Authors were funded in part by the intramural program of NIDCR (N.M.M) and supported by a Wellcome Trust Stepping Stones Fellowship (097820/Z/11/B to J.E.K) and by a Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research grant (to J.E.K). The authors thank Teresa Wild for critically reviewing the manuscript.

このプロトコルに記載されている全ての実験手順は、必要なガイドラインに従い、施設内動物管理使用委員会、NIDCR / NIHによって承認されました。 1.事前に準備<ol><li>完全培地を調製する：RPMIは2mM L-グルタミン、100単位/ mlのペニシリン、100μgの/ mlストレプトマイシン、10％FBSを補充しました。 </li><li> 7.5μgのDNA分解酵素を添加したRPMI培地50ミリリットル（、新鮮なメイク常に氷上に保つ）：DNアーゼメディアを準備します。 </li><li> DNアーゼメディアプラス3.2ミリグラム/コラゲナーゼIV型のミリリットルの5ミリリットル（、新鮮なメイク常に氷上に保つ）：コラゲナーゼ-DNアーゼメディアを準備します。 </li><li>前クールFACS緩衝液：PBSで希釈した0.5％FBS。 </li><li> 4℃に予冷遠心分離機。 </li><li> 37°Cまでのウォームシェーカーインキュベーター。 </li></ol>歯肉ブロックから2単離、解剖、および細胞単離<ol><li> ARACガイドラインに従って、適切なチャンバ内のCO 2にそれらを暴露することによって、マウスを安楽死させます。 </li> &lt;李&gt;は、心臓や内臓を露出するために胸部と腹腔を開きます。灌流するために、下大静脈内の切開を行い、27 G針で3ミリリットル注射器を用いて左心室を経てPBSの3ミリリットルを灌流。 </li><li>上を向いて胃とパッド上でマウスの体と頭を固定化します。 </li><li>下にある組織と筋肉を露出させ、下顎と首の領域を覆う皮膚を分離し、はさみで首に向かって唇の各交連をカット。下顎を発見するために下唇を解剖。 </li><li>下顎の両側を分離し、口腔にアクセスするためのそれぞれの側を固定する下側切歯間で切断。 </li><li>離れて鼻腔から口蓋を視覚化し、解剖。 </li><li> 10ブレードを使用して領域を解剖し、周囲の歯肉（ 図1）で上顎と下顎臼歯の領域を含みます。縦切開はちょうど第一大臼歯と後部第三大臼歯にとの水平切開部に前方ください歯肉の境界線（組織周囲の歯のホワイトカラー）。 </li><li> 5ミリリットルコラゲナーゼ/ DNアーゼ（氷上で保持）で50ミリリットルコニカルチューブに上顎と下顎のブロックを配置します。 </li><li> 37℃で1時間振とうインキュベーター中でインキュベートし、インキュベーションの最後の5分間に0.5 M EDTA50μlのを追加します。 </li><li>組織と50ミリリットルチューブに冷たいアーゼメディアの5ミリリットルを加え、穏やかに混合することが渦巻きます。 </li><li>シャーレ上の組織の4ブロックを転送し、DNアーゼメディア500μlのでカバー。手術用メスの刃を使用して、組織の各ブロックから歯肉を削除し、歯肉と歯間の領域に刃を向けます。 </li><li>セルストレーナー（70μmの大きさ）を介して新しい50mlチューブに、ペトリ皿だけでなく、解剖時に使用される前のDNアーゼメディアから組織やメディアを転送します。使用される機器のすべてとフィルタDNアーゼメディア（3-5 ml）で洗浄します。 </li><li>無菌の3ミリリットルシリンジのプランジャーを使用して、ストレーナに対して組織をマッシュ、冷たいDNアーゼメディア（30〜35 ml）でフィルタリングします。 </li><li>冷たいDNアーゼメディアを持つセルストレーナーを洗浄します。 </li><li> 4°C、6分間、314×gで遠心分離します。 </li><li>上清を捨て、完全培地1ml中に再懸濁します。 </li><li>自動細胞計数器を用いて、（予想量が&gt; 80％の生存率で1.2×10 6細胞に8×10 5の範囲とすべきである）細胞を数えます。 </li></ol>歯肉細胞の3刺激およびFACS染色<ol><li>ブレフェルジンAの1μL/ mlの存在下でPMA（50ng / ml）およびイオノマイシン（2.5μgの/ ml）で単一細胞懸濁液を刺激</li><li> 37℃で3.5時間、5％CO 2インキュベートします。 </li><li>スピンダウンし、4℃でPBSと遠心機で洗います。 6分間314×gで。 </li><li>製造業者の説明書に従って生存能力染色を用いて細胞を染色します。 </li><li>細胞外マーカー（CD45、TCRγδ、TCRβ、CD4、CD8、TCRγδまたはアリ用ステイン製造者の指示に従って、選択したibodies）。 </li><li> 4°C、5分間、314×gでの冷FACS緩衝液および遠心分離で細胞を洗浄。 </li><li>静かに細胞ペレットを破壊するためにボルテックス。 </li><li>室温で20分間、2％パラホルムアルデヒドで細胞を固定してください。 </li><li>冷たいFACS緩衝液、4°C、細胞内サイトカインのための5分および染色のための314×gで遠心分離で細胞を洗浄。 <ol><li> 4°C、5分間、314×gでFACS緩衝液および遠心機で希釈し、冷0.5％サポニンの溶液でFACSチューブを埋めます。 </li><li> FACSチューブに0.5％サポニン溶液の300μl加え、4℃で暗所で15分間インキュベートし、その後、4℃、5分間、314×gで遠心します。 </li><li>製造者の指示に従って、細胞内のマーカー（IL-17AおよびIFNγまたは選択のサイトカイン）のための細胞を染色。 4°C、5分間、314×gで0.5％サポニン溶液と遠心で細胞を洗浄。 </li><li> FACSで再び洗浄バッファと4℃、5分間、314×gで遠心。 </li><li> FACS緩衝液300μlの中で細胞を再懸濁します。 </li></ol></li><li>フローサイトメーター上の結果を分析します。 </li></ol> 4.フローサイトメトリー分析<ol><li>細胞を可視化するデブリを排除するために、前方（FSC）および側方散乱（SCC）及びゲートに分析されます。 </li><li>高さ（FSC-H）パラメータ対前方散乱面積（FSC-A）を持つ単一のセルを選択します。 </li><li>さらなる分析（ 図2A および 2C）は造血マーカーCD45の+ライブ（生存能力染色によって示されるように）正あるゲート細胞。 </li><li> 図 2と図 3に示すように、特定のマーカーの解析を続けます。 </li></ol>

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	<li>Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., Dewhirst, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+The+Normal+Bacterial+Flora+Of+The+Oral+Cavity.">Defining The Normal Bacterial Flora Of The Oral Cavity.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 43, 5721-5732 (2005).</li><li>Belkaid, Y., Naik, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartmentalized+And+Systemic+Control+Of+Tissue+Immunity+By+Commensals.">Compartmentalized And Systemic Control Of Tissue Immunity By Commensals.</a> Nat Immunol. 14, 646-653 (2013).</li><li>Darveau, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Periodontitis:+A+Polymicrobial+Disruption+Of+Host+Homeostasis.">Periodontitis: A Polymicrobial Disruption Of Host Homeostasis.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 8, 481-490 (2010).</li><li>Hajishengallis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunomicrobial+Pathogenesis+Of+Periodontitis:+Keystones,+Pathobionts,+And+Host+Response.">Immunomicrobial Pathogenesis Of Periodontitis: Keystones, Pathobionts, And Host Response.</a> Trends Immunol. 35, 3-11 (2014).</li><li>Eke, P. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+Of+Periodontitis+In+Adults+In+The+United+States:+2009+And+2010.">Prevalence Of Periodontitis In Adults In The United States: 2009 And 2010.</a> J Dent Res. 91, 914-920 (2012).</li><li>Moutsopoulos, N. M., Lionakis, M. S., Hajishengallis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inborn+Errors+In+Immunity:+Unique+Natural+Models+To+Dissect+Oral+Immunity.">Inborn Errors In Immunity: Unique Natural Models To Dissect Oral Immunity.</a> J Dent Res. , (2015).</li><li>Hajishengallis, G., Lamont, R. J., Graves, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Enduring+Importance+Of+Animal+Modelsin+Understanding+Periodontal+Disease.">The Enduring Importance Of Animal Modelsin Understanding Periodontal Disease.</a> Virulence. 6, 229-235 (2015).</li><li>Sharrow, S. O., Coligan, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+Of+Flow+Cytometry+Data.">Analysis Of Flow Cytometry Data.</a> Current Protocols In Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Arizon, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Langerhans+Cells+Down-Regulate+Inflammation-Driven+Alveolar+Bone+Loss.">Langerhans Cells Down-Regulate Inflammation-Driven Alveolar Bone Loss.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109, 7043-7048 (2012).</li><li>Moutsopoulos, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defective+Neutrophil+Recruitment+In+Leukocyte+Adhesion+Deficiency+Type+I+Disease+Causes+Local+IL-17-Driven+Inflammatory+Bone+Loss.">Defective Neutrophil Recruitment In Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type I Disease Causes Local IL-17-Driven Inflammatory Bone Loss.</a> Sci Transl Med. 6, 229-240 (2014).</li><li>Gaffen, S. L., Jain, R., Garg, A. V., Cua, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+IL-23-IL-17+Immune+Axis:+From+Mechanisms+To+Therapeutic+Testing.">The IL-23-IL-17 Immune Axis: From Mechanisms To Therapeutic Testing.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 14, 585-600 (2014).</li></ol>

Authors have nothing to disclose

現在の技術では、成功した表現型の特徴付けのためだけでなく、ex vivoでの機能研究のためだけではなく、適切な（シングルマウスからの）免疫細胞の多数をもたらします。別のグループは、以前に分離し、マウスの歯肉の免疫細胞を特徴付けるためのプロトコルを公開し、動物モデル9における歯周炎の研究で、フローサイトメトリー多色を使用しての値を導入していました。このプロトコルでキー変更のトラブルシューティング、かなり後には歯肉襟エリアと歯間歯肉（ 図1）の両方が含まれるために、組織の全体ブロックの解剖を含めることでした。単独で、歯肉切開して、多くの場合、全層フラップが達成されないと歯肉の一部は、特に歯間地域でミスしました。このアプローチを使用して、収集した免疫細胞の数が大幅に増加しています。また、この手法は、歯肉組織の最適な分離のために、両方の上顎anから可能にD下顎。 このプロトコルの重要なステップは、歯肉領域の保守的な解剖と解剖の効率的なレートが含まれます。具体的には、組織のブロックは、最小限の歯の周りの組織（歯肉）とない口腔内の組織を含むように解剖されるべきです。ブロックを迅速に解剖されるべきであり、組織や細胞は、最適な細胞生存率を確保するために氷の上に残っている必要があります。 トラブルシューティングの目的のために、細胞の低収率はコラゲナーゼ、コラゲナーゼおよび/または組織ブロックから歯肉の不十分な解剖の不適切な濃度でのインキュベーションの不適切な時間に関連させることができることに留意することが重要です。そのノートでは、拡大ルーペ（2X-6X）を使用して、歯肉の切開は役立つことがあります。細胞の低生存率は手順で、氷上に継続的に残っていないメディア、緩衝液及び細胞への遅刻に関連させることができます。 組織DISの種類に固有のこのプロトコルの制限、sectedより大きな組織が利用可能である、他の解剖学的障壁サイトと比較して、歯肉組織の大きさは、（例：皮膚や消化管）を研究しています。 / - -自然に歯周炎を開発したモデルとはいえ、ここで紹介するテクニックは、私たちがLFAで支配的な細胞集団を特徴付けることができました。 LFAで- / -マウスは、我々は、歯周炎10の開発中に支配的なIL-17サイトカインの署名を同定しました。多色フローサイトメトリー分析を用いて、我々は、IL-17 11の細胞のソースを定義することができました。 IL-17を設定し、この疾患における歯肉10内でローカルにTCRγδT細胞、CD4 + T細胞および先天性リンパ系細胞（ILC）で作製しました。 この方法論と小さな亜集団を同定する能力を用いて単離された細胞のかなりの数で、今、包括的なが理解開発することが可能となります歯肉障壁の完全性を保護する特殊な免疫細胞ネットワークのING。この重要な洞察は、私たちは歯肉環境において免疫応答を評価することができます。この技術を採用することにより、我々は今、追加分析および特徴付けを行うことを可能にする、フローサイトメトリー細胞選別によって歯肉免疫細胞のネットワークの特定の成分を単離するために進むことができます。

歯肉組織は、ヒトおよびマウスの歯列を囲み、常に歯 1の複雑なバイオフィルムにさらされています。歯肉障壁をポリシング免疫細胞ネットワークは、組織の完全性を維持するローカル共生微生物に恒常性を確保し、同時に、病原性のチャレンジ2に対して有効な免疫を提供するために不可欠です。恒常性を達成するために、免疫系を注意深くまだ少し詳細は歯肉の免疫細胞集団および組織免疫2の維持における役割の知られている高度に特化した免疫細胞ネットワークを作成歯肉環境に合わせて調整されます。 免疫恒常性が歯肉に破壊される場合には、いずれかの増加ホスト感受性および/ ​​またはdysbiotic微生物群集、炎症状態の存在を通して、歯周炎は、3〜4を発生します。歯周炎は、歯の喪失につながる、一般的な炎症性疾患でありますupporting構造。その重篤な形態では、一般集団5の約10％に見られます。歯周炎感受性および進行に関与する重要な要因を解剖すると6困難であることが判明しました。しかし、動物モデルは、歯周炎の開始および進行7のメカニズムを理解する上で極めて有用でした。モデルは、免疫ホメオスタシスおよび歯周炎の駆動開発を​​維持するために不可欠な重要な細胞集団および分子メディエーターを定義するために使用することができます。このような洞察は、免疫恒常性の歯肉固有の制御の我々の理解を変換し、疾患の病因の我々の現在の理解を促進します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="914">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Fine Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Fine science tools</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">14058-11</td>
			<td style="width:235px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Scalpel Handle #3</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Fine science tools</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">10003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Scalpel Blades #10</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Fine science tools</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">10010-00</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Splinter Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Integra Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">6-304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Needles with regular bevel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">BD Medical</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">305109</td>
			<td>27G, 12.7 mm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Monoject syringes</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">8881513934</td>
			<td>Luer-lock tip, 3mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">PBS, pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">10010-049</td>
			<td>Without Calcium and Magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">12-167F</td>
			<td>Without L-glutamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">DNase I from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">DN25-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:304px;">Collagenase type IV</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Gibco (by Life technologies)</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">17104-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Gemini Bio-products</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">100-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Gentamicin 50 mg/ml</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Quality biological</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">120-098-661EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:304px;">Pen Strep</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Gibco (by Life technologies)</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:304px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Gibco (by Life technologies)</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">0.5M EDTA pH 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Quality biological</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">351-027-721EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">50 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">352070</td>
			<td>Polypropylene, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">70 &#956;M Cell Strainers</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">351029</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">5 mL FACS tubes</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">352052</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD GolgiPlug</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">555029</td>
			<td>Contains brefeldin A solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate (PMA)</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">P8139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Ionomycin Calcium Salt</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">13909</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Saponin from quillaja bark</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">S4521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LIVE/DEAD Fixable Aqua Dead Cell Stain Kit</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>L34957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD45 Alexa Fluor 700</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">56-0451-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD4 eFluor 450</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">48-0042-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Mouse TCR beta APC eFluor 780</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">47-5961-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Mouse gamma delta TCR FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-5711-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse IL-17A APC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">12-7311-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse IFN-&#947; PE</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td>11-5931-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse NK1.1 PE-Cy7</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">25-5941-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD90.2 APC eFluor 780</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">47-0902-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD3e FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0031-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD19 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0193-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD11b FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0112-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse CD11c FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-0114-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse TCR beta FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-5961-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse Ly-6G FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">11-5931-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Anti-Mouse Ly-6C FITC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">553104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, characterization and functional examination of the gingival immune cell network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

プロトコルの適用を説明するために、我々は（ - / - 、 図2A - C LFA対WT）とし、歯周炎のないマウスの歯肉における免疫細胞のネットワークを調べる代表的な結果を示しています。代表的FACSプロットは、歯肉（ 図2A、2C）でのライブCD45 +造血細胞を示します。このプロトコルで免疫細胞の単離および処理は 、ex vivoで刺激し、サイトカイン分泌パターンの特徴付けを行うために十分な細胞が得られます。ここでは、定常状態（WT）の総CD45 +細胞でIL-17およびIFN-γ染色を示し、マウスでは（ 図2B - D）（によるLFA欠乏に）歯周炎を呈します。これらのデータは、組織の定常状態（WT）の間とローカル歯（ - / - LFA）との関連でサイトカインプロフィールを捕捉するために、この技術の可能性を明らかにする。マイクでeは歯周炎の影響を受けやすく、私たちはさらに、特にT細胞および先天性リンパ系細胞（ILC）の区画（ - B 図3A）の歯肉の免疫細胞組成物を特徴とします。我々は、TCRβ+ CD4 + T細胞内IL-17およびIFN-γの産生を規定することができた、TCRβ+ CD8 + T細胞、TCRγδ+ T細胞、NKおよびILC区画（ 図3C）。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53736/53736fig1.jpg" /> 図1：マウス歯肉の単離上顎に解剖のボーダーを実証イラストレーションと歯肉組織切開のために使用される、単離された歯肉セグメント。 （B）ブロック解剖および単離されたブロックのアウトラインを持つマウス上顎（モルエリア）のセグメント。歯肉と上顎臼歯セグメントのヘマトキシリン​​およびエオシン染色（H＆E）<html> Lロー（C）に示されて概説組織及び（D）における高倍率。オリジナルの倍率を示している。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53736/53736fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53736/53736fig2.jpg" /> 図2：歯肉細胞からのサイトカイン産生のための代表的なFACSデータ 。 （A - C）WT及びLFAにおけるPMAおよびイオノマイシンでのex vivoでの再刺激後のマウス歯肉細胞調製物中の生CD45 +細胞のためのゲートを示すFACSプロット- / - 。 （B - D）歯周なし/でマウスの歯肉からの総CD45 +細胞のマウスにおけるIFN-γおよびIL-17染色を示す代表的FACSプロット（によるLFA-欠乏）。ジル/ ftp_upload / 53736 / 53736fig2large.jpg &quot;ターゲット=&quot; _空白 &quot;&gt;この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。 <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53736/53736fig3.jpg" /> 図3：炎症を起こした歯肉における免疫集団によるサイトカイン産生 CD45 +細胞にゲートTCRγδ対TCRβのための染色を示す（A）代表FACSプロット。 TCRβ+細胞上でゲーティング、中央のプロットは、TCRβ染色対CD4は（TCRβ+ CD4 + T細胞、TCRβ+ CD8 + T細胞およびTCRγδ+ T細胞の分析を可能にする）を示しています。 TCRγδ - - TCRβのゲーティングセルは、右側のプロットは、NK1.1染色（NK細胞の分析を可能にする）に対するCD45を示しています。 （B）CD90.2のための染色を示す代表的FACSプロットがCD45 +系統陰性細胞にゲート（CD3- CD19 -先天性リンパ系細胞を識別する） - NK1.1 -のCD11c -のCD11b - Ly6G - Ly6C - TCRγδ - TCRβ。細胞集団におけるIFN-γおよびIL-17染色を示す（C）代表的FACSプロットは、識別されました。歯肉製剤は20週齢のLFAからのものである- / -歯周炎を発症したマウス。データは、3つの独立した実験の代表例である。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/53736/53736fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network at JoVE.com

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

我々は、分離、表現型の特徴およびマウス歯肉からの免疫細胞の機能解析のための手法を確立しました。

単離、特徴付けおよび歯肉免疫細胞ネットワークの機能検討

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

isolation-characterization-functional-examination-gingival-immune

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

10.7K ビュー.  NIH. 我々は、分離、表現型の特徴およびマウス歯肉からの免疫細胞の機能解析のための手法を確立しました。 

ビデオ: Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Measuring Calpain Activity in Fixed and Living Cells by Flow Cytometry

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, including signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis and cell cycle progression 1. Calpains have been implicated in many pathologies including muscular dystrophies, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis 1. Calpain regulation is complex and incompletely understood. mRNA and protein levels correlate poorly with activity, limiting the use of gene or protein expression techniques to measure calpain activity. This video protocol details a flow cytometric assay developed in our laboratory for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells. This method uses the fluorescent substrate BOC-LM-CMAC, which is cleaved specifically by calpain, to measure calpain activity. 2 In this video, calpain activity in fixed and living murine 32Dkit leukemia cells, alone or as part of a splenocyte population is measured using an LSRII (BD Bioscience). 32Dkit cells are shown to have elevated activity compared to normal splenocytes.

This article will detail the protocol for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells using flow cytometry.

フローサイトメトリーで固定し、生細胞におけるカルパイン活性の測定

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, ...

免疫・感染学

Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5 These immune cells, which include mast cells, T-cells and macrophages; store and release a variety of biologically active mediators including cytokines and proteases such as tryptase.6-8 These mediators have been shown to be key players in extracellular matrix metabolism by activating matrix metalloproteinases or causing collagen accumulation by modulating the cardiac fibroblasts' function.9-11 However, available techniques for isolating cardiac immune cells have been problematic because they use bacterial collagenase to digest the myocardial tissue. This technique causes activation of the immune cells and thus a loss of function. For example, cardiac mast cells become significantly less responsive to compounds that cause degranulation.12 Therefore, we developed a technique that allows for the isolation of functional cardiac immune cells which would lead to a better understanding of the role of these cells in cardiac disease.13, 14
This method requires a familiarity with the anatomical location of the rat's xiphoid process, axilla and falciform ligament, and pericardium of the heart. These landmarks are important to increase success of the procedure and to ensure a higher yield of cardiac immune cells. These isolated cardiac immune cells can then be used for characterization of functionality, phenotype, maturity, and co-culture experiments with other cardiac cells to gain a better understanding of their interactions.

This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells. Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

機能心臓の免疫細胞の単離

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5  These immune cells, which ...

Differentiating Functional Roles of Gene Expression from Immune and Non-immune Cells in Mouse Colitis by Bone Marrow Transplantation

To understand the role of a gene in the development of colitis, we compared the responses of wild-type mice and gene-of-interest deficient knockout mice to colitis. If the gene-of-interest is expressed in both bone marrow derived cells and non-bone marrow derived cells of the host; however, it is possible to differentiate the role of a gene of interest in bone marrow derived cells and non- bone marrow derived cells by bone marrow transplantation technique. To change the bone marrow derived cell genotype of mice, the original bone marrow of recipient mice were destroyed by irradiation and then replaced by new donor bone marrow of different genotype. When wild-type mice donor bone marrow was transplanted to knockout mice, we could generate knockout mice with wild-type gene expression in bone marrow derived cells. Alternatively, when knockout mice donor bone marrow was transplanted to wild-type recipient mice, wild-type mice without gene-of-interest expressing from bone marrow derived cells were produced. However, bone marrow transplantation may not be 100% complete. Therefore, we utilized cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules (CD45.1 and CD45.2) as markers of donor and recipient cells to track the proportion of donor bone marrow derived cells in recipient mice and success of bone marrow transplantation. Wild-type mice with CD45.1 genotype and knockout mice with CD45.2 genotype were used. After irradiation of recipient mice, the donor bone marrow cells of different genotypes were infused into the recipient mice. When the new bone marrow regenerated to take over its immunity, the mice were challenged by chemical agent (dextran sodium sulfate, DSS 5%) to induce colitis. Here we also showed the method to induce colitis in mice and evaluate the role of the gene of interest expressed from bone-marrow derived cells. If the gene-of-interest from the bone derived cells plays an important role in the development of the disease (such as colitis), the phenotype of the recipient mice with bone marrow transplantation can be significantly altered. At the end of colitis experiments, the bone marrow derived cells in blood and bone marrow were labeled with antibodies against CD45.1 and CD45.2 and their quantitative ratio of existence could be used to evaluate the success of bone marrow transplantation by flow cytometry. Successful bone marrow transplantation should show a vast majority of donor genotype (in term of CD molecule marker) over recipient genotype in both the bone marrow and blood of recipient mice.

Bone marrow transplantation provides a way to change the genotype of the bone marrow derived cells. If the gene of interest is expressed in both bone marrow derived cells and non-bone marrow derived cells, bone marrow transplantation can change the bone marrow derived cells to a different genotype without changing the non-bone marrow derived cell genotype.

骨髄移植によるマウス大腸炎における免疫および非免疫細胞からの遺伝子発現の機能的役割を差別化

To understand the role of a gene in the development of colitis, we compared the responses of wild-type mice and gene-of-interest deficient knockout mice ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

機能と分子生物学的研究のためのプライマリマウスII型肺胞上皮細胞のフローサイトメトリ分離

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique and important tissue to study immune mechanisms because it is involved in host immune response against oral biofilm that might cause periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the close proximity of the gingiva to alveolar bone tissue enables also studying bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions. Our method yields large amount of immune cells that allows analysis of even rare cell populations such as Langerhans cells and T regulatory cells as we demonstrated previously 1. Employing mice to study local immune responses involved in alveolar bone loss during periodontal diseases is advantageous because of the availability of various immunological and experimental tools. Nevertheless, due to their small size and the relatively inconvenient access to the murine gingiva, many studies avoided examination of this critical tissue. The method described in this work could facilitate gingival analysis, which hopefully will increase our understating on the oral immune system and its role during periodontal diseases.

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

マウス歯肉細胞の単離、処理と解析

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique ...

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an intensification of interest in immune cell contribution to local and systemic insulin resistance. Isolation and quantification of different immune cell populations in lean and obese AT is now a commonly utilized technique in immunometabolism laboratories; yet extreme care must be taken both in stromal vascular cell isolation and in the flow cytometry analysis so that the data obtained is reliable and interpretable. In this video we demonstrate how to mince, digest, and isolate the immune cell-enriched stromal vascular fraction. Subsequently, we show how to antibody label macrophages and T lymphocytes and how to properly gate on them in flow cytometry experiments. Representative flow cytometry plots from low fat-fed lean and high fat-fed obese mice are provided. A critical element of this analysis is the use of antibodies that do not fluoresce in channels where AT macrophages are naturally autofluorescent, as well as the use of proper compensation controls.

Adipose tissue (AT) is a site of intense immune cell activation and interaction. Almost all cells of the immune system are present in AT and their ratios are altered by obesity. Proper isolation, quantification, and characterization of AT immune cell populations are critical for understanding their role in immunometabolic disease.

脂肪組織の免疫細胞の単離

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in  the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an  intensification of interest in ...

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood. 
We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility. 
All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection.

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.

アン<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt; HIV重感染のコンテキストでのマラリアに対する免疫応答を測定するためのモデル

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

虚血性マウス脳からの免疫細胞の単離およびフローサイトメトリー分析

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophil-derived Microparticles for Functional Studies

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in diameter. MPs are a newly evolving, important part of cell-to-cell communication and signaling machinery. Because of their size and the nature of their release, until recently MP existence was overlooked. However, with improved technology and analytical methods their function in health and disease is now emerging. The protocols presented here are aimed at isolating and characterizing PMN-MPs by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Moreover, several implementation examples are given. These protocols for MP isolation are fast, low-cost, and do not require the use of expensive kits. Furthermore, they allow for the labeling of MPs following isolation, as well as pre-labeling of source cells prior to MP release, using a membrane-specific fluorescent dye for visualization and analysis by flow cytometry. These methods, however, have several limitations including purity of PMNs and MPs and the need for sophisticated analytical instrumentation. A high-end flow cytometer is needed to reliably analyze MPs and minimize false positive reads due to noise or auto-fluorescence. The described protocols can be used to isolate and define MP biogenesis, and characterize their markers and variation in composition under different stimulating conditions. Size heterogeneity can be exploited to investigate whether the content of membrane particles versus exosomes is different, and whether they fulfill different roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, following isolation and characterization of MPs, their function in cellular responses and various disease models (including, PMN-associated inflammatory disorders, such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Acute Lung Injury) can be explored.

New protocols are described here to isolate and characterize microparticles derived from human and mouse neutrophils. These protocols utilize ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting techniques to analyze microparticle content, and they can be used to study the role of microparticles derived from various cell types in cellular function.

分離と機能研究の好中球由来の微粒子のキャラクタリゼーション

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in ...

Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart

The immune system is an essential component of a healthy heart. The myocardium is home to a rich population of different immune cell subsets with functional compartmentalization both during steady state and during different forms of inflammation. Until recently, the study of immune cells in the heart required the use of microscopy or poorly developed digestion protocols, which provided enough sensitivity during severe inflammation but were unable to confidently identify small &#8212; but key &#8212; populations of cells during steady state. Here, we discuss a simple method combining enzymatic (collagenase, hyaluronidase and DNAse) and mechanical digestion of murine hearts preceded by intravascular administration of fluorescently-labelled antibodies to differentiate small but unavoidable intravascular cell contaminants. This method generates a suspension of isolated viable cells that can be analyzed by flow cytometry for identification, phenotyping and quantification, or further purified with fluorescence-activated cell sorting or magnetic bead separation for transcriptional analysis or in vitro studies. We include an example of a step-by-step flow cytometric analysis to differentiate the key macrophage and dendritic cell populations of the heart. For a medium sized experiment (10 hearts) the completion of the procedure requires 2&#8211;3 h.

This protocol presents a simple and efficient method to isolate, identify and quantify immune cells residing in the myocardium of mice during steady state or inflammation. The protocol combines enzymatic and mechanical digestion for the generation of a single cell suspension that can be further analyzed by flow cytometry.