We would like to thank NIH, LACaTS and Ochsner clinic foundation for the financial support.

すべてのマウスの実験は医学のLSU学校の制度的動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認されたプロトコルに従って行われました。すべての機器は、切開の前にオートクレーブ処理されなければなりません。 マウス乳腫瘍からの一次細胞の作製<ol><li>遺伝的に、以前に6に記載されているように自然に腫瘍を発症マウス乳癌ウイルスポリオーマミドルT抗原（MMTV-PyMTトランスジェニックマウス）を用いて操作したマウスモデルを使用してください。 </li><li>イソフルラン（99.9％）でマウスを屠殺し、無菌環境（ 図1A）を確保するために75％エタノールをスプレー。 </li><li>はさみで首に尿道口の領域から肌を開きます。臓器（ 図1B）への容易なアクセスを可能にするために、皮膚を突き止めます。 </li><li>乳腺乳房腫瘍を分離し、冷滅菌リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）（pH7.4）で（ 図1C）で洗浄しました。 </li><li>に腫瘍を転送滅菌10センチメートル組織培養プレートと約1mm 3個に滅菌カミソリの刃やはさみでそれを切ります。その後の工程は、無菌層流フード内で行われるべきです。 </li><li> 37℃で2時間、ロッカー上に1mg / mlの最終濃度で、無血清DMEM培地に溶解したコラゲナーゼで細断腫瘍組織をインキュベートします。遠心200×gで3分間、腫瘍組織懸濁液。 注：コラゲナーゼインキュベーションは、組織の酵素的解離のために必須です。 </li><li>上清を捨て、200×gで3分間遠心分離することによってPBS（pH7.4）で沈殿物を3回洗浄します。最終洗浄後、上清をデカント。 </li><li>章動しながら37℃で5分間トリプシンEDTA 2mlで組織を再懸濁します。 200×gで3分間、懸濁液を遠心および洗浄を繰り返します。 </li><li> 10センチメートルプレート上に通常の増殖培地（DMEM、10％FBS、2Xペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン）中で組織ペレットを再懸濁します。変更メディア次の3日間毎日。所望の細胞数になるまで培養細胞が得られます。 注：約1×10 7個の細胞は、この手順から単離されます。 MMTV-PyMTと比較した場合、このようなMMTV-ノイのような他のマウス乳腺腫瘍形成モデルは、細胞のより低い収率を与えます。低い収量を生成モデルを使用する場合には、より長く、より大きな腫瘍および培養細胞で始めることが有益です。 </li></ol> 2.マウスの肺抽出は肺転移を可視化します<ol><li>肺抽出の前に、肝臓とダイヤフラムを取り外します。肺に影響を与えずにリブを取り除きます。 </li><li>はさみの罰金ペアで、頸静脈に近い気管の上部を開きます。 </li><li>カテーテルを用いて、肺（ 図2A）を満たすために、気管を介して、このようなZ-修正や墨汁の1ミリリットルのような薬剤を注入します。パラフィンにZ-修正肺を埋め込みます。 </li><li> Feketeの溶液に墨汁を注入した肺を脱染色（100ミリリットルの70％アルコールを10％緩衝ホルマリン10mlを、氷酢酸5ml）で5分間。直径≥0.5ミリメートルとセカンダリサイトで腫瘍結節を定義し、転移として結節を決定します。 注：これにより腫瘍による気管支および細気管支閉塞に、腫瘍結節は15％、インドのインクを吸収できず、正常な肺組織は黒になり、腫瘍結節を白色7になります。これは、個々の腫瘍結節（ 図2B）の可視化を可能にします。 </li></ol>マウス胚からマウス胚線維芽細胞（MEFのを）準備3。 <ol><li>イソフルラン（99.9％）で妊娠マウスを犠牲にし、無菌環境を確保するために75％エタノールを噴霧。 </li><li>はさみで首に尿道口の領域から皮膚を開き、子宮から胚を単離します。 </li><li>肌を開くときに、胚を乱さないように注意してください。 </li><li>子宮角を除去し、冷STEでそれらをすすぎますPBS（pH7.4）で波立たせます。 </li><li>非常に慎重にその胎盤から胚を分離し、氷冷PBS（pHは7.4）を含む10センチメートルプレート内の場所の胚。 </li><li>胚から頭部、肝臓や腸を削除し、PBS（pHは7.4）を含む12ウェル組織培養プレートに残りの部分を配置します。 </li><li>トリプシンEDTAを含む別の12ウェルプレートに胚体を移し、滅菌カミソリの刃やはさみを使用して小片（〜1ミリメートル3）にカット。 37℃で5分間トリプシンEDTA 5mLで細断物質をインキュベートします。 </li><li>チョップ胚に1ミリリットルウシ胎児血清（FBS）を添加することによってトリプシンを不活性化します。遠心分離機10分間200×gでの速度で懸濁液、慎重に、上清を除去し、暖かいDMEM培地1mlでペレットを再懸濁し、20％FBSおよび2Xペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンを含むDMEMの10ミリリットルを（含む10 cmディッシュにすべての内容を転送）。 </li><li>二日間、毎日培地を変更します。文化所望の細胞までの細胞数が達成されます。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Minn, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+that+mediate+breast+cancer+metastasis+to+lung.">Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung.</a> Natur. 436 (7050), 518-524 (2005).</li><li>Poste, G., Fidler, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathogenesis+of+cancer+metastasis.">The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis.</a> Natur. 283 (5743), 139-146 (1980).</li><li>Wan, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+Metastasis+Moving+New+Biological+Insights+into+the+Clinic.">Tumor Metastasis Moving New Biological Insights into the Clinic.</a> Nat Med. 19 (11), 1450-1464 (2013).</li><li>Bergers, G., Benjamin, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumorigenesis+and+the+angiogenic+switch.">Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 3 (6), 401-410 (2003).</li><li>Frese, K. K., Tuveson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximizing+mouse+cancer+models.">Maximizing mouse cancer models.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 7 (9), 654-658 (2007).</li><li>Guy, C. T., Cardiff, R. D., Muller, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+mammary+tumors+by+expression+of+polyomavirus+middle+T+oncogene:+a+transgenic+mouse+model+for+metastatic+disease.">Induction of mammary tumors by expression of polyomavirus middle T oncogene: a transgenic mouse model for metastatic disease.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 12 (3), 954-961 (1992).</li><li>Wexler, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+Identification+of+Experimental+Pulmonary+Metastases.">Accurate Identification of Experimental Pulmonary Metastases.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 36 (4), 641-645 (1966).</li><li>Boczkowski, D., Nair, S. K., Nam, J. H., Lyerly, H. K., Gilboa, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+tumor+immunity+and+cytotoxic+T+lymphocyte+responses+using+dendritic+cells+transfected+with+messenger+RNA+amplified+from+tumor+cells.">Induction of tumor immunity and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses using dendritic cells transfected with messenger RNA amplified from tumor cells.</a> Cancer Res. 60 (4), 1028-1034 (2000).</li><li>Vargo-Gogola, T., Rosen, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+breast+cancer:+one+size+does+not+fit+all.">Modelling breast cancer: one size does not fit all.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 7 (9), 659-672 (2007).</li><li>Watts, A. M., Kennedy, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+Tumor+Foci+in+an+Experimental+Murine+Tumor+Model+Using+Computer-Assisted+Video+Imaging.">Quantitation of Tumor Foci in an Experimental Murine Tumor Model Using Computer-Assisted Video Imaging.</a> Anal Bioche. 256 (2), 217-219 (1998).</li><li>Rosenberg, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regression+of+Established+Pulmonary+Metastases+and+Subcutaneous+Tumor+Mediated+by+the+Systemic+Administration+of+High-Dose+Recombinant+Interleukin+2.">Regression of Established Pulmonary Metastases and Subcutaneous Tumor Mediated by the Systemic Administration of High-Dose Recombinant Interleukin 2.</a> J Exp Me. 161 (5), 1169-1188 (1985).</li><li>Fantozzi, A., Christofori, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+breast+cancer+metastasis.">Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis.</a> Breast Cancer Re. 8 (4), 212 (2006).</li><li>Veer, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+profiling+predicts+clinical+outcome+of+breast+cancer.">Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer.</a> Nature. 415 (6871), 530-536 (2002).</li></ol>

著者は全く開示がありません。

このプロトコルは、新鮮なマウス腫瘍からの一次細胞を単離するためのものです。この方法から調製された溶解物は、タンパク質、DNA及びRNA分析のために有用です。原発性乳房腫瘍由来の癌細胞は、多くの場合、脳、肺および骨1に転移します。転移の検出のために肺を抽出する技術が含まれます。 図2Bに見られるようにインクの染みと肺を染色は腫瘍結節の可視化を可能にします。 Z定着液で肺を固定することは、私たちが肺のセクションを作成し、転移性のメカニズムを研究するのに適切な抗体で染色することができます。また、マウス胚線維芽細胞を単離するためのプロトコルも含まれています。これは、同じ動物のタイプの胚線維芽細胞に一次腫瘍細胞の遺伝子発現を比較するために有用です。 初代細胞とMEFのの製造において、最も重要なステップは、材料のミンチです。適切な内訳は、なしLOW細胞数が達成されます。低細胞数が達成されている場合は、プロトコルがまだ続くことができるが、細胞はより長い期間のために培養する必要があります..肺抽出、適切な染色および脱色に腫瘍結節の可視化を可能にするために不可欠です。肺からRNA /タンパク質を抽出するためには、無染色および非固定である肺を使用することが良いでしょう。しかし、RNAは、ウェル8のように、固定組織から抽出することができます。 乳がんの転移段階は、影響を受けた個人2への最大の脅威となっているので、それは、乳房腫瘍形成のすべてのコンポーネントを可視化することが重要です。乳癌の進行のメカニズムを理解する上での主要な課題は、疾患9の進行を再現モデルの利用可能性です。乳癌腫瘍形成および転移の分子機構の解明は、マウス9,10として、動物モデルを使用することによって達成される。覚書を誘導するための最も一般的な方法を電子乳腺腫瘍は、遺伝的に、癌遺伝子または腫瘍抑制の変異を事前に配置する発がん性物質を導入し、高浸潤性癌細胞10〜12を注入すると、マウスを操作しています。得られた腫瘍は、さらなる遺伝子の発現について分析することができます。それは、患者13の臨床転帰を予測するため、乳癌研究のために、遺伝子発現プロファイリングは、重要です。 いくつかの制限は、乳腺腫瘍形成を研究するマウスモデルが存在します。マウスはヒトとの分子および生理学的類似性を共有するが、彼 ​​らは常にヒト疾患5のすべての側面を再現しません。特定の遺伝子操作されたマウスを使用する場合に考慮されるべきです。全体的に、マウスモデルは、組織培養および単離されたヒト腫瘍のような他の本モデルの上にマウス乳腺腫瘍形成を分析するためのより現実的な方法を提供します。まとめると、このプロトコルは、異なる局面のさらなる調査を可能にします乳房腫瘍形成の。

Metastasis is the final step in the progression of breast cancer 1. It involves a series of steps in which malignant cells are released from the primary tumor and disseminated to other organs 2. The cells must be able to intravasate, survive in circulation, extravasate to distant organs, and survive in that new organ system 3. Each step in tumorigenesis is tightly controlled by cells through various genetic and epigenetic changes 4. To study the mechanisms of breast cancer tumorigenesis, mouse model systems have been utilized due to their short lifespan, small size and fast breeding time. Some major advantages of using mouse models in cancer research are the molecular and physiological similarities they share with humans 5. 
Established mouse and human cell lines have been used extensively in breast cancer research. Although we can obtain some information about the steps in metastasis using these cells, genetically manipulated animal models with tumor suppressors/oncogenes will give far more information about tumor development and metastasis starting from the embryonic stage. Thus, with these mouse models, we can obtain genetic and developmental regulation of tumor growth. Furthermore, the tumor microenvironment also plays an important role in tumor cell gene expression and it can be difficult to mimic the same scenario with studies using established cell lines. Primary human mammary tumors can also be used to study mouse mammary tumorigenesis. The main disadvantage of using isolated breast tumors is that this newly implanted tumor does not have the mouse&#8217;s vasculature and lymphatic tissue. Whereas the genetic mouse model systems for studying mammary tumorigenesis will allow us to monitor the steps of metastasis, analyze the tumor microenvironment, and access to the entire body 5.
The overall goal of this protocol is to study breast tumorigenesis in mice. It is known that breast cancers typically metastasize to the brain, lung and bone. This protocol allows for the isolation of primary mammary tumor cells, as well as, studying breast cancer metastasis to the lung. Furthermore, another protocol for analyzing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from the mouse embryo is included. Together, these techniques are useful in studying mouse mammary tumorigenesis.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30243.01</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.05% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life&#160; technologies</td>
			<td>25300-062</td>
			<td>Store at &#8211; 20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase Type IV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5138</td>
			<td>Store at &#8211; 20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3506</td>
			<td>Store at &#8211; 20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen Strep</td>
			<td>Life&#160; technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gemini Bio-Products</td>
			<td>100-106</td>
			<td>Store at &#8211; 80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Z-fix</td>
			<td>ANATECH</td>
			<td>#174</td>
			<td>Store at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>India Ink</td>
			<td>Yasutomo</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Store at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AERRANE (Isoflurane)</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>NDC 10019-773-60</td>
			<td>Store at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>AX0441-3</td>
			<td>Store at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

primary tumor and mef cell isolation to study lung metastasis

In breast tumorigenesis, the metastatic stage of the disease poses the greatest threat to the affected individual. Normal breast cells with altered genotypes now possess the ability to invade and survive in other tissues. In this protocol, mouse mammary tumors are removed and primary cells are prepared from tumors. The cells isolated from this procedure are then available for gene profiling experiments. For successful metastasis, these cells must be able to intravasate, survive in circulation, extravasate to distant organs, and survive in that new organ system. The lungs are the typical target of breast cancer metastasis. A set of genes have been discovered that mediates the selectivity of metastasis to the lung. Here we describe a method of studying lung metastasis from a genetically engineered mouse model.. Furthermore, another protocol for analyzing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from the mouse embryo is included. MEF cells from the same animal type provide a clue of non-cancer cell gene expression. Together, these techniques are useful in studying mouse mammary tumorigenesis, its associated signaling mechanisms and pathways of the abnormalities in embryos.

動物を犠牲にするで腫瘍の進行段階は、特定の研究とIACUCガイドラインに依存します。 図1（a）、マウス乳癌ウイルスポリオーマミドルT抗原（MMTV-PyMT）と100日齢のC57BL / 6マウスでは3ヶ月で屠殺しました。皮膚ははさみで首に尿道口の領域から開放し、皮膚は、図1（b）に示すような器官への容易なアクセスを可能にするために釘付けにしました。これは、 図1（c）で得られた腫瘍への容易なアクセスを可能にしました。腫瘍から得られた一次細胞は、図1Dに可視化されます。多くの遺伝子が肺1に乳癌転移を媒介するので、我々は、転移のプロセスを研究するために、肺（ 図2A）で抽出しました。肺は、Z-修正で膨張し、腫瘍結節を視覚化するために墨汁（ 図2B）で染色した。 図3は、マウス胚性fibrを示しています<html> FVB系統マウス胚から単離されたoblasts。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52609/52609fig1.jpg" /> 乳腫瘍からの一次細胞の調製図。 （A）ポリオーマミドルT抗原（PyMT）と100日齢の雌マウスを屠殺した。（B）皮膚は乳腺腫瘍への容易なアクセスを可能にするために釘付けにした。（C）乳房腫瘍を動物から切り出しました（D）単離された初代細胞を、10％ウシ胎児血清および抗生物質（100μMスケールバー）を補充したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM）中で培養しました。画像は3日目の細胞を表示する<a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52609/52609fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するには、こちらをクリックしてください。</a> / &quot;/ 52609 / 52609fig2.jpgをアップロード&gt; 図2マウスの肺抽出は肺転移を可視化します。 （スケールバー：500μM）（A）肺をZ-修正および腫瘍結節を視覚化するために墨汁で染色した（B）で膨張した。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52609/52609fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するには、こちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52609/52609fig3.jpg" /> 。マウス胚からのマウス胚繊維芽細胞（MEF）の準備図3. MEF細胞は、FVBマウス胚（スケールバー：100μM）から抽出した。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.remotexs.ntu.edu.sg/files/ftp_upload/52609/52609fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するには、こちらをクリックしてください。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Tumor and MEF Cell Isolation to Study Lung Metastasis at JoVE.com

Primary Tumor and MEF Cell Isolation to Study Lung Metastasis

The goal of this protocol is to study breast tumorigenesis. With this technique, mouse mammary tumors are removed and primary cells are prepared from tumors. A lung extraction protocol is included for studying lung metastasis. Furthermore, another protocol for analyzing mouse embryonic fibroblasts from the mouse embryo is included.

原発腫瘍と肺転移を研究するためのMEF細胞の単離

In breast tumorigenesis, the metastatic stage of the disease poses the greatest threat to the affected individual. Normal breast cells with altered ...

primary-tumor-and-mef-cell-isolation-to-study-lung-metastasis

Nanyang Technological University

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15.7K ビュー.  Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. The goal of this protocol is to study breast tumorigenesis. With this technique, mouse mammary tumors are removed and primary cells are prepared from tumors. A lung extraction protocol is included for studying lung metastasis. Furthermore, another protocol for analyzing mouse embryonic fibroblasts from the mouse embryo is included.

ビデオ: Primary Tumor and MEF Cell Isolation to Study Lung Metastasis

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent until many years after removal of the primary tumor and adjuvant therapy. A likely explanation of this phenomenon is that tumor cells have seeded metastatic sites, are resistant to conventional therapies, and remain dormant for long periods of time 1-4.
The existence of dormant cancer cells at secondary sites has been described previously as quiescent solitary cells that neither proliferate nor undergo apoptosis 5-7. Moreover, these solitary cells has been shown to disseminate from the primary tumor at an early stage of disease progression 8-10 and reside growth-arrested in the patients' bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes 1,4,11. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that regulate dormancy or the switch to a proliferative state is critical for discovering novel targets and interventions to prevent disease recurrence. However, unraveling the mechanisms regulating the switch from tumor dormancy to metastatic growth has been hampered by the lack of available model systems.
in vivo and ex vivo model systems to study metastatic progression of tumor cells have been described previously 1,12-14. However these model systems have not provided in real time and in a high throughput manner mechanistic insights into what triggers the emergence of solitary dormant tumor cells to proliferate as metastatic disease. We have recently developed a 3D in vitro system to model the in vivo growth characteristics of cells that exhibit either dormant (D2.OR, MCF7, K7M2-AS.46) or proliferative (D2A1, MDA-MB-231, K7M2) metastatic behavior in vivo . We demonstrated that tumor cells that exhibit dormancy in vivo at a metastatic site remain quiescent when cultured in a 3-dimension (3D) basement membrane extract (BME), whereas cells highly metastatic in vivo readily proliferate in 3D culture after variable, but relatively short periods of quiescence. Importantly by utilizing the 3D in vitro model system we demonstrated for the first time that the ECM composition plays an important role in regulating whether dormant tumor cells will switch to a proliferative state and have confirmed this in in vivo studies15-17. Hence, the model system described in this report provides an in vitro method to model tumor dormancy and study the transition to proliferative growth induced by the microenvironment.

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

A modified 3-D in vitro system is presented in which growth characteristics of several tumor cell lines in reconstituted basement membrane correlate with the dormant or proliferative behavior of the tumor cells at a metastatic secondary site in vivo.

アンインビトロ</em転移性増殖に腫瘍の休眠とスイッチを研究する>システム

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent ...

医学

Processing of Primary Brain Tumor Tissue for Stem Cell Assays and Flow Sorting

Brain tumors are typically comprised of morphologically diverse cells that express a variety of neural lineage markers. Only a relatively small fraction of cells in the tumor with stem cell properties, termed brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), possess an ability to differentiate along multiple lineages, self-renew, and initiate tumors in vivo. We applied culture conditions originally used for normal neural stem cells (NSCs) to a variety of human brain tumors and found that this culture method specifically selects for stem-like populations. Serum-free medium (NSC) allows for the maintenance of an undifferentiated stem cell state, and the addition of bFGF and EGF allows for the proliferation of multi-potent, self-renewing, and expandable tumorspheres.
To further characterize each tumor's BTIC population, we evaluate cell surface markers by flow cytometry. We may also sort populations of interest for more specific characterization. Self-renewal assays are performed on single BTICs sorted into 96 well plates; the formation of tumorspheres following incubation at 37 &deg;C indicates the presence of a stem or progenitor cell. Multiple cell numbers of a particular population can also be sorted in different wells for limiting dilution analysis, to analyze self-renewal capacity. We can also study differential gene expression within a particular cell population by using single cell RT-PCR.
The following protocols describe our procedures for the dissociation and culturing of primary human samples to enrich for BTIC populations, as well as the dissociation of tumorspheres. Also included are protocols for staining for flow cytometry analysis or sorting, self-renewal assays, and single cell RT-PCR.

The identification of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), the rare cells within a heterogeneous tumor possessing stem cell properties, provides new insights into human brain tumor pathogenesis. We have refined specific culture conditions to enrich for BTICs, and we routinely use flow cytometry to further enrich these populations. Self-renewal assays and transcript analysis by single cell RT-PCR can subsequently be performed on these isolated cells.

ソート幹細胞アッセイおよびフローの原発性脳腫瘍組織の処理

Brain tumors are typically comprised of morphologically diverse cells that express a variety of neural lineage markers. Only a relatively small fraction ...

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human malignancies.1 Other than surgery for the minority of patients who present with localized disease, there is little or no survival benefit of systemic therapy. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the biology of NETs, and in particular define new therapeutic targets for patients with nonresectable or metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. 3D cell culture is becoming a popular method for drug screening due to its relevance in modeling the in vivo tumor tissue organization and microenvironment.2,3 The 3D multicellular spheroids could provide valuable information in a more timely and less expensive manner than directly proceeding from 2D cell culture experiments to animal (murine) models.
To facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for NET patients, we have developed an in vitro 3D multicellular spheroids model using the human NET cell lines. The NET cells are plated in a non-adhesive agarose-coated 24-well plate and incubated under physiological conditions (5% CO2, 37 &deg;C) with a very slow agitation for 16-24 hr after plating. The cells form multicellular spheroids starting on the 3rd or 4th day. The spheroids become more spherical by the 6th day, at which point the drug treatments are initiated. The efficacy of the drug treatments on the NET spheroids is monitored based on the morphology, shape and size of the spheroids with a phase-contrast light microscope. The size of the spheroids is estimated automatically using a custom-developed MATLAB program based on an active contour algorithm. Further, we demonstrate a simple method to process the HistoGel embedding on these 3D spheroids, allowing the use of standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. 
This is the first report on generating 3D spheroids using NET cell lines to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs. We have also performed histology on these 3D spheroids, and displayed an example of a single drug's effect on growth and proliferation of the NET spheroids. Our results support that the NET spheroids are valuable for further studies of NET biology and drug development.

We present a simple agarose overlay platform to grow 3D multicellular spheroids using neuroendocrine cancer cell lines. This method provides a very convenient way to examine the effect of therapeutic drugs on the neuroendocrine tumor cells. It could also help us establish human neuroendocrine tumor spheroids for cancer therapy.

人間の神経内分泌腫瘍療法の研究のための三次元モデルとしての人間の神経内分泌腫瘍細胞株

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for progression-free and overall survival. Therefore, translational research needs to provide further molecular evidence to improve targeted therapies for malignant melanomas. In the past, oncogenic mechanisms related to melanoma were extensively studied in established cell lines. On the way to more personalized treatment regimens based on individual genetic profiles, we propose to use patient-derived cell lines instead of generic cell lines. Together with high quality clinical data, especially on patient follow-up, these cells will be instrumental to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma progression.
Here, we report the establishment of primary melanoma cultures from dissected fresh tumor tissue. This procedure includes mincing and dissociation of the tissue into single cells, removal of contaminations with erythrocytes and fibroblasts as well as primary culture and reliable verification of the cells' melanoma origin.
Recent reports revealed that melanomas, like the majority of tumors, harbor a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which seem to exclusively fuel tumor initiation and progression towards the metastatic state. One of the key markers for CSC identification and isolation in melanoma is CD133. To isolate CD133+ CSCs from primary melanoma cultures, we have modified and optimized the Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) procedure from Miltenyi resulting in high sorting purity and viability of CD133+ CSCs and CD133- bulk, which can be cultivated and functionally analyzed thereafter.

Patient Derived Cell Culture and Isolation of CD133+ Putative Cancer Stem Cells from Melanoma

This article describes the preparation of freshly obtained melanoma tissue into primary cell cultures, and how to remove contaminations of erythrocytes and fibroblasts from the tumor cells. Finally, we describe how CD133+ putative melanoma stem cells are sorted from the CD133- bulk using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS).

CD133の患者由来の細胞培養および分離<sup&gt; +</supメラノーマから&gt;推定されるがん幹細胞

Despite improved treatments options for melanoma available today, patients with advanced malignant melanoma still have a poor prognosis for ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

新規高分解能<em生体内で&gt;</em腫瘍増殖と治療に頭蓋内構造物の動的応答を研究する&gt;イメージング技術

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Noninvasive Intratracheal Intubation to Study the Pathology and Physiology of Mouse Lung

The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular disease and for developing therapeutic intervention. With the increasing availability of knockout and transgenic derivatives, together with a vast amount of genetic information, mice provide one of the best models to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology and physiology of lung diseases. Inhalation, intranasal instillation, intratracheal instillation, and intratracheal intubation are the most widely used techniques by a number of investigators to administer materials of interest to mouse lungs. There are pros and cons for each technique depending on the goals of a study. Here a noninvasive intratracheal intubation method that can directly deliver exogenous materials to mouse lungs is presented. This technique was applied to administer bleomycin to mouse lungs as a model to study pulmonary fibrosis.

The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular disease and for developing therapeutic intervention. Here a noninvasive intratracheal intubation method that can directly deliver exogenous materials to mouse lungs is presented.

マウス肺の病理生理学を研究するための非侵襲的気管内挿管

The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular ...

Implantation of Fibrin Gel on Mouse Lung to Study Lung-specific Angiogenesis

Recent significant advances in stem cell research and bioengineering techniques have made great progress in utilizing biomaterials to regenerate and repair damage in simple tissues in the orthopedic and periodontal fields. However, attempts to regenerate the structures and functions of more complex three-dimensional (3D) organs such as lungs have not been very successful because the biological processes of organ regeneration have not been well explored. It is becoming clear that angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays key roles in organ regeneration. Newly formed vasculatures not only deliver oxygen, nutrients and various cell components that are required for organ regeneration but also provide instructive signals to the regenerating local tissues. Therefore, to successfully regenerate lungs in an adult, it is necessary to recapitulate the lung-specific microenvironments in which angiogenesis drives regeneration of local lung tissues. Although conventional in vivo angiogenesis assays, such as subcutaneous implantation of extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich hydrogels (e.g., fibrin or collagen gels or Matrigel - ECM protein mixture secreted by Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma cells), are extensively utilized to explore the general mechanisms of angiogenesis, lung-specific angiogenesis has not been well characterized because methods for orthotopic implantation of biomaterials in the lung have not been well established. The goal of this protocol is to introduce a unique method to implant fibrin gel on the lung surface of living adult mouse, allowing for the successful recapitulation of host lung-derived angiogenesis inside the gel. This approach enables researchers to explore the mechanisms by which the lung-specific microenvironment controls angiogenesis and alveolar regeneration in both normal and pathological conditions. Since implanted biomaterials release and supply physical and chemical signals to adjacent lung tissues, implantation of these biomaterials on diseased lung can potentially normalize the adjacent diseased tissues, enabling researchers to develop new therapeutic approaches for various types of lung diseases.

Recapitulation of the organ-specific microenvironment, which stimulates local angiogenesis, is indispensable for successful regeneration of damaged tissues. This report demonstrates a novel method to implant fibrin gels on the lung surface of living mouse in order to explore how the lung-specific microenvironment modulates angiogenesis and alveolar regeneration in adult mouse.

肺特異的血管形成を研究するためにマウスの肺にフィブリンゲルの移植

Recent significant advances in stem cell research and bioengineering techniques have made great progress in utilizing biomaterials to regenerate and ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

ボーディッチ影響を調べる：圧力体積関係を測定するために、マウスにおける心臓カテーテル検査

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

Isolation and Culture Expansion of Tumor-specific Endothelial Cells

Freshly isolated tumor-specific endothelial cells (TEC) can be used to explore molecular mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and serve as an in vitro model for developing new angiogenesis inhibitors for cancer. However, long-term in vitro expansion of murine endothelial cells (EC) is challenging due to phenotypic drift in culture (endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition) and contamination with non-EC. This is especially true for TEC which are readily outcompeted by co-purified fibroblasts or tumor cells in culture. Here, a high fidelity isolation method that takes advantage of immunomagnetic enrichment coupled with colony selection and in vitro expansion is described. This approach generates pure EC fractions that are entirely free of contaminating stromal or tumor cells. It is also shown that lineage-traced Cdh5cre:ZsGreenl/s/l reporter mice, used with the protocol described herein, are a valuable tool to verify cell purity as the isolated EC colonies from these mice show durable and brilliant ZsGreen fluorescence in culture.

We report a reliable method to isolate and culture primary tumor-specific endothelial cells from genetically engineered mouse models.

腫瘍特異的内皮細胞の単離および培養拡大

Freshly isolated tumor-specific endothelial cells (TEC) can be used to explore molecular mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and serve as an in vitro model ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

定量的リアルタイムPCRによるマウス乳腺腫瘍モデルにおける肺転移の評価

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...