This work was funded in part by grant P40RR17447 from the National Institute of Health and award RP150637 from the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas. We would like to thank Dr. Darwin J. Prockop for his support on the project.

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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

いくつかの研究及び臨床用途に使用するための最適なMSCは非常に彼らの利益を最大化するために活性化され、好ましくは例えばFBS等の異種培地成分からの潜在的な抗原の送達を最小限にするために、化学的に定義されたXF条件下で調製されるべきです。ここに記載されたプロトコルでは、1の方法を示している）2）3）、それらの抗に関しては回転楕円体のMSCの活性化レベルを評価し、XF条件下...

間葉系幹細胞/ストローマ細胞（MSC）は、様々な再生医療のアプローチのための大きな可能性を示しています。 MSCは、最初は、骨髄の間質成分として単離したが、以降、脂肪組織1、2、3を含む多数の他の成体組織から得られました。興味深いことに、メイン単離方法は、ウシ胎児血清（FBS）の存在下で組織培養プラスチックにしっかりと付着するMSCの顕著な特性を包含する。この伝統的な分離技術は、2次元（2D）培養中のMSCの簡単かつ急速な拡大を可能にする一方で、それはまた、非常に人工的であり、重要な細胞特性4の潜在的な損失につながるネイティブ3次元（3D）環境の重要性を無視し、5 、6。したがって、3次元培養におけるMSCの研究では、どの従来の2D培養液より生理的であり、MSCの特性を「減少/失われた」の検索で浮上しています。また、大きな関心は、異種非含有（XFに）MSC培養および活性化のための化学的に定義された条件を特定し、ひいては臨床応用のための細胞がより容易にするために上昇しています。 多くの研究は、生体材料に、球状凝集体またはスフェロイドとして両方のMSCの3D培養を実証公開されています。 MSCのスフェロイド培養物は、前臨床または臨床試験における治療のための細胞の投与後の生体内での MSCの挙動を理解する方法として見られたのに対し、生体材料中のMSCは、最初に、細胞を播種した足場で損傷した組織を置き換えるために組織工学的アプローチのために設計されました4、5、7。興味深いことに、MSCのフォームスフェロイドは自発的に組織培養プラスチックへの付着は認められていないとき8、9、10。伝統的に、細胞凝集は、スピナーフラスコ法または液体オーバーレイ技術、腫瘍微小環境を模倣しようとする努力において、癌生物学において最初に使用される方法によって容易にしました。より最近では、追加の方法は、細胞へのプラスチック接着4、5、6を防止するために特定の化学薬品で予めコーティングした培養皿に細胞凝集を示すこと浮上しています。 MSCスフェロイドを生成するための最も単純で経済的な方法の一つは、多くの場合、胚性幹細胞から胚様体を生成するために使用された技術、懸滴培養それらです。ドロップ培養技術をぶら下げて、組織培養プラスチックへの細胞接着は、組織培養皿の蓋の下側に媒体の液滴で細胞を懸濁させ、重力が細胞aggregを促進させることによって防止されますドロップの頂点でエーション。スフェロイドの大きさを容易に制御することがハンギングドロップ培養は、特に容易にする、細胞濃度または滴体積を変えることによって操作することができます。 MSCの3D培養に関する初期の研究では、対応する2D 6、8、9と比較して、3Dでの細胞の特性のラジカル違いを実証しました。同時に、レポートは、 インビボでのMSCの有益な効果は、微小環境の合図によって活性化され、反応して、抗炎症性および免疫調節11因子生成するためになる能力に頼っていることを実証しました。興味深いことに、そのようなプロスタグランジンE2（PGE2）などのこれらの因子の多くは、腫瘍壊死因子刺激遺伝子6（TSG6）、および肝細胞増殖因子（HGF）のための道を開く従来の2DのMSCよりMSCスフェロイドによってはるかに大量に生産されましたのアイデア細胞8、12、13を活性化するために、3D培養物を使用して。また、3次元培養における遺伝子活性化は、マウス12への注入後に少なくとも部分的に、細胞活性化の、メカニズムを再現するように見えました。 インビボでの伝統的なMSCの効果は、多くの場合、遅延、過渡、および「ヒットして実行」と記載することができるされているように、実験での使用の前にMSCを活性化することによって、細胞の効果を延長し、より目立つことができます。過去数年の間に、MSCスフェロイドを用いて重要な機能的研究は、これらが炎症反応を抑制し、そのようなスフェロイドをプライミングしたMSC 2の魅力的な形を作る、マクロファージ、樹状細胞、好中球、およびT細胞などのエフェクター細胞に影響を与えることによって、in vivoで免疫を調節することができることが実証されています、3。また、intなどの抗癌分子の産生erleukin-24（IL-24）および腫瘍壊死因子関連アポトーシス誘導リガンド（TRAIL）は、MSCを単層にMSCの相対的な3次元培養で標的癌治療8、10、14のために利用することができる現象が増加します。 組織培養プラスチックの使用だけでなく、FBSのみならず、必要な従来のMSC培養物として、臨床使用のためにMSCのスフェロイドをより容易にする別のハードルを克服しなければなりませんでした。この障害に取り組むために、我々は最近、特定の下MSCスフェロイドの形成は、化学的にXFの条件を定義し、得られたMSCのスフェロイドをFBS 14との条件で生成されたスフェロイドのような抗炎症同じと抗癌分子を生成するために活性化されたことが確立さを示しました。ここでは、これらの知見は、XFを使用して3D培養物で予め活性化MSCの生成を実証するいくつかの詳細なプロトコールに提示されていますメディア。また、プロトコルは共にマウスに完全な球状体を送達するための実用的な方法で、それらの抗炎症性、免疫調節性及び抗癌効果に関しては、MSCの活性化レベルを評価するための効果的な方法を説明し、その提示されています。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-&#945; (minimal essential medium alpha)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Gibco</td>
			<td>12561049; 12561056; 12561072</td>
			<td>minimal essential medium for preparation of MSC growth medium (CCM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (fetal bovine serum), premium select</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>S11595; S11510; S11550; S11595-24</td>
			<td>component of complete culture media for all types of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Gibco</td>
			<td>25030081; 25030149; 25030164</td>
			<td>component of complete culture media for all types of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Gibco</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td>component of complete culture media for all types of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilization Filter Units, 0.22 &#181;m PES membrane</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>SCGPU01RE; SCGPU02RE; SCGPU05RE; SCGPU10RE; SCGPU11RE</td>
			<td>media sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150 mm cell culture dish</td>
			<td>Nunc</td>
			<td>D8554&#160;SIGMA</td>
			<td>cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Forma water-jacketed CO2 humidified incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Model 3110</td>
			<td>incubation of cultured cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Early passage MCSs</td>
			<td>Center for the preparation and Distribution of Adult Stem Cells at The Texas A&#38;M Health Science Center College of Medicine Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott &#38; White</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>preparation of 2D and 3D cultures of MSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>water bath</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89501-468</td>
			<td>warming media to 37 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>492000904</td>
			<td>manual liquid handling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipete-Aid</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Company</td>
			<td>4-000-300</td>
			<td>handling sereological pipetes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar sterile serological pipet (5, 10, 25 and 50 ml)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4487; 4101; 4251; 4490</td>
			<td>liquid handling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (phosphate buffered saline), pH 7.4</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Gibco</td>
			<td>10010023; 10010072; 10010031; 10010049</td>
			<td>cell culture processing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% trypsin/EDTA solution</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Gibco</td>
			<td>25200056; 25200072; 25200114</td>
			<td>lifting adherent cells and dispersing cell aggregates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml conical tube</td>
			<td>Corning/BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td>cell centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tube</td>
			<td>Corning/BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td>cell centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendor refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf/Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Model 5810R</td>
			<td>cell centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>26716</td>
			<td>cell counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trypan blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8154 SIGMA</td>
			<td>dead cell exclusion during cell counting in hemacytometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Defined xenofree MSC medium-1 (XFM-1)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Gibco</td>
			<td>A1067501</td>
			<td>Xeno-free media specifically formulated for the growth and expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Defined xenofree MSC medium-2 (XFM-2)</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>5420</td>
			<td>Defined, xeno-free medium for human mesenchymal stem cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HSA (Human serum albumin)</td>
			<td>Gemini</td>
			<td>800-120</td>
			<td>Component of xeno-free MSC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rHSA (recombinant Human serum albumin)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9731&#160;SIGMA</td>
			<td>Component of xeno-free MSC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-channel pipette, 10&#8239;&#8211;&#8239;100&#8239;&#181;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>022453904</td>
			<td>preparation of hanging drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Total RNA isolation Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td>Total RNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiashredder</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79654</td>
			<td>Sample homogenization prior to total RNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse-free DNase Set&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79254</td>
			<td>On-column DNA elimination during total RNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6250&#160;ALDRICH</td>
			<td>inhibition of RNAses in RLT buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97043-562</td>
			<td>mixing sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>RNA concentration and quality</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4368814</td>
			<td>transcription of total RNA into cDNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gene Expression Assays</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>varies</td>
			<td>primer/probe combination for real-time PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Universal PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4352042; 4364103; 4366073; 4367846</td>
			<td>master mix for real-time PCR reaction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Real-time PCR system (ABI Prism 7900 HT Sequence Detection System)</td>
			<td>ABI Prizm</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>real-time PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22364111</td>
			<td>cell centrifugation, sample collection and storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(-80&#176;C) freezer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Model Thermo Forma 8695</td>
			<td>sample storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PGE2 (Prostaglandin E2) ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>KGE004B</td>
			<td>estimation of cytokine concentration in the sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Gibco</td>
			<td>10566-016; 10566-024;10566-032</td>
			<td>macrophage culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>J774 mouse macrophages</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>TIB-67</td>
			<td>mouse macrophage cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3513</td>
			<td>in-vitro macrophage stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LPS (lipopolysaccharide)</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>L4130</td>
			<td>in vitro macrophage stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse TNF-a ELISA kit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MTA00B</td>
			<td>estimation of cytokine concentration in the sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IL-10 (interleukin 10) ELISA kit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>M1000B</td>
			<td>estimation of cytokine concentration in the sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 medium</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Gibco</td>
			<td>11875-085</td>
			<td>splenocyte culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BALB/c mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>651</td>
			<td>in vivo spheroid delivery; splenocyte preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse CD3e Functional Grade Purified</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>145-2C11</td>
			<td>In vitro splenocyte stimulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#956;m strainer&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td>Splenocyte preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red blood cell lysis solution (1x)</td>
			<td>Affymetrix eBioscience</td>
			<td>00-4333</td>
			<td>removal of red blood cells during splenocyte isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IFN-y (interferon gamma) ELISA kit</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MIF 00</td>
			<td>estimation of cytokine concentration in the sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LNCaP prostate cancer cells&#160;</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1740</td>
			<td>study the effect of 3D MSCs on cancer cell lines in vitro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA-based cell proliferation assay kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>C7026</td>
			<td>cell number measurement based on DNA content</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5150</td>
			<td>component of lysis reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>FERR1021</td>
			<td>calcium chelator, component of lysis reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rnase A</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>19101</td>
			<td>RNA degradation for measurement of DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter-based multi-mode microplate reader</td>
			<td>BMG Technology</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Microplate assays (ELISA, cell quantification, e.t.c.)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (Hanks balanced salt solution), no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher/Gibco</td>
			<td>14175079</td>
			<td>resupsension of MSC spheroids prior to in vivo injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>MWI Vet Supply</td>
			<td>502017</td>
			<td>Anesthesia for in vivo injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen, compressed gas</td>
			<td>Praxair</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>For use with isoflurane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Forma BSL-2 cabinet</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Model 1385</td>
			<td>Sterile cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safety I.V. catheter/needle stiletto, 20G, 1 inch</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SR*FNP2025</td>
			<td>Delivery of shperoids into peritoneal cavity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile micropipette tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>varies</td>
			<td>liquid/cells handling</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

production and administration of therapeutic mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (msc) spheroids primed in 3-d cultures under xeno-free conditions

間葉系幹細胞/ストローマ細胞（MSC）は、生体工学や再生医療に大きな約束を保持します。 MSCは組織培養プラスチックへの強い付着を介して複数の成体組織から単離し、次いで、さらに最も一般的にウシ胎児血清（FBS）を使用して、 インビトロで増殖することができます。 FBSは、MSCは、免疫原性になる可能性がありますので、MSC培養物におけるその存在は、細胞の臨床的および実験的なアプリケーションの両方を制限します。したがって、MSC培養のために化学的に定義された異種非含有（XF）メディアを用いた研究は非常に価値があります。 MSCの多くの有益な効果は、主に腫瘍壊死因子刺激遺伝子6（TSG6）及びプロスタグランジンE2（PGE2）などの免疫調節因子の分泌を介して、炎症及び免疫を調節するそれらの能力に起因しています。しかし、MSCは、これらの要因を生成するために活性化を必要とMSCの効果は、多くの場合、一過性であるため、大きな関心は、事前活性化細胞PRIOの方法を発見するために浮上していますそれらの使用rは、このように生体内での活性化のためのタイムラグを解消します。ここでは、3次元（3D）培養液で効率的に活性化するためのプロトコルやプライムMSCを提示します 化学的に定義されたXFの条件下で生体内でのこれらの予め活性化MSCを投与します。具体的には、まずXF培地を用いて球状MSCマイクロ組織または懸滴の「スフェロイド &#39;を生成し、球及び馴化培地（CM）は、様々な用途のために収穫することができる方法を示すための方法を説明します。第二に、我々は、遺伝子発現の画面を説明し、 インビトロでの機能アッセイは、迅速に細胞の抗炎症性及び抗癌の可能性を強調し、スフェロイドにおけるMSCの活性化のレベルを評価します。第三に、我々は、in vivo効力試験のためのマウス腹腔内にそのままMSCスフェロイドを注入する新規な方法を説明します。全体的に、プロトコルは、本明細書中で化学的に定義されたXF詐欺の下で予め活性化MSCを取得する主要な課題を克服しますditionsとは、治療のためのMSCスフェロイドを管理するための柔軟なシステムを提供します。

現在の研究では、ハンギングドロップ培養は、コンパクトな球状のミクロ組織またはXF条件下で活性化されたMSCの「スフェロイド」を生成するために使用しました。 図1の治験ロードマップは、MSCは、スフェロイド、またはCMが球由来の治療因子を装填した後、自己集合72時間懸滴中に懸濁させたときにスフェロイドにに奨励されていることを示して、収集...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell MSC Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions at JoVE.com

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell MSC Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is well-documented, however the best method of preparing the cells for patients remains controversial. Herein, we communicate protocols to efficiently generate and administer therapeutic spherical aggregates or 'spheroids' of MSCs primed under xeno-free conditions for experimental and clinical applications.

異種非含有条件下での3次元培養における治療間葉系幹/間質細胞の生産と管理（MSC）スフェロイドプライム

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in bioengineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from multiple adult tissues via ...

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JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell (MSC) Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

11.8K ビュー.  University of Mary Hardin-Baylor. The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is well-documented, however the best method of preparing the cells for patients remains controversial. Herein, we communicate protocols to efficiently generate and administer therapeutic spherical aggregates or 'spheroids' of MSCs primed under xeno-free conditions for experimental and clinical applications.

ビデオ: Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell MSC Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis

Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function and physiology of their in vivo tissue counterparts. This is exemplified by organotypic skin cultures which faithfully recapitulates the epidermal differentiation and stratification program. Primary human epidermal keratinocytes are genetically manipulable through retroviruses where genes can be easily overexpressed or knocked down. These genetically modified keratinocytes can then be used to regenerate human epidermis in organotypic skin cultures providing a powerful model to study genetic pathways impacting epidermal growth, differentiation, and disease progression. The protocols presented here describe methods to prepare devitalized human dermis as well as to genetically manipulate primary human keratinocytes in order to generate organotypic skin cultures. Regenerated human skin can be used in downstream applications such as gene expression profiling, immunostaining, and chromatin immunoprecipitations followed by high throughput sequencing. Thus, generation of these genetically modified organotypic skin cultures will allow the determination of genes that are critical for maintaining skin homeostasis.

The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and detailed protocol on how to generate genetically modified human organotypic skin from epidermal keratinocytes and devitalized human dermis.

失活ヒト真皮を用いて遺伝子組換え器官皮膚培養物の生成

Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function ...

発生生物学

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

単離およびヒト胎盤組織由来の間葉系幹/間質細胞の増殖

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding microbial interactions with animal hosts, facilitated by approaches to rear large sample sizes of Drosophila under microorganism-free (axenic) conditions, or with defined microbial communities (gnotobiotic). This work outlines a method for collection of Drosophila embryos, hypochlorite dechorionation and sterilization, and transfer to sterile diet. Sterilized embryos are transferred to sterile diet in 50 ml centrifuge tubes, and developing larvae and adults remain free of any exogenous microbes until the vials are opened. Alternatively, flies with a defined microbiota can be reared by inoculating sterile diet and embryos with microbial species of interest. We describe the introduction of 4 bacterial species to establish a representative gnotobiotic microbiota in Drosophila. Finally, we describe approaches for confirming bacterial community composition, including testing if axenic Drosophila remain bacteria-free into adulthood.

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

A method for rearing Drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions is presented. Fly embryos are dechorionated in sodium hypochlorite, transferred aseptically to sterile diet, and reared in closed containers. Inoculating diet and embryos with bacteria leads to gnotobiotic associations, and bacterial presence is confirmed by plating whole-body Drosophila homogenates.

フルーツフライを飼育<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em&gt;無菌およびノトバイオート条件の下で

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is ...

Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions

Autologous cell-based therapies got a step closer to reality with the introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells. Fetal stem cells, such as amniotic fluid and membrane mesenchymal stem cells, represent a unique type of undifferentiated cells with promise in tissue engineering and for reprogramming into iPSC for future pediatric interventions and stem cell banking. The protocol presented here describes an optimized procedure for extracting and culturing primary amniotic fluid and membrane mesenchymal stem cells and generating episomal induced pluripotent stem cells from these cells in fully chemically defined culture conditions utilizing human recombinant vitronectin and the E8 medium. Characterization of the new lines by applying stringent methods &#8211; flow cytometry, confocal imaging, teratoma formation and transcriptional profiling &#8211; is also described. The newly generated lines express markers of embryonic stem cells &#8211; Oct3/4A, Nanog, Sox2, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, SSEA-4 &#8211; while being negative for the SSEA-1 marker. The stem cell lines form teratomas in scid-beige mice in 6-8 weeks and the teratomas contain tissues representative of all three germ layers. Transcriptional profiling of the lines by submitting global expression microarray data to a bioinformatic pluripotency assessment algorithm deemed all lines pluripotent and therefore, this approach is an attractive alternative to animal testing. The new iPSC lines can readily be used in downstream experiments involving the optimization of differentiation and tissue engineering.

This protocol describes the reprogramming of primary amniotic fluid and membrane mesenchymal stem cells into induced pluripotent stem cells using a non-integrating episomal approach in fully chemically defined conditions. Procedures of extraction, culture, reprogramming, and characterization of the resulting induced pluripotent stem cells by stringent methods are detailed.

主な羊水および膜 Xeno 無料条件で多能性細胞をリプログラミング

Autologous cell-based therapies got a step closer to reality with the introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells. Fetal stem cells, such as amniotic ...

Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis

Chromosomes must be reliably and uniformly segregated into daughter cells during mitotic cell division. Fidelity of chromosomal segregation is controlled by multiple mechanisms that include the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC). The SAC is part of a complex feedback system that is responsible for prevention of a cell progress through mitosis unless all chromosomal kinetochores have attached to spindle microtubules. Chromosomal lagging and abnormal chromosome segregation is an indicator of dysfunctional cell cycle control checkpoints and can be used to measure the genomic stability of dividing cells. Deregulation of the SAC can result in the transformation of a normal cell into a malignant cell through the accumulation of errors during chromosomal segregation. Implementation of the SAC and the formation of the kinetochore complex are tightly regulated by interactions between kinases and phosphatase such as Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A). This protocol describes live cell imaging of lagging chromosomes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from mice that had a knockout of the PP2A-B56&#947; regulatory subunit. This method overcomes the shortcomings of other cell cycle control imaging techniques such as flow cytometry or immunocytochemistry that only provide a snapshot of a cell cytokinesis status, instead of a dynamic spatiotemporal visualization of chromosomes during mitosis.

This protocol describes an easy and convenient method to label and visualize live chromosomes in mitotic cells using Histone2B-GFP BacMam 2.0 label and a spinning disc confocal microscopy system.

細胞分裂時の染色体分配の生きているセルイメージ投射

Chromosomes must be reliably and uniformly segregated into daughter cells during mitotic cell division. Fidelity of chromosomal segregation is controlled ...

Defined Xeno-free and Feeder-free Culture Conditions for the Generation of Human iPSC-derived Retinal Cell Models

The production of specialized cells from pluripotent stem cells provides a powerful tool to develop new approaches for regenerative medicine. The use of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is particularly attractive for neurodegenerative disease studies, including retinal dystrophies, where iPSC-derived retinal cell models mark a major step forward to understand and fight blindness. In this paper, we describe a simple and scalable protocol to generate, mature, and cryopreserve retinal organoids. Based on medium changing, the main advantage of this method is to avoid multiple and time-consuming steps commonly required in a guided differentiation of iPSCs. Mimicking the early phases of retinal development by successive changes of defined media on adherent human iPSC cultures, this protocol allows the simultaneous generation of self-forming neuroretinal structures and retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells in a reproducible and efficient manner in 4 weeks. These structures containing retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) can be easily isolated for further maturation in a floating culture condition enabling the differentiation of RPCs into the seven retinal cell types present in the adult human retina. Additionally, we describe quick methods for the cryopreservation of retinal organoids and RPE cells for long-term storage. Combined together, the methods described here will be useful to produce and bank human iPSC-derived retinal cells or tissues for both basic and clinical research.

The production of specialized retinal cells from pluripotent stem cells is a turning point in the development of stem cell-based therapy for retinal diseases. The present paper describes a simple method for an efficient generation of retinal organoids and retinal pigmented epithelium for basic, translational, and clinical research.

Xeno 無料の定義された、人間の世代の iPSC 由来網膜細胞モデル フィーダー フリー培養条件

The production of specialized cells from pluripotent stem cells provides a powerful tool to develop new approaches for regenerative medicine. The use of ...

Induction of Endothelial Differentiation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Under Low Serum Conditions

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are extremely scarce, but expanded CPCs could be useful for cell therapy. A prerequisite for their use is their ability to differentiate in a controlled manner into the various cardiac lineages using defined and efficient protocols. In addition, upon in vitro expansion, CPCs isolated from patients or preclinical disease models may offer fruitful research tools for the investigation of disease mechanisms.
Current studies use different markers to identify CPCs. However, not all of them are expressed in humans, which limits the translational impact of some preclinical studies. Differentiation protocols that are applicable irrespective of the isolation technique and marker expression will allow for the standardized expansion and priming of CPCs for cell therapy purpose. Here we describe that the priming of CPCs under a low fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration and low cell density conditions facilitates the endothelial differentiation of CPCs. Using two different subpopulations of mouse and rat CPCs, we show that laminin is a more suitable substrate than fibronectin for this purpose under the following protocol: after culturing for 2 - 3 days in medium including supplements that maintain multipotency and with 3.5% FBS, CPCs are seeded on laminin at &#60;60% confluence and cultured in supplement-free medium with low concentrations of FBS (0.1%) for 20 - 24 hours before differentiation in endothelial differentiation medium. Because CPCs are a heterogeneous population, serum concentrations and incubation times may need to be adjusted depending on the properties of the respective CPC subpopulation. Considering this, the technique can be applied to other types of CPCs as well and provides a useful method to investigate the potential and mechanisms of differentiation and how they are affected by disease when using CPCs isolated from respective disease models.

This protocol describes an endothelial differentiation technique for cardiac progenitor cells. It particularly focuses on how serum concentration and cell-seeding density affect the endothelial differentiation potential.

低血清条件下で心臓前駆細胞の内皮への分化の誘導

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may have therapeutic potential for cardiac regeneration after injury. In the adult mammalian heart, intrinsic CPCs are ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease pathology due to TBI progresses from the primary mechanical insult to secondary injury processes, including apoptosis and inflammation. Animal modeling has been valuable in the search to unravel injury mechanisms and evaluate potential neuroprotective therapies. This protocol describes the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of focal, open-head TBI. Specifically, parameters for producing a mild unilateral cortical injury are described. Behavioral consequences of CCI are analyzed using the adhesive tape removal test of bilateral sensorimotor integration. Regarding experimental therapy for TBI pathology, this protocol also illustrates a process for transplanting cultured cells into the brain. Neural cell cultures derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were chosen for their potential to show superior functional restoration in human TBI patients. Chronic survival of hiPSCs in the host mouse brain tissue is detected using a modified DAB immunohistochemical process.

This protocol demonstrates methodologies for a mouse model of open-skull traumatic brain injury and transplantation of cultured human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells into the injury site. Behavioral and histologic tests of outcomes from these procedures are also described in brief.

ヒト誘導多能性幹細胞由来神経細胞の治療移植によるマウス脳損傷の制御された皮質衝撃モデル

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease pathology due to TBI progresses from the primary mechanical ...

Hemogenic Endothelium Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in A Feeder- and Xeno-free Defined Condition

Deriving functional hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been an elusive goal for autologous transplants to treat hematological and malignant disorders. Hemogenic endothelium (HE) is an amenable platform to produce functional HSPCs by transcription factors or to induce lymphocytes in a robust manner. However, current methods to derive HE are either costly or variable in yield. In this protocol, we established a cost-effective and precise method to derive HE within 4 days in a feeder- and xeno-free defined condition. The resultant HE underwent an endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition and produced CD34+CD45+ clonogenic hematopoietic progenitors. The potential capacity of our platform for generating functional HSPCs will have broad applications in disease modeling and screening for therapeutic compounds.

Here, we present a protocol to precisely form hemogenic endothelium from human pluripotent stem cells in a feeder- and xeno-free condition. This method will have broad applications in disease modeling and screening for therapeutic compounds.

フィーダーとゼノフリーの定義条件におけるヒト多能性幹細胞からの血原性内皮分化

Deriving functional hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been an elusive goal for autologous ...

Formation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cell Spheroids on Chitosan Films

Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells hold great promise for periodontal tissue regeneration. Conventionally, PDL cells are cultured on two-dimensional (2D) substrates such as tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). However, characteristic changes of PDL cells have been observed during in vitro culture. This phenomenon is probably because the 2D TCPS differs from the in vivo three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. Compared to cells cultured on 2D substrates, cells grown in a 3D microenvironment exhibit more similarities to in vivo cells. Therefore, 3D cell culture models provide a promising alternative for conventional 2D monolayer cell culture. To improve conventional PDL cell culture models, we have recently developed a 3D cell culture method, which is based on spheroid formation of PDL cells on chitosan films. Here, we present detailed cell spheroid culture protocols based on chitosan films. The 3D culture system of PDL cellular spheroids overcome some of the limitations related to conventional 2D monolayer cell culture, and thus may be suitable for producing PDL cells with an enhanced therapeutic efficacy for future periodontal tissue regeneration.

Here, we present protocols of culturing human periodontal ligament (PDL) cell spheroids by chitosan films. The culture of three-dimensional (3D) cellular spheroids provides an alternative to conventional tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) culture system.

キトサン膜上のヒト歯周靭帯細胞スフェロイドの形成

Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells hold great promise for periodontal tissue regeneration. Conventionally, PDL cells are cultured on two-dimensional (2D) ...