This research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We acknowledge the support by the NASA Astrobiology Institute (Icy Worlds). L.M.B. is supported by the NAI through the NASA Postdoctoral Program, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. J.E.N. was supported through a US Department of Education PR/Award #: P031C110019 administered through Citrus College. We acknowledge useful discussions with members of the NAI Thermodynamics, Disequilibrium, and Evolution Focus Group and the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science.

1.安全性に関する注意事項<ol><li>化学流出やけがに対して防ぐために、個人用保護具（白衣、ゴーグル、ニトリル手袋、適切な靴）を使用します。注射器や針を使用して、手袋に穴を開けないように注意してください。二重蒸留H 2 O（のddH 2 O）で、最初の注入を行うことにより、リークするための装置を確認するために、および化学物質を添加する前に、スタンドに反応バイアルの安定性を確認するための実験のセットアップ時に注意してください。 </li><li>任意の化学庭のレシピで、この実験を行うが、私たちは深海通気口をシミュレートするために使用する反応物質の一つは、有害化学物質、硫化ナトリウムです。したがって、露出を防ぐために、ヒュームフードの内側に全体実験を行います。 <ol><li>ドラフト内で硫化ナトリウムのボトルを開き、硫化物を計量するためのヒュームフードの内側にバランスを置くだけです。常に彼らは有毒の H 2 Sガスを放出としてヒュームフード内部の硫化物含有溶液を維持し、またスルフィドを保ちますE液体、鋭利物、およびヒュームフード中の固形廃棄物容器。対象の他の反応物は、空気に暴露されると酸化鉄（II）のCl 2•4H 2 O、であるため、常に内、無酸素ソリューションを維持し、無酸素ヘッドスペース（ 例えば、N 2またはAr）の下で化学庭園を成長させるために注意してくださいヒュームフードまたはグローブボックス。 </li></ol></li></ol>インジェクション実験用2.セットアップ<ol><li>反転するとき、容器は大気に開放されて、なるようにガラスカッターでトップ血清ボトル（20ミリメートル圧着シール閉鎖型）を圧着100ミリリットル透明なガラスの下1cmに切断してガラス「注射用バイアル」を作成します。これらは再利用可能であるため、1 M塩酸酸性浴のO / Nでバイアルをきれいにしてから、新しい実験前のddH 2 Oでよくすすいで。 </li><li>注射用バイアル（ 図1）を準備します。 <ol><li> 20ミリメートルセプタム、20ミリメートルのアルミシールを圧着し、0.5〜10μlのプラスチックピペットチップを収集します。 16 GシリンジNEを使用してedleは、慎重に適切な鋭利物廃棄容器に針を除去し、廃棄した後、中隔の中央に穴を穿刺。 </li><li>バイアルのクリンプトップの内側に直面することになるゴム隔壁の側に、針の穴にピペットの先端を挿入します。それは他の側をつつくように、隔壁を通してピペット先端を押してください。 </li><li>圧着シールするピペットチップでセプタムを注入容器に水密シールを作るために。密封されたとき、それは外に突出するように、隔壁を通してさらにピペットチップを押してください。 </li><li> （チューブの長さは、シリンジポンプに注射バイアルから到達すべき）ピペットチップに1/16「内径明確な柔軟な耐薬品性チューブを貼付。防水シールのためにそれをスライドさせます。 注意：これは、16 G針で注射器によってもう一方の端から供給される注入管、となります。 </li><li>リークのチェック：チューブのもう一方の端に16 G針でのddH 2 Oを充填した10mLのシリンジを挿入（スムーズに直針にチューブをスライドさせ、チューブの壁に穴を開けないように注意してください）​​。ゆっくりのddH 2 Oにチューブを移動させて、反応容器の底部になるように注入します。その注射器/チューブ、チューブ/先端を確認し、クリンプシールは防水です。 </li></ol></li><li>注射はバイアルの底からフィードされるように、ヒュームフードでスタンドに注射用バイアルを固定します。 注：複数のバイアルを一度に設定し、別々のシリンジで同時に供給することができます。 </li><li>化学庭園の壁を越え膜電位を測定するための電極を設定します。常にリードが「内部」であるための化学庭園の「外側」である同じ規則を使用します。 <ol><li>マルチメータやデータロガーのリードに反応容器内から到達絶縁電線（例えば、銅）の長さをカットします。位置決めのためのワイヤのたるみを少し残して下さい。 </li><li>のストリップ〜3ミリメートル反応バイアルの内側に配置される端で裸線。マルチメータのリードに接続され、他の端部には、ストリップ線の約1 cmです。 </li><li>化学庭を横切って膜電位を測定するために、所定の位置にワイヤーを固定してください。化学園内行く線の場合：流体を容器に供給元となるピペットチップの開口部に挿入します。 </li><li>注射液との接触を確実にするために軽く、ワイヤを押しはなく、これまでのところ、それが噴射流を閉塞すること。外側ワイヤの場合：場所それは、液溜めとではなく、化学的な庭の沈殿物と接触するようにします。 </li><li>テープまたはそれ以外の場合は、実験（ 図2）中に注射バイアル内を移動できないようにワイヤを固定します。 </li><li>マルチメータへの配線の他端を接続し、それらの端部はまた、実験を通して移動しないように、ワイヤを固定します。 </li></ol></li><li> N 2を設定します </それぞれが注射用バイアルの1に供給されますサブ&gt;ガスライン。 <ol><li>各注射バイアル用に1個のN 2供給があるように、いくつかのチューブにN 2源からのガス供給を分割します。 </li><li>それは注射用バイアルの1のヘッドスペースに供給されるように、それぞれのN 2のチューブを置きます。 </li></ol></li></ol>ケミカルガーデン成長のためのソリューションの調製<ol><li>各実験のための貯蔵溶液、100ミリリットルを準備します。注：この例では、沈殿させる陽（ 表1）のように75 mMの鉄2+および25mMのFe 3+を使用しています。 <ol><li>最初の100ミリリットル当たり〜15分間、N 2ガ ​​スとのddH 2 Oを通気することにより無酸素のソリューションを作成します。 </li><li> （酸素を導入しないしないように積極的になるように）を計量し、溶解するために静かに攪拌し、のFeCl 2•4H 2 OとのFeCl 3•6H 2 Oを追加します。 </li><li>試薬が溶解した後、直ちにRESUMN 2ガ ​​スでのFe 2+ /鉄3+ソリューションの電子光バブリング注射が用意されています。 </li></ol></li><li> 表1に示した第一の注射溶液のいずれか2つを選択し、各10mlのを準備します。溶液のそれぞれで7ミリリットルマーク（各ソリューションのための1つの注射器）に10ミリリットルの注射器を埋めます。針のキャップを交換して、脇に置きます。 </li><li>二次注射液（硫化ナトリウム-注意）20mlの準備をします。 表1に示すが針キャップを交換して、脇に置き、この溶液を7ミリリットルマークへの2つの10ミリリットル注射器を埋めます。必ずドラフト内で硫化物含有溶液と注射器を保持します。 </li><li>ステップ2.2.5からのddH 2 Oシリンジを補充。これらは、注入管をフラッシュするために使用されます。 </li></ol> 4.プライマリ注入の開始<ol><li>膜電位測定のための所望のデータロガーを使用します。 separatに各実験の電位を測定Eチャネル、およびデータポイント（例えば、2時間の注入のために、潜在的な30秒毎に記録することは十分であろう）の所望の量を与えるためにスキャンレートを設定します。 </li><li>ヒュームフード内でプログラム可能なシリンジポンプの主要な注射器を固定します。 </li><li>しずくをキャッチし、注射器の両方をビーカーに滴下し始めるまで、速い速度で注入するようにシリンジポンプを設定するために、廃棄物のビーカーを使用してください。次に（2つのシリンジがまったく同じレベルで注入し始めることを確実にするために）注入を停止します。 </li><li>シリンジポンプが時間ごとに2 mlで注入するように再プログラム（使用されている注射器のタイプのキャリブレーション）が、開始をヒットしません。 </li><li> 2プラスチック射出管にのddH 2 O注射器を挿入し、水が、それは主タンクに入る開口部への明確なチューブアップを満たすように注入します。注射用バイアルの上に、スタンドに注射器を置きます。 </li><li> EAへのFe 2+ /鉄3+リザーバー溶液100mlを注ぎますCHバイアル。 </li><li>注射の間、実験の無酸素を維持するために所望のようにN 2ガ ​​スラインの流量を調整します。 </li><li> （パラフィルムを使用して、 例えば 、;ガラス越しに眺めを邪魔しない）慎重に気密シールを有するリザーバーバイアルをカバーし、各バイアル（ 図3）内にN 2フィードを挿入します。 </li><li> ddH 2 Oシリンジ（まだチューブに挿入された）次の下に主要な注射器を持参してください。慎重のddH 2 Oの注射針からプラスチック射出チューブをスライドさせて、すぐに主要な注射器の針の上に直接転送します。 （チューブの壁に穴を開けないように注意してください。） </li><li>注入を開始し、膜電位の記録を開始します。 </li></ol> 5.二次噴射の開始： <ol><li>化学庭の構造が形成された後、（6ミリリットルを注入された後）3時間後にシリンジポンプに停止ヒット（Figu）4再度、継続的に膜電位を生成する（ 図5）。 </li><li>慎重にシリンジポンプからの一次注射器を取り外します（しかし、構造が乱されていないので、チューブに接続されたそれらを残します）。流体が戻ってシリンジ内に流れることができないように、バイアル内の流体のレベルより上のスタンドに設定してください。 </li><li>シリンジポンプに二次噴射硫化注射器を固定し、ステップ4.3と4.4を繰り返します。 </li><li>シリンジポンプから一度に二次注射器1を削除し、バイアル内の流体のレベルを超えて注射器を保持しながら、繰り返しステップ4.9、二次注射器（ 図6）に、一次注射器からチューブを移します。シリンジ内にリザーバからの流体の圧力が、これは化学庭を折りたたむことができ、流体をシリンジに逆流させないことを警戒します。 </li><li>転送が完了すると、慎重に目に二次注射器を固定しますEシリンジポンプ。 </li><li>再プログラムシリンジポンプは、時間ごとに2 mlで注入し、新しい注射液を注入を継続し始めるヒットします。 </li><li>安全第一の注射器を処分。 </li></ol> 6.実験の終了<ol><li>まず、シリンジポンプを停止し、その後膜電位の記録を停止し、データを保存します。 </li><li> N 2流量をオフにして、注入容器からのラインとパラフィルムを除去します。 </li><li>所望であれば、貯蔵溶液を試料またはさらなる分析のために沈殿させます。慎重に貯蔵溶液を除去し、沈殿を乱さないために、慎重にいくつかのアリコートにリザーバー溶液をオフにピペットし、廃棄物のビーカー内の溶液を捨て、25 mlピペットを使用しています。 </li><li>注入容器を一つずつアンクランプし、ドラフト内の廃転送ビーカーにソリューションを注ぎます。沈殿物の作品をすすぐためのddH 2 Oを使用してください。 </li><li>あちこちに注射器を取り外しシリンジポンプをM、および廃棄物の転送ビーカーに流出余分な注入流体をさせる、チューブからそれらを抽出します。廃棄物のビーカーに注射器を空にし、換気フード内に保持硫化鋭利物容器にシリンジを処分。 </li><li>実験バイアルからチューブを外し、固形廃棄物の袋に廃棄してください。シールをUncrimpおよび隔壁、シール、およびピペットチップを処分。 </li><li>ガラス実験バイアルをすすぎ、1MのHCl酸浴、O / Nでそれを浸します。 （注意-酸に置かれたときに毒性のH 2 Sガスを放出する硫化ナトリウムと接触したガラス製品ヒュームフード内部の酸浴をしてください。） </li></ol>

<ol>
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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron-Sulfide-Bearing+Chimneys+as+Potential+Catalytic+Energy+Traps+at+Life&#8217;s+Emergence.">Iron-Sulfide-Bearing Chimneys as Potential Catalytic Energy Traps at Life&#8217;s Emergence.</a> Astrobiology. 11, 933-950 (2011).</li><li>Roszol, L., Steinbock, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+the+Wall+Thickness+and+Composition+of+Hollow+Precipitation+Tubes.">Controlling the Wall Thickness and Composition of Hollow Precipitation Tubes.</a> Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 20100 (2011).</li><li>Ludwig, K. A., Kelley, D. S., Butterfield, D. A., Nelson, B. K., Fr&#252;h-Green, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+and+evolution+of+carbonate+chimneys+at+the+Lost+City+Hydrothermal+Field.">Formation and evolution of carbonate chimneys at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field.</a> Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac. 70, 3625-3645 (2006).</li><li>Russell, M. J., Hall, A. J., Turner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+growth+of+iron+sulphide+chimneys:+possible+culture+chambers+for+origin-of-life+experiments.">In vitro growth of iron sulphide chimneys: possible culture chambers for origin-of-life experiments.</a> Terra Nova. 1, 238-241 (1989).</li><li>Russell, M. J., Daniel, R. M., Hall, A. J., Sherringham, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+hydrothermally+precipitated+catalytic+iron+sulphide+membrane+as+a+first+step+toward+life.">A hydrothermally precipitated catalytic iron sulphide membrane as a first step toward life.</a> J. Mol. Evol. 39 (3), 231-243 (1994).</li><li>Barge, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyrophosphate+Synthesis+in+Iron+Mineral+Films+and+Membranes+Simulating+Prebiotic+Submarine+Hydrothermal+Systems.">Pyrophosphate Synthesis in Iron Mineral Films and Membranes Simulating Prebiotic Submarine Hydrothermal Systems.</a> Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac. 128, 1-12 (2014).</li><li>McGlynn, S. E., Kanik, I., Russell, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptide+and+RNA+contributions+to+iron-sulphur+chemical+gardens+as+life's+first+inorganic+compartments,+catalysts,+capacitors+and+condensors.">Peptide and RNA contributions to iron-sulphur chemical gardens as life's first inorganic compartments, catalysts, capacitors and condensors.</a> Philos. T. R. Soc. S-A. 370, 3007-3022 (2012).</li><li>Cartwright, J. H. E., Escribano, B., Sainz-D&#237;az, C. I., Stocieck, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical-Garden+Formation,+Morphology,+and+Composition.+II.+Chemical+Gardens+in+Microgravity.">Chemical-Garden Formation, Morphology, and Composition. II. Chemical Gardens in Microgravity.</a> Langmuir. 27, 3294-3300 (2011).</li><li>Thouvenel-Romans, S., Steinbock, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillatory+Growth+of+Silica+Tubes+in+Chemical+Gardens.">Oscillatory Growth of Silica Tubes in Chemical Gardens.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 4338-4341 (2003).</li><li>Batista, B. C., Cruz, P., Steinbock, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+Hydrodynamic+Plumes+to+Chemical+Gardens:+The+Concentration-Dependent+Onset+of+Tube+Formation.">From Hydrodynamic Plumes to Chemical Gardens: The Concentration-Dependent Onset of Tube Formation.</a> Langmuir. 30, 9123-9129 (2014).</li><li>Herschy, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+origin-of-life+reactor+to+simulate+alkaline+hydrothermal+vents.">An origin-of-life reactor to simulate alkaline hydrothermal vents.</a> J. Mol. Evol. 79, 213-227 (2014).</li><li>Yamaguchi, A., Yamamoto, M., Takai, K., Ishii, T., Hashimoto, K., Nakamura, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+CO2+Reduction+by+Ni-containing+Iron+Sulfides:+How+Is+CO2+Electrochemically+Reduced+at+Bisulfide-Bearing+Deep-sea+Hydrothermal+Precipitates?.">Electrochemical CO2 Reduction by Ni-containing Iron Sulfides: How Is CO2 Electrochemically Reduced at Bisulfide-Bearing Deep-sea Hydrothermal Precipitates?.</a> Electrochim. Acta. 141, 311-318 (2014).</li><li>Hansen, H. C. B., Guldberg, S., Erbs, M., Koch, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+nitrate+reduction+by+green+rusts&#8212;effects+of+interlayer+anion+and+Fe+(II):+Fe+(III)+ratio.">Kinetics of nitrate reduction by green rusts&#8212;effects of interlayer anion and Fe (II): Fe (III) ratio.</a> Appl. Clay Sci. 18 (1), 81-91 (2001).</li><li>Trolard, F., Bourri&#233;, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fougerite+a+natural+layered+double+hydroxide+in+gley+soil:+habitus,+structure,+and+some+properties.">Fougerite a natural layered double hydroxide in gley soil: habitus, structure, and some properties.</a> Clay Minerals in Nature - Their Characterization, Modification and Application. , (2012).</li><li>van Oss, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specifically+Impermeable+Precipitate+Membranes.">Specifically Impermeable Precipitate Membranes.</a> Surface and Colloid Science. , 115-144 (1984).</li><li>Baaske, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extreme+accumulation+of+nucleotides+in+simulated+hydrothermal+pore+systems.">Extreme accumulation of nucleotides in simulated hydrothermal pore systems.</a> P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104, 9346-9351 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

注入法による化学ガーデン構造の形成は、沈殿物を生成する反応性イオンを含有する任意の二つの溶液をインターフェースすることによって達成することができます。沈殿物の構造を生成し、所望の構造を成長させる反応性イオン及び濃度の右のレシピが試行錯誤の問題で見つけるだろう多くの可能な反応系があります。注射液の流量は、プログラム可能なシリンジポンプによって制御され?...

「化学の庭園」は対照的な化学の二つの流体1,2を相互に作用開発した自己組織化無機沈殿物があります。これらの自己集合無機構造が部分的に彼らのバイオミメティック外観世紀以上のための科学的関心の対象とされてきた、多くの実験的および理論的研究は、化学ガーデンシステム3の様々な複雑な側面と可能な機能を理解するために追求されました。化学庭園の自然な例は、水熱スプリングとSEEPSの周りに成長ミネラル&quot;煙突&quot;析出物が挙げられ、これらは4をemergeする生活のためのもっともらしい環境を提供することができると主張されてきました。自然の熱水噴出孔の煙突をシミュレートする化学庭を成長させるために、リザーバー溶液は、シミュレートされた海の組成と海にフィード水熱流体を表すべきで注射液を表している必要があります。このO型の汎用性異なる反応系にF実験は、初期地球上または他の世界の環境を含む、ほぼすべての提案海/熱水化学のシミュレーションを可能にします。初期地球上では、海洋は無酸素、酸性（pHは5-6）であったであろう、とだけでなく、鉄III、ニッケル2+、Mnの2+、NO 3 -を溶解大気中のCO 2とFe 2+を含有していただろう、およびNO 2 - 。この海水と超苦海洋地殻の間の化学反応は、水素とメタンを含むアルカリ水熱流体を生成し、場合によって硫化（HS - ）でただろう4-8。初期地球で形成された煙突はアルカリベント環境は、このように、第二鉄/鉄オキシ水酸化鉄/ニッケル硫化物が含まれている可能性があり、それはこれらの鉱物が駆動する地球化学的酸化還元/ pH勾配を利用するに向かって、特定の触媒とプロト酵素機能を果たしている可能性があることが提案されていますmetaboliの出現SM 5。同様に、そのような他の世界がホストすることができる上（またはホストされている場合があります）水/岩石インターフェース - それは水/岩化学組成が可能なのアルカリベント環境を生成することが可能である - このような初期の火星、木星の月のヨーロッパ、または土星の月エンケラドスなどプレバイオティクスの化学反応を駆動、あるいは現存する生命5,9-11のための居住ニッチを提供します。 古典的な化学庭実験は、金属塩の種結晶は、反応性陰イオンを含有する溶液中に浸漬、例えば塩化第一鉄四水和物のFeCl 2•4H 2 O、 例えば 、ケイ酸ナトリウムまたは「水ガラス」を包含する。よりアルカリ性溶液とのインタフェースのFe 2+を含む酸性溶液を生成する金属塩の溶解は、（ケイ酸アニオンを含有するOH - ）と無機膜の沈殿物が形成されています。浸透圧の下で膜が膨潤し、バーストは、その後、再沈殿新しい流体界面をtは。結晶が溶解するまで、このプロセスは、両方のマクロおよびミクロスケールで複雑な形態を有する垂直に配向し、自己組織沈殿物構造を生じる、繰り返します。無機化学の庭の膜を横切って化学的に対照的な解決策の継続的な分離、および膜を横切る荷電種の違いでこの沈殿プロセスの結果は、12〜14、膜電位をもたらします。化学庭の構造は、外部13,15-19に内部から組成勾配を示す、複雑であり、イオンに幾分透過性を維持しながら構造の壁は長時間対照的なソリューション間の分離を維持します。 （彼らは教室のデモンストレーションのために作ることが簡単であり、化学反応や自己組織化について学生を教育することができますように）教育目的のための理想的な実験であることに加えて、化学的な庭園は、自己assembの表現としての科学的な意義を持っていますLYは、ダイナミック、遠から平衡システムでは、興味深く、有用な材料20,21の産生をもたらすことができる方法を含みます。 実験室での化学庭園はまた、1種の沈殿イオンを含む溶液をゆっくりと共沈イオン（またはイオン）を含む第二の溶液中に注入され、注入法によって成長させることができます。これは、システムの性質と沈殿物がより良好に制御することができることを除いて、結晶成長実験と同様の化学庭構造の形成をもたらします。注入法は、いくつかの重要な利点を有します。これは、一つの沈殿または組み込ま種の任意の組み合わせを用いて化学庭を形成することができ、すなわち、複数の沈殿イオンが一つの解決策に組み込むことができ、および/ ​​または他の非沈殿成分が/吸着するか、溶液中に含めることができるが、沈殿物と反応。化学的に生成された膜電位電極は、構造体の内部に組み込まれている場合庭システムは、このように、システムの電気化学的研究を可能にする、注入実験で測定することができます。注入実験は、噴射率や総注入量を変えることによって制御された時間枠のための化学園の内部に注射液を供給するための能力を提供します。それは、異なる溶液を順次介して供給し、トラップまたは反応器として沈殿した構造体を使用することが可能です。組み合わせることで、これらの技術は、海との間には多くの同時沈殿反応から形成され、金属硫化物を生成する流体（ 例えば、通気煙突を含む、海底熱水噴出孔での自然な化学物質の庭のシステムで発生している可能性が複雑なプロセスの実験室シミュレーション、水酸化物を可能に、および/ ​​または炭酸塩およびケイ酸塩）5,22。これらの技術はまた、新しいタイプの形成を可能にするために、任意の化学庭の反応系に適用することができ吸着反応種20,23を有する材料、 例えば、層状のチューブまたはチューブの。 ここでは私たちの詳細無酸素環境での構造を含有する2つの化学庭園、鉄2+の同時成長を含んでいる実験例。この実験では、構造体への影響を観察するために最初の注射溶液にポリリン酸および/またはアミノ酸の微量を組み込みました。化学庭の初期形成した後、私たちは、二次沈殿アニオンとして硫化物を導入するために注射液を切り替えます。膜電位の測定は、実験を通して自動的に行われました。このプロトコルは、一度、デュアルシリンジポンプを用いて2つの実験を実行する方法について説明します。データは、この手順に必要な複数の実行を示します。比較的高い流量、我々の実験で用いられるリザーバと反応物質濃度の低いpHは大きな煙突を形成するように設計されている時間の皮下に析出1日の実験室での実験に適したエール。しかし、天然の水スプリングにおける流体の流量はより拡散することができ、（初期の地球システムにおいて、例えば、FeおよびS）の反応物を沈殿させるの濃度は、より低い大きさ4の順であってもよいです。このように、構造化された析出物は、より長い時間スケールの上に形成することになるとベントは数十年24,25の数千のためにアクティブである可能性があります。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Pump</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-831-3</td>
			<td>Dual or multiple channel, depending on desired number of simultaneous experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferrous chloride tetrahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>I90500</td>
			<td>Ferrous Chloride Tetrahydrate (Crystalline/Certified)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferric chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>I88-100&#160;</td>
			<td>Ferric&#160;Chloride&#160;Hexahydrate&#160;(Lumps/Certified ACS)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5881</td>
			<td>reagent grade, &#8805;98%, pellets (anhydrous)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium sulfide nonahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S425212</td>
			<td>Sodium Sulfide Nonahydrate (Crystalline/Certified ACS).&#160; Store at -20C. Only open in a glove box or fume hood. Releases toxic H2S gas; all sulfide-containing solutions must be kept in a glove box or fume hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium pyrophosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">322431</td>
			<td>97%, http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/322431?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Alanine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7627</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/a7627?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes (10cc)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-823-16E</td>
			<td>BD&#8482; Syringe with Luer-Lok Tips (Without Needle)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe needles (16 gauge)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>14-826-18B</td>
			<td>BD&#8482; General Use and PrecisionGlide Hypodermic Needles, 16 G x 1.5 in. (38mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing</td>
			<td>Cole Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-06407-71</td>
			<td>Tygon Lab Tubing, Non-DEHP, 1/16&#34;ID X 1/8&#34;OD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum seals</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>0337523C</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#8482; National&#8482; Headspace 20mm Crimp Seals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gray butyl stoppers</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>0337522AA</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#8482; National&#8482; 20mm Septa for Headspace Vials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serum bottles</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>33110-U</td>
			<td>Vials, crimp top, serum bottle, size 100 mL, clear glass, O.D. &#215; H 51.7 mm &#215; 94.5 mm. For these experiments, the bottom of the serum bottle should be cut off.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>53511-682</td>
			<td>pipette tips 0.5-10 microliters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8073K661</td>
			<td>Solid Single-Conductor Wire, UL 1007/1569, 20 AWG, 300 VAC</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chemical gardens as flow-through reactors simulating natural hydrothermal systems

Here we report experimental simulations of hydrothermal chimney growth using injection chemical garden methods. The versatility of this type of experiment allows for testing of various proposed ocean / hydrothermal fluid chemistries that could have driven reactions toward the origin of life in environments on the early Earth, early Mars, or even other worlds such as the icy moons of the outer planets. We show experiments that include growth of chemical garden structures under anoxic conditions simulating the early Earth, inclusion of trace components of phosphates / organics in the injection solution to incorporate them into the structure, a switch of the injection solution to introduce a secondary precipitating anion, and the measurement of membrane potentials generated by chemical gardens. Using this method, self-assembling chemical garden structures were formed that mimic the natural chimneys precipitated at submarine hydrothermal springs, and these precipitates can be used successfully as flow-through reactors by feeding through multiple successive &#8220;hydrothermal&#8221; injections.

注射液は、貯蔵溶液に供給し始めたら、化学庭の沈殿物が液体の界面に形成し始め、この構造体は、注射（ 図4-7）の過程で成長し続けました。ここで報告する実験では、最初の注入は、（L-アラニンおよび/ ​​またはピロリン酸を含むように修飾することができる）の水酸化ナトリウムとし、リザーバー溶液は、1：ミックスを得たFe 3+ / 2+のFe 3混合物-redox状態?...

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Chemical Gardens as Flow-through Reactors Simulating Natural Hydrothermal Systems

We describe chemical garden formation via injection experiments that allow for laboratory simulations of natural chemical garden systems that form at submarine hydrothermal vents.

ケミカル・ガーデンフロースルーリアクターのシミュレーション自然熱水系など

Here we report experimental simulations of hydrothermal chimney growth using injection chemical garden methods. The versatility of this type of experiment ...

chemical-gardens-as-flow-through-reactors-simulating-natural

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

14.4K ビュー.  California Institute of Technology. We describe chemical garden formation via injection experiments that allow for laboratory simulations of natural chemical garden systems that form at submarine hydrothermal vents.

ビデオ: Chemical Gardens as Flow-through Reactors Simulating Natural Hydrothermal Systems

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological processes. This subject embraces diverse scientific areas, spanning from physical, biological and bioorganic chemistry to biology and medicine, with applications to the amelioration of quality of life, health and aging. Multidisciplinary skills are required for the full investigation of the many facets of radical processes in the biological environment and chemical knowledge plays a crucial role in unveiling basic processes and mechanisms. We developed a chemical biology approach able to connect free radical chemical reactivity with biological processes, providing information on the mechanistic pathways and products. The core of this approach is the design of biomimetic models to study biomolecule behavior (lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) in aqueous systems, obtaining insights of the reaction pathways as well as building up molecular libraries of the free radical reaction products. This context can be successfully used for biomarker discovery and examples are provided with two classes of compounds: mono-trans isomers of cholesteryl esters, which are synthesized and used as references for detection in human plasma, and purine 5',8-cyclo-2'-deoxyribonucleosides, prepared and used as reference in the protocol for detection of such lesions in DNA samples, after ionizing radiations or obtained from different health conditions.

Radical-based biomimetic chemistry has been applied to building-up libraries necessary for biomarker development.

ケミカルバイオロジーのフリーラジカル：化学的挙動からバイオマーカー探索·開発へ

The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological ...

化学

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus was constructed to visually determine the composition of multiphase systems without physical sampling. Specifically, the sapphire cell enables visual data collection from multiple loadings to solve a set of material balances to precisely determine phase composition. Ternary phase diagrams can then be established to determine the proportion of each component in each phase at a given condition. In principle, any ternary system can be studied although ternary systems (gas-liquid-liquid) are the specific examples discussed herein. For instance, the ternary THF-Water-CO2 system was studied at 25 and 40&#160;&#176;C and is described herein. Of key importance, this technique does not require sampling. Circumventing the possible disturbance of the system equilibrium upon sampling, inherent measurement errors, and technical difficulties of physically sampling under pressure is a significant benefit of this technique. Perhaps as important, the sapphire cell also enables the direct visual observation of the phase behavior. In fact, as the CO2 pressure is increased, the homogeneous THF-Water solution phase splits at about 2 MPa. With this technique, it was possible to easily and clearly observe the cloud point and determine the composition of the newly formed phases as a function of pressure.
The data acquired with the sapphire cell technique can be used for many applications. In our case, we measured swelling and composition for tunable solvents, like gas-expanded liquids, gas-expanded ionic liquids and Organic Aqueous Tunable Systems (OATS)1-4. For the latest system, OATS, the high-pressure sapphire cell enabled the study of (1) phase behavior as a function of pressure and temperature, (2) composition of each phase (gas-liquid-liquid) as a function of pressure and temperature and (3) catalyst partitioning in the two liquid phases as a function of pressure and composition. Finally, the sapphire cell is an especially effective tool to gather accurate and reproducible measurements in a timely fashion.

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus is a unique tool to study, without sampling, phase behavior under a wide range of pressures. Using a cathetometer, very precise volume measurements can be recorded to measure liquid expansion and phase composition. Thus, this synthetic method enables the study of (1) phase equilibria of multi-component mixtures and (2) the partition behavior of catalyst or model compounds as a function of pressure.

COの相平衡測定のための高圧サファイアセル<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; /有機/水システム

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus was constructed to visually determine the composition of multiphase systems without physical sampling. ...

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel &#945;-diimine ethylene polymerization catalyst. Initial polymerizations with the catalyst lead to optimized reaction conditions, including catalyst concentration, ethylene pressure and reaction time. Using gas-uptake data for these reactions, a procedure to calculate the initial rate of propagation (kp) is presented. Using the optimized conditions, the ability of the nickel &#945;-diimine polymerization catalyst to undergo chain transfer with diethylzinc (ZnEt2) during ethylene polymerization was investigated. A procedure to assess the ability of the catalyst to undergo chain transfer (from molecular weight and 13C NMR data), calculate the degree of chain transfer, and calculate chain transfer rates (ke) is presented.

A protocol for the high-throughput analysis of polymerization catalyst, chain transfer polymerizations, polyethylene characterization, and reaction kinetic analysis is presented.

並列圧力反応器および連鎖移動重合の速度論的解析を使用してエチレン重合

We demonstrate a method for high-throughput catalyst screening using a parallel pressure reactor starting from the initial synthesis of a nickel ...

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are intimately involved in almost all biological processes and are linked to many human diseases. Therefore, there is a major effort to target PPIs in basic research and in the pharmaceutical industry. Protein-protein interfaces are usually large, flat, and often lack pockets, complicating the discovery of small molecules that target such sites. Alternative targeting approaches using antibodies have limitations due to poor oral bioavailability, low cell-permeability, and production inefficiency.
Using peptides to target PPI interfaces has several advantages. Peptides have higher conformational flexibility, increased selectivity, and are generally inexpensive. However, peptides have their own limitations including poor stability and inefficiency crossing cell membranes. To overcome such limitations, peptide cyclization can be performed. Cyclization has been demonstrated to improve peptide selectivity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability. However, predicting the bioactive conformation of a cyclic peptide is not trivial. To overcome this challenge, one attractive approach it to screen a focused library to screen in which all backbone cyclic peptides have the same primary sequence, but differ in parameters that influence their conformation, such as ring size and position.
We describe a detailed protocol for synthesizing a library of backbone cyclic peptides targeting specific parasite PPIs. Using a rational design approach, we developed peptides derived from the scaffold protein Leishmania receptor for activated C-kinase (LACK). We hypothesized that sequences in LACK that are conserved in parasites, but not in the mammalian host homolog, may represent interaction sites for proteins that are critical for the parasites&#39; viability. The cyclic peptides were synthesized using microwave irradiation to reduce reaction times and increase efficiency. Developing a library of backbone cyclic peptides with different ring sizes facilitates a systematic screen for the most biological active conformation. This method provides a general, fast, and facile way to synthesize cyclic peptides.

A simple and general method for the synthesis of cyclic peptides using microwave irradiation is outlined. This procedure enables the synthesis of backbone cyclic peptides with a collection of different conformations while retaining the side chains and the pharmacophoric moieties., and therefore, allows to screen for the bioactive conformation.

マイクロ波照射を用いて潜在的な抗寄生虫治療薬としてのバックボーン環状ペプチドライブラリの開発

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are intimately involved in almost all biological processes and are linked to many human diseases. Therefore, there is ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

超分子コロイドの合成とキャラクタリゼーション

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

This paper presents an experimental method to produce biofuels and biochemicals from canola oil mixed with a fossil-based feed in the presence of a catalyst at mild temperatures. Gaseous, liquid, and solid products from a reaction unit are quantified and characterized. Conversion and individual product yields are calculated and reported.

接触分解変換により菜種油からバイオ燃料および生化学の研究室の生産

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Major and severe accidents have occurred three times in nuclear power plants (NPPs), at Three Mile Island (USA, 1979), Chernobyl (former USSR, 1986) and Fukushima (Japan, 2011). Research on the causes, dynamics, and consequences of these mishaps has been performed in a few laboratories worldwide in the last three decades. Common goals of such research activities are: the prevention of these kinds of accidents, both in existing and potential new nuclear power plants; the minimization of their eventual consequences; and ultimately, a full understanding of the real risks connected with NPPs. At the European Commission Joint Research Centre&#39;s Institute for Transuranium Elements, a laser-heating and fast radiance spectro-pyrometry facility is used for the laboratory simulation, on a small scale, of NPP core meltdown, the most common type of severe accident (SA) that can occur in a nuclear reactor as a consequence of a failure of the cooling system. This simulation tool permits fast and effective high-temperature measurements on real nuclear materials, such as plutonium and minor actinide-containing fission fuel samples. In this respect, and in its capability to produce large amount of data concerning materials under extreme conditions, the current experimental approach is certainly unique. For current and future concepts of NPP, example results are presented on the melting behavior of some different types of nuclear fuels: uranium-plutonium oxides, carbides, and nitrides. Results on the high-temperature interaction of oxide fuels with containment materials are also briefly shown.

We present experiments in which real nuclear fuel, cladding, and containment materials are laser heated to temperatures beyond 3,000 K while their behavior is studied by radiance spectroscopy and thermal analysis. These experiments simulate, on a laboratory scale, the formation of a lava-phase following a nuclear reactor core meltdown.

レーザー加熱と原子力発電所事故を模擬した条件における核物質に関する研究の輝き分析

Major and severe accidents have occurred three times in nuclear power plants (NPPs), at Three Mile Island (USA, 1979), Chernobyl (former USSR, 1986) and ...

Minimum Burning Pressures of Water-based Emulsion Explosives

This manuscript describes a protocol to measure the minimum pressure required for sustained burning of water-based emulsion explosives. Pumping water-based emulsion explosives for blasting applications can be very hazardous, as demonstrated by a number of pump accidents around the globe in the last decades, including some that resulted in fatalities. In Canada, the recognition of this hazard has led to the development of pumping guidelines that were endorsed by both the explosives industry and the Explosive Regulatory Division of the Canadian government. In these guidelines, it was noted that the minimum burning pressures (MBP) measured in a laboratory would provide a good guide to characterize the behaviour of these products in pumping systems. The same guidelines also call for the design of pump systems that prevent, whenever possible, pressures from exceeding the MBP of the product being pumped. At the time of publication of these guidelines, a methodology existed for measuring such MBP values but it had never been validated to measure the MBP of ammonium nitrate water-based emulsions (AWEs). AWEs are now used much more widely than any other water-based explosives and precursors in on-site bulk loading operations.
The Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory (CanmetCERL) has been conducting research over the last ten years to develop a validated testing protocol to measure and interpret representative MBP values for AWEs. The test, as it is performed today, will be described and the critical components will be justified by reference to recent published data. Results of MBP measurements, for a range of AWE products, will be presented. Inclusion of the MBP test in the test standards for the authorization of high explosives in Canada will also be discussed.

We present an apparatus based on hot-wire ignition in a pressurized enclosure and an associated methodology to measure the minimum pressure required to induce sustained combustion in water-based emulsion explosives. This method improves product characterization to allow one to use them more safely during pumping and mixing operations.

最小燃焼水性エマルション爆薬の圧力

This manuscript describes a protocol to measure the minimum pressure required for sustained burning of water-based emulsion explosives. Pumping ...

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations

A new reaction screening technology for organic synthesis was recently demonstrated by combining elements from both continuous micro-flow and conventional batch reactors, coined stop-flow micro-tubing (SFMT) reactors. In SFMT, chemical reactions that require high pressure can be screened in parallel through a safer and convenient way. Cross-contamination, which is a common problem in reaction screening for continuous flow reactors, is avoided in SFMT. Moreover, the commercially available light-permeable micro-tubing can be incorporated into SFMT, serving as an excellent choice for light-mediated reactions due to a more effective uniform light exposure, compared to batch reactors. Overall, the SFMT reactor system is similar to continuous flow reactors and more superior than batch reactors for reactions that incorporate gas reagents and/or require light-illumination, which enables a simple but highly efficient reaction screening system. Furthermore, any successfully developed reaction in the SFMT reactor system can be conveniently translated to continuous-flow synthesis for large scale production.

A protocol for organic reaction screening using stop-flow micro-tubing (SFMT) reactors employing gaseous reactants and/or visible-light mediated reactions is presented.

ストップ フロー マイクロ チューブ炉の有機変換の開発のための利用

A new reaction screening technology for organic synthesis was recently demonstrated by combining elements from both continuous micro-flow and conventional ...

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative environmental impact and slag formation. The selected short rotation coppice (SRC) willow wood has a high ash content (<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/58970/58970eq1.jpg" /> = 1.96%) and, therefore, a high content of emission and slag precursors. Therefore, the reduction of minerals from SRC willow wood by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization (MAHC) at 150 &#176;C, 170 &#176;C, and 185 &#176;C is investigated. An advantage of MAHC over conventional reactors is an even temperature conductance in the reaction medium, as microwaves penetrate the whole reactor volume. This allows a better temperature control and a faster cooldown. Therefore, a succession of depolymerization, transformation and repolymerization reactions can be analyzed effectively. In this study, the analysis of the mass loss, ash content and composition, heating values and molar O/C and H/C ratios of the treated and untreated SCR willow wood showed that the mineral content of the MAHC coal was reduced and the heating value increased. The process water showed a decreasing pH and contained furfural and 5-methylfurfural. A process temperature of 170 &#176;C showed the best combination of energy input and ash component reduction. The MAHC allows a better understanding of the hydrothermal carbonization process, while a large-scale industrial application is unlikely because of the high investment costs.

A protocol for the emission precursor depletion from low quality biomass by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization treatment is presented. This protocol includes the microwave parameters and the analysis of the biocoal product and process water.

低温マイクロ波支援によるウィローウッド燃料排出量の削減補助熱炭化

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative ...