We thank Amanda Fair, the CMI, and Kathy Sweet and the ORL at UM for assistance with &#181;CT imaging and analysis. Funding: BL Funded by 1K08GM109105-01 and Plastic Surgery Foundation National Endowment Award.

倫理文：実験動物研究所から第八版（ILAR、2011）とした：全ての動物手順は、実験動物の使用およびケアのためのガイドで提供されるガイドラインで定義されているように、良好な動物の練習に厳密に従って実施しましたミシガン大学（PRO0001553）の施設内動物管理使用委員会によって承認されました。 1.マウスの外科的処置注：使用8-10週齢のC57BL / 6マウス。他の年齢、背景、およびマウスの系統は、異なる条件または遺伝的構成をテストするために使用することができます。手続きの腱切除部分については、フェイスマスク、ヘアボンネット、および滅菌ガウン、手袋、および器具を使用して無菌状態を維持します。手術部位は無菌ポビドンヨード及び滅菌ドレープで準備する必要があります。獣医の加熱パッドを使用し、前administraに37℃に蘇生ソリューションを加温することにより低体温を避けまする。 <ol><li> 2.5％吸入イソフルランを用いてマウスを麻酔。簡単にアクセス背と後肢を残すためにノーズコーンを使用してください。粘膜の適切な呼吸数や着色を維持し、筋緊張、つま先のピンチ、および角膜反射をチェックすることにより、麻酔を確実にするために、イソフルランの投与速度を調整します。手順中にドライアイの怪我を防止するために、マウスの目に当たり障りのない眼軟膏を適用します。手術野の下の獣医の加熱パッドや温水循環装置を使用して、適切な体温を維持。 </li><li>鎮痛のための手術の皮下直前に、ブプレノルフィン、0.1ミリグラム/ kgで投与します。 </li><li>密接膝にかかとからバリカンを使用して、左後足に手術部位を剃ります。 </li><li>密接に背骨の上に始まり、背側正中線の左に剃毛領域を拡張する、火傷に対応するために、地域に少なくとも2cm×3cmをクリアし、マウスの背部を剃ります。 </li><li>3交流ポビドンヨードスクラブを使用して、膝に後足を含め、手術部位を準備します。 </li><li>左アキレス腱の内側面に沿って縦切開を行います。アキレス腱を容易に可視化することができるように、切開部を拡張します。約0.5センチメートル。 </li><li>シャープ組織ハサミで中点で腱の鋭い解剖とアキレス腱切除術を行います。腱の下に組織面での組織のはさみの刃を挿入し、ブレードが腱中間点になるまで平面に沿って詳細に分析。急激腱を切断するはさみの刃を閉じます。 注：腓腹筋、ヒラメ筋、および足底腱を含むすべての事後腱を含めることを確認してください。 </li><li>滅菌ガーゼで圧力をかけて止血を達成（最小限の出血があるはずです）と5-0ビクリルステッチで皮膚切開を閉じます。 </li><li>おおよそのmeasuremenで35グラムの重さのアルミニウムブロックと背部分層熱傷を行いますTS 2センチメートル×2センチ×3センチメートル17秒間マウスの剃毛背部に適用される水浴中で60℃に加熱しました。 注：ブロックの表面領域全体がマウスに接触している、しかし、ブロックに追加の圧力をかけることを避けることを確認して、麻酔したマウスの上にブロックを休んすることにより、適切な火傷の深さを実現、 すなわち、重力があることを可能にします所定の位置にブロックを保持する唯一の力。ブロックの一方の側に取り付けられた薄いプラスチック製のハンドルは、操作、安定化、および湯浴からの検索に便利です。これは、8〜10週齢のC57BL / 6マウスでは約30％、全体表面積の熱傷を作成します。この接触燃焼が原因で傷の上に火傷の深さの均一性と動物の間の再現に他の方法（火炎や熱傷熱傷）が選択されています。 </li><li>ガーゼで熱傷部位を乾燥さテガダームドレッシングを適用します。 </li><li>温め蘇生液を投与：乳酸リンゲル液1ミリリットルを腹腔内注射0.5mlの皮下注射。蘇生のこの1回投与は、火傷や腱切除からの回復のために十分です。 注：マウスを完全に回復するまでの監視の下できれいなケージに個別に、他のマウスと住宅ケージに家を麻酔したマウスを返さないでください。典型的な回復は、1-6時間以内に発生します。熱傷部位は、一般的に2〜4週間以内に治癒するときれいな住宅環境で守ればめったに創傷感染によって複雑にされていません。 </li><li>ブプレノルフィンを0.1mg / kgの皮下注射を手順、次の3日間ごとに12時間を管理します。適切な間隔でシリアルμCTスキャンとHOの成長を監視します。異所性骨の成長は、μCTによって術後3週間の周りに最初は明らかです。 注：HO開発の大部分は術後9週までに完了しています。私たちは繰り返しμCTとHOボリュームまたは場所の違いは、シングルエンドポイントは15週でスキャンμCTに比べて15週間にわたって隔週をスキャン確認されていません。実験の終了時に、施設のガイドラインに従ってCO 2吸入で全てのマウスを安楽死させると、10分後に頚椎脱臼で死亡を確認。 </li></ol> 2.μCT取得および分析<ol><li>腹臥位でスキャナベッドに麻酔をかけたマウスを固定します。呼吸モーションアーチファクトを防ぐために、しっかりと床に後肢をテープで固定します。イメージキャリブレーションのためのマウスの下にファントムを含む空気、水、およびヒドロキシアパタイトを含みます。 </li><li>骨解析ソフトウェアを開き、遠位後肢の先端に近位に股関節から後肢の両方を含む関心領域（ROI）を定義します。以下のパラメータを使用して、画像取得します。80 kVで、500μAと1300ミリ秒露光、48ミクロンのボクセルサイズを14,15 </li><li> 3ファントム室の各々にROIを描画するとの適切なフィールドに平均濃度を入力することにより、ハンスフィールド単位（HU）に画像のキャリブレーションソフトウェア。 </li><li>左後肢の脛骨が同所皮質骨構造の描写とHOのための明確な解剖学的ビューを可能にするために、Z軸に沿って平行になるように、ソフトウェアで「グラバー」ツールを使用して、再配向画像。 </li><li> HOが発生するまで、膝で始まり、画像スライスを通って遠位方向にスクロールします。マニュアルスプラインツールを使用して、足を介して、またはHOが突破されるまで、遠位に継続ごとに5 回目のスライス上に異所性骨の周りにROIを行います。すべてのHOを含むものROIにまとめたROIを拡張し、ステッチする外挿ツールを使用します。 </li><li> 3D ROIを作成し、分析メニューを選択します。最高の骨窓を示す下側および上側の閾値を設定することにより骨量を計算します。すべてのスキャンに同じ固定しきい値を使用してください。 </li></ol>

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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alk2+regulates+early+chondrogenic+fate+in+fibrodysplasia+ossificans+progressiva+heterotopic+endochondral+ossification.">Alk2 regulates early chondrogenic fate in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva heterotopic endochondral ossification.</a> Stem Cells. 32 (5), 1289-1300 (2014).</li><li>Dinther, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ALK2+R206H+mutation+linked+to+fibrodysplasia+ossificans+progressiva+confers+constitutive+activity+to+the+BMP+type+I+receptor+and+sensitizes+mesenchymal+cells+to+BMP-induced+osteoblast+differentiation+and+bone+formation.">ALK2 R206H mutation linked to fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva confers constitutive activity to the BMP type I receptor and sensitizes mesenchymal cells to BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.</a> J Bone Miner Res. 25 (6), 1208-1215 (1359).</li><li>Peterson, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burn+injury+enhances+bone+formation+in+heterotopic+ossification+model.">Burn injury enhances bone formation in heterotopic ossification model.</a> Ann Surg. 259 (5), 993-998 (2014).</li><li>Scott, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brief+review+of+models+of+ectopic+bone+formation.">Brief review of models of ectopic bone formation.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 21 (5), 655-667 (2012).</li><li>Tannous, O., Griffith, C., O'Toole, R. V., Pellegrini, V. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotopic+ossification+after+extremity+blast+amputation+in+a+Sprague-Dawley+rat+animal+model.">Heterotopic ossification after extremity blast amputation in a Sprague-Dawley rat animal model.</a> J Orthop Trauma. 25 (8), 506-510 (2011).</li><li>Tannous, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotopic+bone+formation+about+the+hip+undergoes+endochondral+ossification:+a+rabbit+model.">Heterotopic bone formation about the hip undergoes endochondral ossification: a rabbit model.</a> Clin Orthop Relat Res. 471 (5), 1584-1592 (2013).</li><li>Peterson, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+heterotopic+ossification+through+remote+ATP+hydrolysis.">Treatment of heterotopic ossification through remote ATP hydrolysis.</a> Sci Transl Med. 6 (255), 255ra132 (2014).</li><li>Peterson, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+detection+of+burn+induced+heterotopic+ossification+using+transcutaneous+Raman+spectroscopy.">Early detection of burn induced heterotopic ossification using transcutaneous Raman spectroscopy.</a> Bone. 54 (1), 28-34 (2013).</li><li>Perosky, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+detection+of+heterotopic+ossification+using+near-infrared+optical+imaging+reveals+dynamic+turnover+and+progression+of+mineralization+following+Achilles+tenotomy+and+burn+injury.">Early detection of heterotopic ossification using near-infrared optical imaging reveals dynamic turnover and progression of mineralization following Achilles tenotomy and burn injury.</a> J Orthop Res. 32 (11), 1416-1423 (2014).</li><li>Peterson, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Aging+on+Osteogenic+Response+and+Heterotopic+Ossification+Following+Burn+Injury+in+Mice.">Effects of Aging on Osteogenic Response and Heterotopic Ossification Following Burn Injury in Mice.</a> Stem Cells Dev. , (2014).</li><li>Alfieri, K. A., Forsberg, J. A., Potter, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blast+injuries+and+heterotopic+ossification.">Blast injuries and heterotopic ossification.</a> Bone and Joint Research. 1 (8), 174-179 (2012).</li><li>Hunt, J. L., Arnoldo, B. D., Kowalske, K., Helm, P., Purdue, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotopic+ossification+revisited:+a+21-year+surgical+experience.">Heterotopic ossification revisited: a 21-year surgical experience.</a> J Burn Care Res. 27 (4), 535-540 (2006).</li><li>Ring, D., Jupiter, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Operative+release+of+ankylosis+of+the+elbow+due+to+heterotopic+ossification.+Surgical+technique.">Operative release of ankylosis of the elbow due to heterotopic ossification. Surgical technique.</a> J Bone Joint Surg Am. 86-A, 2-10 (2004).</li><li>Crane, N. J., Polfer, E., Elster, E. A., Potter, B. K., Forsberg, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Raman+spectroscopic+analysis+of+combat-related+heterotopic+ossification.">Raman spectroscopic analysis of combat-related heterotopic ossification.</a> Bone. 57 (2), 335-342 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

Heterotopic ossification represents a major functional impairment faced by patients that sustain trauma, burns, and invasive musculoskeletal procedures. The most at-risk population are soldiers in modern conflicts with major blast injuries from mechanisms such as improvised explosive devices (IED).18 Improved body armor and forward positioned medical units allows for improved survival of major extremity injury. After initial stabilization and repair of their extremity injury, these patients are at high risk of developing HO.18 Notwithstanding its prevalence and medical burden, relatively little is known about the details of HO development. Specifically, questions regarding the precise receptors and signaling pathways involved and the cell lineage responsible for HO are important current lines of inquiry. Some similarity to FOP and other forms of congenital HO are expected and supported by recent reports.8,14,17 A reliable model of endogenously produced HO in response to trauma is a key tool in this endeavor. 
Of particular interest is the development of novel diagnostic modalities that can detect where HO is forming at early stages when preventative treatment is viable. Current treatment modalities rely on surgical excision and radiation therapy which carry significant comorbidities and high rates of recurrence.5,19,20 This is largely due the fact that HO can only be identified after it has already formed and can then be detected by conventional imaging such as radiographs or CT scans. Spectroscopic studies including near-infrared imaging and Raman spectroscopy have shown some promising preliminary results but are still in developmental phases.15,16,21
One major advantage of the mouse model described herein is the reliability and predictability of where HO will form. This factor is key in the analysis of early HO development and the preceding events that allow for reactive bone formation. Because there is no preparation or application of exogenous substances, this protocol is relatively straightforward. Critical steps include maintaining sterile technique to avoid infection of the tenotomy site, ensuring uniform contact between the aluminum block and mouse skin while creating the contact burn, and ensuring that the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and Plantaris tendons are severed when performing the tenotomy. While one advantage of this model is its ability to induce ectopic bone in response to trauma/burn only, it is also limited by excluding other injuries that cause of HO such as fractures, traumatic brain injury, and amputations. Also, while this model has been proven to be successful in mice, it has not yet been validated in larger animals that may more accurately mimic the amount of bone that is seen in human patients. 
Like all anabolic processes, ectopic bone formation is a multifactorial coordination between many different factors and players in the local environment and at the cellular level. It has been shown that HO develops in an endochondral process, however the specific precursor cell is still in question.8,14,17 Having a well-defined time-course and location of HO development is also useful in the trialing of potential preventative therapies for HO. Limiting bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling or reducing inflammation following trauma/burn injuries with ATP hydrolysis have shown a significant reduction in reactive bone formation in this model.14 Further refinement and exploration of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities is certainly warranted. Key to that effort is a reliable mouse model of endogenously produced HO that mimics the processes that occur in patients that suffer the complications of HO.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of ectopic bone in which osteo-potent cells are aberrantly induced to form endochondral bone outside of the skeleton. While the details of the HO formation pathway are still largely unknown, an accepted paradigm includes three key factors: an inflammatory inciting incident, a permissive niche, and mesenchymal stem cells capable of forming bone.1-3 HO is a common comorbidity complicating over 60% of major burn injuries, 65% of combat-related injuries, and 10% of invasive orthopaedic surgery cases.4,5 However, it is often difficult to predict where HO will form because it can occur at sites of local injury or at distant locations that may be otherwise uninjured. This variability in location makes it difficult to intervene prophylactically to prevent reactive bone formation in a locally targeted manner. There are also congenital forms of HO such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) in which patients are prone to the development of robust HO in response to minor trauma or inflammatory insult. Powerful animal models using transgenic mice have reproduced this phenotype and provided insight to the molecular pathways that may also be important in trauma induced HO.6-9 Translational research into the pathogenesis of non-congenital HO has used a wide variety of constructs ranging from injury alone to the implantation of exogenous osteo-inductive materials and/or cells.10-13
In our prior work we have validated a simple and reliable model of HO formation in mice which does not require the administration of any exogenous material.14-17 This model created two key conditions to initiate HO: local trauma and global inflammation. This was achieved through the use of an Achilles tenotomy (local trauma) combined with a distant burn injury (global inflammation). Mice received both treatments concurrently and were found to develop a robust amount of HO that could be analyzed by histologic, radiologic, and molecular means. Interestingly, concurrent burn injury significantly increased the amount of HO that formed and accelerated its developmental time-course.14-16 HO developed at predictable sites around the calcaneus, ankle joint, and tibia/fibula of the limb that received the tenotomy. The reliability of HO development at a known location allowed for focused examination of molecular and histologic features in the early stages of ectopic ossification.14,17 To date, 100% of mice (over 50 animals) with a tenotomy and concurrent burn injury have developed HO. Additionally, longitudinal 2D and 3D imaging and spectroscopic analysis were conducted to examine the growth pattern and biochemical make-up of HO.15,16

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td align="right">664</td>
			<td>8-10 weeks old</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane &#8211; Fluriso</td>
			<td>VET one, Boise, ID</td>
			<td>V1 501017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine &#8211; Buprenex</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare</td>
			<td>NDC 12496-0757-1</td>
			<td>0.3 mg/ml solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>Owens and Minor, Mechanicsville, VA</td>
			<td>2047PVP202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-0 Vicryl sutures</td>
			<td>Ethicon, Summerville, NJ</td>
			<td>J493</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tegaderm Film, 6cm x 7cm</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1624W</td>
			<td>Cut in half to properly cover burn site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#181;CT - GE eXplore Locus SP</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Pre-Clinical Imaging, London, ON, Canada</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microview 2.2 Advanced Bone Analysis Application</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Pre-Clinical Imaging, London, ON, Canada</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

direct mouse trauma/burn model of heterotopic ossification

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone outside of the skeleton which forms following major trauma, burn injuries, and orthopaedic surgical procedures. The majority of animal models used to study HO rely on the application of exogenous substances, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), exogenous cell constructs, or genetic mutations in BMP signaling. While these models are useful they do not accurately reproduce the inflammatory states that cause the majority of cases of HO. Here we describe a burn/tenotomy model in mice that reliably produces focused HO. This protocol involves creating a 30% total body surface area partial thickness contact burn on the dorsal skin as well as division of the Achilles tendon at its midpoint. Relying solely on traumatic injury to induce HO at a predictable location allows for time-course study of endochondral heterotopic bone formation from intrinsic physiologic processes and environment only. This method could prove instrumental in understanding the inflammatory and osteogenic pathways involved in trauma-induced HO. Furthermore, because HO develops in a predictable location and time-course in this model, it allows for research to improve early imaging strategies and treatment modalities to prevent HO formation.

この本研究では、プロトコルは、外傷/火傷誘発されるHOの以前に公開されたマウスモデルに記載されている。14-17これはアキレス腱切除術と部分層熱傷を持つグローバル炎症侮辱と同時に、ローカライズ筋骨格傷害の作成 ​​が含まれます。これは、シリアル·イメージングで追跡することができる腱切除部位での反応性骨を確実に形成されます。現在までに、アキレス腱切除術の両方を持続し、熱傷したすべてのマウス（50以上）が腱切除部位でHOの測定可能な量を開発しました。異所性骨の形成を定量化するために、キャリブレーション画像μCTプロトコルは、所望の各時点で使用されています。アキレス腱切除術と組み合わせて、火傷の添加は重要なHOの誘導に​​おいて重要であることが証明されました。両方の怪我が同時に起こっての交流に比べ腱切除部位に形成された異所性骨の量の有意な増加がありますhillesの腱切除単独（ 図1）。17 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52880/52880fig1.jpg" /> 同時熱傷を伴うまたは伴わないアキレス腱切除術、次の図1のHO開発を。全てのマウスは、左後肢のアキレス腱切除術を受けたマウスの半分はまた背部の30％TBSA部分層熱傷を受けました。 μCTスキャンは5日で完了し、3、5、7、9、および15週目には、損傷を投稿しました。 （A）。代表的な3次元再構成は、同所性骨白とHOが青色で表示されます。赤い丸は、HOのnidusesを示します。異所性骨は、腱切除の面積だけでなく、下肢における損傷部位への遠位端と近位の場所で開発しています。 clnically見HOと同様に、この反応性骨が骨格の骨と連続しているか、軟部組織でリモートで開発することができます。 （B）。 HOの定量化は、COMました較正済み画像プロトコルでpletedグラフに示します。 HOは、15週間を超えて、典型的には5-9週間の間に見られる最大の成長速度で9-15週間の間しかし、開発プラトーを持続しています。データは、平均+/- SD、群あたりn = 4、スチューデントの t検定、* P &lt;0.05であります （これは以前に17から変更されたデータを、公開されていることに注意してください）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52880/52880fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するには、こちらをクリックしてください。</a>

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Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

An Achilles tenotomy and burn injury model of heterotopic ossification allows for the reliable study of trauma induced ectopic bone formation without the application of exogenous factors.

直接マウストラウマ/異所性骨化のモデルバーン

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone outside of the skeleton which forms following major trauma, burn injuries, and orthopaedic surgical ...

direct-mouse-traumaburn-model-of-heterotopic-ossification

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.0K ビュー.  University of Michigan Medical School. An Achilles tenotomy and burn injury model of heterotopic ossification allows for the reliable study of trauma induced ectopic bone formation without the application of exogenous factors.

ビデオ: Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

A Modified Method for Heterotopic Mouse Heart Transplantion

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents available. A difficulty is presented due to the small size of the animal and the considerable technical challenges of the microsurgery involved in heart transplantation. In particular, a high rate of technical failure early after transplantation may result from recipient death and post-operative complications such as hind limb paralysis or a non-beating heart. Here, the complete technique for heterotopic mouse heart transplantation is demonstrated, involving harvesting the donor heart and its subsequent implantation into a recipient mouse. The donor heart is harvested immediately following in situ perfusion with cold heparinized saline and transection of the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. The recipient operation involves preparation of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC), followed by end-to-side anastomosis of the donor aorta with the recipient aorta using a single running 10-0 microsuture and a similar anastomosis of the donor pulmonary artery with the recipient IVC. Following the operation the animal is injected with 0.6 ml normal saline subcutaneously and allowed to recover on a 37&#160;&#176;C heating pad. The results from 227 mouse heart transplants are summarized with a success rate at 48 hr of 86.8%. Of the 13.2% failures within 48 hr, 5 (2.2%) experienced hind limb paralysis, 10 (4.4%) had a non-beating heart due to graft ischemic injury and/or thrombosis, while 15 (6.6%) died within 48 hr.

A technique is demonstrated for the microsurgical procedure for heterotopic transplantation of hearts in mice, including simplified methods for donor harvesting and recipient vessel anastomosis.

異マウスハートTransplantion用に変更する方法

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents ...

医学

Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high molecular weight compounds from the bloodstream and into brain tissue. Some direct delivery success in humans has been achieved via implantation of transcranial catheters; however this method is highly invasive and associated with numerous complications. A less invasive alternative would be to dose the brain through a surgically implanted, semipermeable membrane such as the nasal mucosa that is used to repair skull base defects following endoscopic transnasal tumor removal surgery in humans. Drug transfer though this membrane would effectively bypass the BBB and diffuse directly into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Inspired by this approach, a surgical approach in mice was developed that uses a donor septal mucosal membrane engrafted over an extracranial surgical BBB defect. This model has been shown to effectively allow the passage of high molecular weight compounds into the brain. Since numerous drug candidates are incapable of crossing the BBB, this model is valuable for performing preclinical testing of novel therapies for neurological and psychiatric diseases.

A mouse model of human endoscopic skull base reconstruction has been developed that creates a semipermeable interface between the brain and nose using nasal mucosal grafts. This method allows researchers to study delivery to the central nervous system of high molecular weight therapeutics which are otherwise excluded by the blood-brain barrier when administered systemically.

マウスの脳に直接薬剤送達のための異粘膜移植手順

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high ...

Murine Heterotopic Heart Transplant Technique

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique was developed and reported in 2001 by Niimi. Described here are the techniques that have evolved over more than a decade in the hands of three surgeons (Plenter, Grazia, Pietra) in our center. These techniques are now being passed on to a younger generation of surgeons and researchers.
Based largely on the Niimi experience, the procedures used have evolved in the fine details - details which we will endeavor to relate here in such a way that others may be able to use this very useful model. Like Niimi, we have found that a video aid to learning is a priceless resource for the beginner.

The manuscript describes the steps required to perform the heterotopic heart transplant in the mouse.

ネズミ異心臓移植技術

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Transplantation of Pulmonary Valve Using a Mouse Model of Heterotopic Heart Transplantation

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed results. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the neotissue development, valve thickening, and stenosis development are not researched extensively. To answer the above questions, we developed a murine heterotopic heart valve transplantation model. A heart valve was harvested from a valve donor mouse and transplanted to a heart donor mouse. The heart with a new valve was transplanted heterotopically to a recipient mouse. The transplanted heart showed its own heartbeat, independent of the recipient&#8217;s heartbeat. The blood flow was quantified using a high frequency ultrasound system with a pulsed wave Doppler. The flow through the implanted pulmonary valve showed forward flow with minimal regurgitation and the peak flow was close to 100 mm/sec. This murine model of heart valve transplantation is highly versatile, so it can be modified and adapted to provide different hemodynamic environments and/or can be used with various transgenic mice to study neotissue development in a tissue engineered heart valve.

In order to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neotissue formation and stenosis development in tissue engineered heart valves, a murine model of heterotopic heart valve transplantation was developed. A pulmonary heart valve was transplanted to recipient using the heterotopic heart transplantation technique.

異心臓移植のマウスモデルを用いた肺動脈弁の移植

Tissue engineered heart valves, especially decellularized valves, are starting to gain momentum in clinical use of reconstructive surgery with mixed ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

マウスにおける異子宮頸心臓移植

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

Heterotopic Renal Autotransplantation in a Porcine Model: A Step-by-Step Protocol

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients suffering from end-stage renal disease. It offers better life expectancy and higher quality of life when compared to dialysis. Although the last few decades have seen major improvements in patient outcomes following kidney transplantation, the increasing shortage of available organs represents a severe problem worldwide. To expand the donor pool, marginal kidney grafts recovered from extended criteria donors (ECD) or donated after circulatory death (DCD) are now accepted for transplantation. To further improve the postoperative outcome of these marginal grafts, research must focus on new therapeutic approaches such as alternative preservation techniques, immunomodulation, gene transfer, and stem cell administration.
Experimental studies in animal models are the final step before newly developed techniques can be translated into clinical practice. Porcine kidney transplantation is an excellent model of human transplantation and allows investigation of novel approaches. The major advantage of the porcine model is its anatomical and physiological similarity to the human body, which facilitates the rapid translation of new findings to clinical trials. This article offers a surgical step-by-step protocol for an autotransplantation model and highlights key factors to ensure experimental success. Adequate pre- and postoperative housing, attentive anesthesia, and consistent surgical techniques result in favorable postoperative outcomes. Resection of the contralateral native kidney provides the opportunity to assess post-transplant graft function. The placement of venous and urinary catheters and the use of metabolic cages allow further detailed evaluation. For long-term follow-up studies and investigation of alternative graft preservation techniques, autotransplantation models are superior to allotransplantation models, as they avoid the confounding bias posed by rejection and immunosuppressive medication.

Porcine models of organ transplantation provide an important platform to study mechanisms of organ preservation. This article describes a heterotopic porcine renal autotransplantation model, which allows investigating new approaches to improve the outcome of transplantation using marginal kidney grafts.

ブタモデルにおける異自家腎移植：ステップバイステップのプロトコル

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients suffering from end-stage renal disease. It offers better life expectancy and higher quality ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity

The spleen is a unique lymphoid organ that plays a critical role in the homeostasis of the immune and hematopoietic systems. Patients that have undergone splenectomy regardless of precipitating causes are prone to develop an overwhelming post-splenectomy infection and experience increased risks of deep venous thrombosis and malignancies. Recently, epidemiological studies indicated that splenectomy might be associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that physiological functions of the spleen have not yet been fully recognized. Here, we introduce a mouse model of vascularized heterotopic spleen transplantation, which not only can be utilized to study the function and behavioral activity of splenic immune cell subsets in different biologic processes, but also can be a powerful tool to test the therapeutic potential of spleen transplantation in certain diseases. The main surgical steps of this model include donor spleen harvest, the removal of recipient native spleen, and spleen graft revascularization. Using congenic mouse strains (e.g., mice with CD45.1/CD45.2 backgrounds), we observed that after syngeneic transplantation, both donor-derived splenic lymphocytes and myeloid cells migrated out of the graft as early as post-operative day 1, concomitant with the influx of multiple types of recipient cells, thus generating a unique chimera. &#160;Despite relatively challenging techniques, this procedure can be performed with &#62;90% success rate. This model allows tracking the fate, longevity, and function of splenocytes during steady state and in a disease setting following a spleen transplantation, thereby offering a great opportunity to discover the distinct role for spleen-derived immune cells in different disease processes.

This protocol details the surgical steps of a mouse model of vascularized heterotopic spleen transplantation, a technically challenging model that can serve as a powerful tool in studying the fate and longevity of spleen cells, the mechanisms of distinct spleen cell populations in disease progression, and transplant immunity.

脾臓細胞生物学と移植免疫を研究するための血管化 Heterotopic 脾臓移植のマウスモデル

The spleen is a unique lymphoid organ that plays a critical role in the homeostasis of the immune and hematopoietic systems. Patients that have undergone ...

A Simplified Model for Heterotopic Heart Valve Transplantation in Rodents

There is an urgent clinical need for heart valve replacements that can grow in children. Heart valve transplantation is proposed as a new type of transplant with the potential to deliver durable heart valves capable of somatic growth with no requirement for anticoagulation. However, the immunobiology of heart valve transplants remains unexplored, highlighting the need for animal models to study this new type of transplant. Previous rat models for heterotopic aortic valve transplantation into the abdominal aorta have been described, though they are technically challenging and costly. For addressing this challenge, a renal subcapsular transplant model was developed in rodents as a practical and more straightforward method for studying heart valve transplant immunobiology. In this model, a single aortic valve leaflet is harvested and inserted into the renal subcapsular space. The kidney is easily accessible, and the transplanted tissue is securely contained in a subcapsular space that is well vascularized and can accommodate a variety of tissue sizes. Furthermore, because a single rat can provide three donor aortic leaflets and a single kidney can provide multiple sites for transplanted tissue, fewer rats are required for a given study. Here, the transplantation technique is described, providing a significant step forward in studying the transplant immunology of heart valve transplantation.

This protocol describes a simple and efficient method for the transplantation of aortic valve leaflets under the renal capsule to allow for the study of alloreactivity of heart valves.

げっ歯類におけるヘテロトピック心臓弁移植のための簡略モデル

There is an urgent clinical need for heart valve replacements that can grow in children. Heart valve transplantation is proposed as a new type of ...

A Modified Cuff Technique for Mouse Cervical Heterotopic Heart Transplantation Model

Cardiac allograft rejection limits the long-term survival of patients after heart transplantation. A mouse heart transplantation model is ideal for investigating the mechanism of cardiac allograft rejection in preclinical studies because of their high homology with human genes. This understanding would help develop unique approaches to improving patients&#39; long-term survival treated with cardiac allografts. In a mouse model, abdominal donor heart implantation is commonly performed with an end-to-end&#160;anastomosis to the recipient&#39;s aorta and inferior vena cava using stitches. In this model, the donor&#39;s heart is implanted by end-to-end anastomosis to the recipient&#39;s carotid artery and jugular vein by the modified-Cuff technique. The transplantation surgery is performed without stitching and thus may increase the survival of the recipient since there is no interference with the blood supply and venous reflux of the lower body. This mouse model would help investigate the mechanisms underlying the immunological and pathological (acute/chronic) rejection of cardiac allografts.

In the present protocol, a mouse heart transplantation model is used for investigating the mechanism of cardiac allograft rejection. In this heterotopic heart transplantation model, operation efficiency is improved, and the survival of cardiac grafts is ensured by a cervical end-to-end anastomosis of heart implantation using a modified Cuff technique.

マウス頸部異所性心臓移植モデルのための修正カフ法

Cardiac allograft rejection limits the long-term survival of patients after heart transplantation. A mouse heart transplantation model is ideal for ...