetanic 疲労7の両方の神経伝達障害13プロトコルを測定します。

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			<td style="width:135px;">300B</td>
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			<td style="width:161px;">Aurora Scientific Inc.</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Scalpel Blades #11</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">nylon wire &#216;0.16 mm</td>
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measuring neuromuscular junction functionality

神経筋接合部 (NMJ) 機能は運動ニューロンと筋肉の間の通信障害、加齢、筋萎縮性側索硬化症 (ALS) などの病気を勉強して極めて重要な役割を果たしています。ここで述べる NMJ 機能を電気刺激の 2 つのタイプを組み合わせることで測定するために使用することができます実験的プロトコル: 筋膜刺激と神経を通して刺激を直接します。これらの 2 つの異なる刺激に対する筋反応の比較は、筋肉の機能低下につながる略記で潜在的な変化の機能レベルで定義する助けることができます。
Ex vivo準備はよく統制された研究に適しています。ここで筋肉と NMJ 機能ヒラメ坐骨神経の準備のため、ダイヤフラム横隔神経の準備のためのいくつかのパラメーターを測定するための集中的なプロトコルについて述べる。プロトコルは約 60 分を持続し、カスタムメイドによる間断なく行われている収縮動態特性、筋肉や神経の刺激の力周波数の関係と 2 つパラメーター NMJ 機能に固有すなわち神経伝達障害と intratetanic の疲労を測定するソフトウェア。この方法論は、SOD1G93Aトランスジェニック マウス、普遍的突然変異体の抗酸化酵素スーパーオキシドジスムターゼ 1 (SOD1) を染色 ALS の実験モデルを用いたヒラメ筋と横隔膜筋の準備で損害を検出する使用されました。

我々 が説明されたプロトコルでは、いくつかの神経筋疾患や老化サルコペニア機能神経について説明します。かどうか (その場合は、どのレベルで) は、このプロトコルを使用することができます筋肉の変化がそれ自体筋肉または神経筋伝達で発生する選択の変更によるものです。下図のデータは、我々 グループの18、20疾患の末期で筋萎縮性側索硬化症の SOD1G93Aトランスジェニック マウス モデルの実施による前の仕事の結果です。G93A SOD1 のトランスジェニック マウスでは、突然変異体の抗酸化酵素スーパーオキシドジスムターゼ 1 (SOD1) 普遍的染色します。図 3 と 4 は、dF/dt とヒラメ坐骨神経 (左) およびダイヤフラム横隔神経 (右) 準備テタヌス力値を示します。これらの結果は、厳密に筋肉自体に関連するものではなく NMJ に関連している遺伝子の筋肉の機能的な欠陥を検出するここで提案する手法の能力を発揮します。確かに、dF/dt と筋の力の両方の SOD1G93Aヒラメ筋は制御筋肉の直接刺激し、神経を刺激したときのさらなる削減を表示するときと比べて低収縮反応を表示されます。対照的に、穏やかな変化が観察されたこれらの 2 つのパラメーターで横隔膜筋ストリップが膜を刺激された横隔膜筋が神経が刺激されたときに重要な変化が検出されたに対し。
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55227/55227fig3.jpg"> 
図 3- 収縮動態。ダイヤフラムはヒラメ (A) と (B) 準備のための df/dt の ± SEM を意味します。ヒラメ筋標本表示大幅な減速を直接刺激されるとき (-27%)、および神経を刺激したときのさらなる減少 (-58%)。横隔膜標本は減速神経を刺激した場合にのみ表示されます (-30%)。リツートら18から適応。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55227/55227fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55227/55227fig4.jpg"> 
図 4-テタヌス力。ダイヤフラムはヒラメ (A) と (B) 準備のテタヌス特定力の ± SEM を意味します。ヒラメ筋標本表示大幅な減速を直接刺激されるとき (-26%)、および神経を刺激したときのさらなる減少 (-50%)。横隔膜標本表示力の減少は神経を刺激した場合にのみ (-44%)。リツートら18から適応。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55227/55227fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
Intratetanic 疲労と神経伝達障害の評価は、NMJ 測定する特定のパラメーターを許可しました。図 5 intratetanic の疲労 (もしあればヒラメ筋 (図 5 a) の筋疲労のパラダイムの中に測定) の平均値を示しています、ダイヤフラムを取り除きます (図 5 b)。プロトコル セクションの報告を用いて疲労パラダイムは略記をも強調するように筋肉は開発されました。その結果、IF 測定直接筋肉刺激は絶対に変更されません。確かに、IF には、神経刺激が異なるマウス系統間の比較を考慮する必要がありますパラメーターが計算されます。我々 の結果は、トランスジェニック ヒラメでコントロール対応より横隔膜の筋肉低下していた場合を表示します。この違いは小さな筋肉欠損が検出されたダイヤフラムのより大きいとの大きな筋肉の損傷が既に測定してしまった、ヒラメの小さい。それは、トランスジェニック ヒラメ筋は大幅に、破損以来 NMJ 評価が正しいトランスジェニック筋肉力刺激の null 値を返すのにかかる時間は、刺激の最大 8 分間だけ心に負担すべき。トランスジェニックのヒラメ筋刺激の 8 分後の値は基本的にノイズを表す場合。
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55227/55227fig5.jpg"> 
図 5-Intratetanic 疲労します。Intratetanic ダイヤフラムはヒラメ (A) と (B) 筋肉疲労には、トランスジェニック NMJ 機能の大幅な減少が表示されます。値は、平均 ± SEM. 適合リッツートら18からです。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55227/55227fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
図 6は、ヒラメ (図 6 a)、横隔膜 (図 6 b) 標本単位テタヌス周波数で神経伝達障害を示します。場合結果に沿って神経伝達の不具合見つかりませんでした, ヒラメ筋横隔膜筋標本が神経筋接合部の疲労度の大幅な増加を表示。
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55227/55227fig6.jpg"> 
図 6-神経伝達障害。神経伝達障害がヒラメ筋 (A) すべての変更を表示されませんでした、形質 NMJ 機能が大幅に低下を強調表示されているダイヤフラムのストリップ (B)。値は、平均 ± SEM. 適合リッツートら18からです。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/55227/55227fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality at JoVE.com

Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality

神経筋接合部 (NMJ) の機能評価は、筋肉と神経の間の通信に不可欠な情報を提供できます。ここで使用して 2 つの異なる筋神経剤、すなわちヒラメ坐骨とダイヤフラム隔 NMJ と筋肉の両方の機能を総合的に評価するためのプロトコルについて述べる。

神経筋接合部機能を測定

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) functionality plays a pivotal role when studying diseases in which the communication between motor neuron and muscle is ...

measuring-neuromuscular-junction-functionality

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17.8K ビュー.  Sapienza University of Rome. 神経筋接合部 (NMJ) の機能評価は、筋肉と神経の間の通信に不可欠な情報を提供できます。ここで使用して 2 つの異なる筋神経剤、すなわちヒラメ坐骨とダイヤフラム隔 NMJ と筋肉の両方の機能を総合的に評価するためのプロトコルについて述べる。

ビデオ: Measuring Neuromuscular Junction Functionality

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The Drosophila larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila is well known for the ease of powerful genetic manipulations and the larval nervous system has proven particularly useful in studying not only normal function but also perturbations that accompany some neurological disease (Lloyd and Taylor, 2010). Many key synaptic molecules found in Drosophila are also found in mammals and like most CNS excitatory synapses in mammals, the Drosophila NMJ is glutamatergic and demonstrates activity-dependent remodeling (Kohet al. , 2000). Additionally, Drosophila neurons can be individually identified because their innervation patterns are stereotyped and repetitive making it possible to study identified synaptic terminals, such as those between motor neurons and the body-wall muscle fibers that they innervate (Keshishian and Kim, 2004). The existence of evolutionarily conserved synapse components along with the ease of genetic and physical manipulation make the Drosophila model ideal for investigating the mechanisms underlying synaptic function (Budnik, 1996).
The active zones at synaptic terminals are of particular interest because these are the sites of neurotransmitter release. NC82 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the Drosophila protein Bruchpilot (Brp), a CAST1/ERC family member that is an important component of the active zone (Waghet al. , 2006). Brp was shown to directly shape the active zone T-bar and is responsible for effectively clustering Ca2+ channels beneath the T-bar density (Fouquetet al. , 2009). Mutants of Brp have reduced Ca2+ channel density, depressed evoked vesicle release, and altered short-term plasticity (Kittelet al. , 2006). Alterations to active zones have been observed in Drosophila disease models. For example, immunofluorescence using the NC82 antibody showed that the active zone density was decreased in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (Ratnaparkhiet al. , 2008; Zweieret al. , 2009). Thus, evaluation of active zones, or other synaptic proteins, in Drosophila larvae models of disease may provide a valuable initial clue to the presence of a synaptic defect.
Preparing whole-mount dissected Drosophila larvae for immunofluorescence analysis of the NMJ requires some skill, but can be accomplished by most scientists with a little practice. Presented is a method that provides for multiple larvae to be dissected and immunostained in the same dissection dish, limiting environmental differences between each genotype and providing sufficient animals for confidence in reproducibility and statistical analysis.

Dissection and Imaging of Active Zones in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila melanogaster is an important model system for studying normal synaptic function as well as perturbations to synaptic function found in certain neurological diseases. We present a protocol for dissection of the Drosophila larval motor system and immunostaining for active zone proteins within the NMJ.

で、アクティブなゾーンの解剖とイメージングショウジョウバエ神経筋接合部

The Drosophila  larvae neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for the study of synaptic structure and function. Drosophila  is well known for ...

神経科学

Sequential Photo-bleaching to Delineate Single Schwann Cells at the Neuromuscular Junction

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system and has served as guiding model to study synaptic structure and function. In mouse NMJs motor axon terminals form pretzel-like contact sites with muscle fibers. The motor axon and its terminal are sheathed by SCs. Over the past decades, several transgenic mice have been generated to visualize motor neurons and SCs, for example Thy1-XFP1 and Plp-GFP mice2, respectively.
Along motor axons, myelinating axonal SCs are arranged in non-overlapping internodes, separated by nodes of Ranvier, to enable saltatory action potential propagation. In contrast, terminal SCs at the synapse are specialized glial cells, which monitor and promote neurotransmission, digest debris and guide regenerating axons. NMJs are tightly covered by up to half a dozen non-myelinating terminal SCs - these, however, cannot be individually resolved by light microscopy, as they are in direct membrane contact3.
Several approaches exist to individually visualize terminal SCs. None of these are flawless, though. For instance, dye filling, where single cells are impaled with a dye-filled microelectrode, requires destroying a labelled cell before filling a second one. This is not compatible with subsequent time-lapse recordings3. Multi-spectral "Brainbow" labeling of SCs has been achieved by using combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins4. However, this technique requires combining several transgenes and is limited by the expression pattern of the promoters used. In the future, expression of "photo-switchable" proteins in SCs might be yet another alternative5. Here we present sequential photo-bleaching, where single cells are bleached, and their image obtained by subtraction. We believe that this approach - due to its ease and versatility - represents a lasting addition to the neuroscientist's technology palette, especially as it can be used in vivo and transferred to others cell types, anatomical sites or species6.
In the following protocol, we detail the application of sequential bleaching and subsequent confocal time-lapse microscopy to terminal SCs in triangularis sterni muscle explants. This thin, superficial and easily dissected nerve-muscle preparation7,8 has proven useful for studies of NMJ development, physiology and pathology9. Finally, we explain how the triangularis sterni muscle is prepared after fixation to perform correlated high-resolution confocal imaging, immunohistochemistry or ultrastructural examinations.

Visualizing individual cells in densely packed tissues, such as terminal Schwann cells (SCs) at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), is challenging. "Sequential photo-bleaching" allows delineating single terminal SCs, for instance in the triangularis sterni muscle explant, a convenient nerve-muscle preparation, where sequential bleaching can be combined with time-lapse imaging and post-hoc immunostainings.

シーケンシャル神経筋接合部におけるシングルシュワン細胞の輪郭を描くのにフォトブリーチング

Sequential photo-bleaching provides a non-invasive way to label individual SCs at the NMJ. The NMJ is the largest synapse of the mammalian nervous system ...

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

Analysis of neuromuscular junction morphology can give important insight into the physiological status of a given motor neuron. Analysis of thin flat muscles can offer significant advantage over traditionally used thicker muscles, such as those from the hind limb (e.g. gastrocnemius). Thin muscles allow for comprehensive overview of the entire innervation pattern for a given muscle, which in turn permits identification of selectively vulnerable pools of motor neurons. These muscles also allow analysis of parameters such as motor unit size, axonal branching, and terminal/nodal sprouting. A common obstacle in using such muscles is gaining the technical expertise to dissect them. In this video, we detail the protocol for dissecting the transversus abdominis (TVA) muscle from young mice and performing immunofluorescence to visualize axons and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). We demonstrate that this technique gives a complete overview of the innervation pattern of the TVA muscle&#160;and can be used to investigate NMJ pathology in a mouse model of the childhood motor neuron disease, spinal muscular atrophy.

Dissection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle for Whole-mount Neuromuscular Junction Analysis

In this video we demonstrate a protocol for dissection of the transversus abdominis muscle of the mouse and use immunofluorescence and microscopy to visualize neuromuscular junctions.

全マウント神経筋接合解析のための トランス対アブドミン筋 の解剖

Analysis of neuromuscular junction morphology can give important insight into the physiological status of a given motor neuron. Analysis of thin flat ...

Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

Discs large (Dlg) is a conserved member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, and serves as a major scaffolding protein at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Drosophila. Previous studies have shown that the postsynaptic distribution of Dlg at the larval NMJ overlaps with that of Hu-li tai shao (Hts), a homologue to the mammalian adducins. In addition, Dlg and Hts are observed to form a complex with each other based on co-immunoprecipitation experiments involving whole adult fly lysates. Due to the nature of these experiments, however, it was unknown whether this complex exists specifically at the NMJ during larval development.
Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) is a recently developed technique used mostly in cell and tissue culture that can detect protein-protein interactions in situ. In this assay, samples are incubated with primary antibodies against the two proteins of interest using standard immunohistochemical procedures. The primary antibodies are then detected with a specially designed pair of oligonucleotide-conjugated secondary antibodies, termed PLA probes, which can be used to generate a signal only when the two probes have bound in close proximity to each other. Thus, proteins that are in a complex can be visualized. Here, it is demonstrated how PLA can be used to detect in situ protein-protein interactions at the Drosophila larval NMJ. The technique is performed on larval body wall muscle preparations to show that a complex between Dlg and Hts does indeed exist at the postsynaptic region of NMJs.

Detection of In Situ Protein-protein Complexes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction Using Proximity Ligation Assay

This protocol demonstrates how Proximity Ligation Assay can be used to detect in situ protein-protein interactions at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction. With this technique, Discs large and Hu-li tai shao are shown to form a complex at the postsynaptic region, an association previously identified through co-immunoprecipitation.

の検出<em&gt;その場で</emで&gt;タンパク質 - タンパク質複合体<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em近接ライゲーションアッセイの使用&gt;幼虫神経筋接合部

Discs large (Dlg) is a conserved member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, and serves as a major scaffolding protein at the larval ...

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. Structural changes at the NMJ can result in neurotransmission failure, resulting in weakness, atrophy and even death of the muscle fiber. Many studies have investigated how genetic modifications or disease can alter the structure of the mouse NMJ. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to directly compare findings from these studies because they often employed different parameters and analytical methods. Three protocols are described here. The first uses maximum intensity projection confocal images to measure the area of acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-rich postsynaptic membrane domains at the endplate and the area of synaptic vesicle staining in the overlying presynaptic nerve terminal. The second protocol compares the relative intensities of immunostaining for synaptic proteins in the postsynaptic membrane. The third protocol uses Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to detect changes in the packing of postsynaptic AChRs at the endplate. The protocols have been developed and refined over a series of studies. Factors that influence the quality and consistency of results are discussed and normative data are provided for NMJs in healthy young adult mice.

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is altered in a variety of conditions that can sometimes culminate in synaptic failure. This report describes fluorescence microscope-based methods to quantify such structural changes.

神経筋接合部：測定シナプスサイズ、断片化および共焦点蛍光顕微鏡を用いてシナプスタンパク質の密度の変化

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. ...

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic pathways. Quantitative descriptions are rarely performed, although genetic manipulations produce a range of phenotypic effects and variations are observed even among individuals within control groups.&#160;Emerging evidence shows that morphology, size and location of organelles play a previously underappreciated, yet fundamental role in cell function and survival. Here we provide step-by-step instructions for performing quantitative analyses of phenotypes at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We use several reliable immuno-histochemical markers combined with bio-imaging techniques and morphometric analyses to examine the effects of genetic mutations on specific cellular processes. In particular, we focus on the quantitative analysis of phenotypes affecting morphology, size and position of nuclei within the striated muscles of Drosophila larvae. The Drosophila larval NMJ is a valuable experimental model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the structure and the function of the neuromuscular system, both in health and disease. However, the methodologies we describe here can be extended to other systems as well.

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Morphology, size and location of intracellular organelles are evolutionarily conserved and appear to directly affect their function. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes has become an important goal of modern biology. Here we show how these studies can be facilitated by the application of quantitative techniques.

なぜ定量事項：での表現型のキャラクタリゼーション<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫の神経筋接合部

Most studies on morphogenesis rely on qualitative descriptions of how anatomical traits are affected by the disruption of specific genes and genetic ...

Loading a Calcium Dye into Frog Nerve Endings Through the Nerve Stump: Calcium Transient Registration in the Frog Neuromuscular Junction

One of the most feasible methods of measuring presynaptic calcium levels in presynaptic nerve terminals is optical recording. It is based on using calcium-sensitive fluorescent dyes that change their emission intensity or wavelength depending on the concentration of free calcium in the cell. There are several methods used to stain cells with calcium dyes. Most common are the processes of loading the dyes through a micropipette or pre-incubating with the acetoxymethyl ester forms of the dyes. However, these methods are not quite applicable to neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) due to methodological issues that arise. In this article, we present a method for loading a calcium-sensitive dye through the frog nerve stump of the frog nerve into the nerve endings. Since entry of external calcium into nerve terminals and the subsequent binding to the calcium dye occur within the millisecond time-scale, it is necessary to use a fast imaging system to record these interactions. Here, we describe a protocol for recording the calcium transient with a fast CCD camera.

Here, we describe a method for loading a calcium-sensitive dye through the frog nerve stump into the nerve endings. We also present a protocol for the recording and analysis of fast calcium transients in the peripheral nerve endings.

カエルの神経筋終末へのカルシウム色素の神経切片への積載：カエル神経筋接合部におけるカルシウムの一時的な位置合わせ

One of the most feasible methods of measuring presynaptic calcium levels in presynaptic nerve terminals is optical recording. It is based on using ...

Two Algorithms for High-throughput and Multi-parametric Quantification of Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction Morphology

Synaptic morphology is tightly related to synaptic efficacy, and in many cases morphological synapse defects ultimately lead to synaptic malfunction. The Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a well-established model for glutamatergic synapses, has been extensively studied for decades. Identification of mutations causing NMJ morphological defects revealed a repertoire of genes that regulate synapse development and function. Many of these were identified in large-scale studies that focused on qualitative approaches to detect morphological abnormalities of the Drosophila NMJ. A drawback of qualitative analyses is that many subtle players contributing to NMJ morphology likely remain unnoticed. Whereas quantitative analyses are required to detect the subtler morphological differences, such analyses are not yet commonly performed because they are laborious. This protocol describes in detail two image analysis algorithms "Drosophila NMJ Morphometrics" and "Drosophila NMJ Bouton Morphometrics", available as Fiji-compatible macros, for quantitative, accurate and objective morphometric analysis of the Drosophila NMJ. This methodology is developed to analyze NMJ terminals immunolabeled with the commonly used markers Dlg-1 and Brp. Additionally, its wider application to other markers such as Hrp, Csp and Syt is presented in this protocol. The macros are able to assess nine morphological NMJ features: NMJ area, NMJ perimeter, number of boutons, NMJ length, NMJ longest branch length, number of islands, number of branches, number of branching points and number of active zones in the NMJ terminal.

Two Algorithms for High-throughput and Multi-parametric Quantification of Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction Morphology

Two image analysis algorithms, "Drosophila NMJ Morphometrics" and "Drosophila NMJ Bouton Morphometrics" were created, to automatically quantify nine morphological features of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

高スループットとのマルチパラメトリック定量化のための2個のアルゴリズム<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;神経筋接合部形態

Synaptic morphology is tightly related to synaptic efficacy, and in many cases morphological synapse defects ultimately lead to synaptic malfunction. The ...

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal macropatch recordings of synaptic currents from visualized boutons at the Drosophila larval NMJ. This technique requires customized fabrication of recording micropipettes, as well as a compound microscope equipped with a high magnification, long-distance water immersion objective, differential interference contrast (DIC) optics, and a fluorescent attachment. The recording electrode is positioned on the top of a selected synaptic bouton visualized with DIC optics, epi-fluorescence, or both. The advantage of this technique is that it allows monitoring the synaptic activity of a limited number of sites of release. The recording electrode has&#160;a diameter of several microns, and the release sites positioned outside of the electrode rim do&#160;not significantly affect the recorded currents. The recorded synaptic currents have fast kinetics and can be readily resolved. These advantages are especially important for the studies of mutant fly lines with enhanced spontaneous or asynchronous synaptic activity.

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Synaptic currents can be recorded focally from visualized synaptic boutons at the Drosophila third instar larvae neuromuscular junction. This technique enables monitoring the activity of a single synaptic bouton.

ショウジョウバエ幼虫神経筋接合部のシナプス電流の焦点 Macropatch 録音

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal ...

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of the Drosophila Adult Leg to Detect Changes at the Neuromuscular Junction for an Identified Motor Neuron

Drosophila melanogaster represents a genetically tractable model to study neuronal structure and function, and subsequent changes in disease states. The well characterized larval neuromuscular junction is often used for such studies. However, rapid larval development followed by muscle histolysis and nervous system remodeling during metamorphosis makes this model problematic for the study of slow age-dependent degenerative changes like those occurring in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Alternatively, adult flies live for 90 days and the adult leg can be used to study motor neuron changes over the course of adult lifespan using in vivo fluorescent imaging through the cuticle. Here, we describe a leg dissection technique coupled with immunocytochemistry, which allows for the study of molecular changes at the neuromuscular junction of identified adult leg motor neurons. These techniques can be coupled with a myriad of antibodies labeling both pre- and post-synaptic structures. Together these procedures allow a more complete characterization of slow age-dependent changes in adult flies and can be applied across multiple motor neuron disease models.

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of the Drosophila Adult Leg to Detect Changes at the Neuromuscular Junction for an Identified Motor Neuron

We describe a dissection technique that preserves the architecture of the neuromuscular junction and enables a detailed immunocytochemical study of motor neurons in the adult Drosophila leg.

認識された運動ニューロンの神経筋接合部における変化を検出する ショウジョウバエ 成脚の解剖と免疫染色

Drosophila melanogaster represents a genetically tractable model to study neuronal structure and function, and subsequent changes in disease states. The ...