著者らは、卓越した技術支援のために真弓桜庭とレベッカFoehringに感謝します。さらに、我々は博士に感謝します。トランスフェクションのためのcDNA構築物を弊社に提供するための器官スライス培養と遺伝子銃トランスフェクションプロトコールと博士ジャンヌNerbonneの実装の支援のためのロドリゴAndradeさん。 NINDS（RCFまで）からNS044163：この作品は、NIHの助成金によってサポートされていました。

<ol>
	<li>Beique, J. C., Imad, M., Mladenovic, L., Gingrich, J. A., Andrade, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+the+5-hydroxytryptamine+2A+receptor-mediated+facilitation+of+synaptic+activity+in+prefrontal+cortex.">Mechanism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor-mediated facilitation of synaptic activity in prefrontal cortex.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104, 9870-9875 (2007).</li><li>Buonomano, D. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kv2+subunits+underlie+slowly+inactivating+potassium+current+in+rat+neocortical+pyramidal+neurons.">Kv2 subunits underlie slowly inactivating potassium current in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons.</a> J Physiol. 581, 941-960 (2007).</li><li>Johnson, H. A., Buonomano, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+chronic+stimulation+of+cortical+organotypic+cultures+using+implanted+electrodes.">A method for chronic stimulation of cortical organotypic cultures using implanted electrodes.</a> Neurosci Methods. 176, 136-143 (2009).</li><li>Johnson, H. A., Buonomano, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+plasticity+of+spontaneous+activity+and+Up+states+in+cortical+organotypic+slices.">Development and plasticity of spontaneous activity and Up states in cortical organotypic slices.</a> J Neurosci. 27, 5915-5925 (2007).</li><li>Malin, S. A., Nerbonne, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+rectifier+K++currents,+IK,+are+encoded+by+Kv2+alpha-subunits+and+regulate+tonic+firing+in+mammalian+sympathetic+neurons.">Delayed rectifier K+ currents, IK, are encoded by Kv2 alpha-subunits and regulate tonic firing in mammalian sympathetic neurons.</a> J Neurosci. 22, 10094-10105 (2002).</li><li>O'Brien, J. A., Holt, M., Whiteside, G., Lummis, S. C., Hastings, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modifications+to+the+hand-held+Gene+Gun:+improvements+for+in+vitro+biolistic+transfection+of+organotypic+neuronal+tissue.">Modifications to the hand-held Gene Gun: improvements for in vitro biolistic transfection of organotypic neuronal tissue.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 112, 57-64 (2001).</li><li>Stoppini, L., Buchs, P. A., Muller, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+organotypic+cultures+of+nervous+tissue.">A simple method for organotypic cultures of nervous tissue.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 37, 173-182 (1991).</li><li>Villalobos, C., Shakkottai, V. G., Chandy, K. G., Michelhaugh, S. K., Andrade, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SKCa+channels+mediate+the+medium+but+not+the+slow+calcium-activated+afterhyperpolarization+in+cortical+neurons.">SKCa channels mediate the medium but not the slow calcium-activated afterhyperpolarization in cortical neurons.</a> J Neurosci. 24, 3537-3542 (2004).</li><li>Walker, P. D., Andrade, R., Quinn, J. P., Bannon, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+analysis+of+preprotachykinin+promoter+activity+in+single+cortical+neurons.">Real-time analysis of preprotachykinin promoter activity in single cortical neurons.</a> J Neurochem. 75, 882-885 (2000).</li><li>Woods, G., Zito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+gene+gun+bullets+and+biolistic+transfection+of+neurons+in+slice+culture.">Preparation of gene gun bullets and biolistic transfection of neurons in slice culture.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li><li>O'Brien, J. A., Lummis, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biolistic+transfection+of+neuronal+cultures+using+a+hand-held+gene+gun.">Biolistic transfection of neuronal cultures using a hand-held gene gun.</a> Nat Proc. 1, 977-981 (2006).</li><li>Joshi, P., Dunaevsky, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+gun+transfection+of+hippocampal+neurons.">Gene gun transfection of hippocampal neurons.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2006).</li><li>Biewanga, J. E., Destree, O. H., Scharma, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> J Neurosci Met. 71, 67-75 (1997).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

我々は、ラットの大脳新皮質（4、9-11）から錐体ニューロンにおける電位依存性カリウムチャネルの発現と機能的役割を研究している。なぜなら、これらのチャネルの特定の薬理学的作用物質の不足のため、我々はチャンネル式（1,14,15,17-19）を操作するための遺伝学的アプローチを使用してください。我々は、器官培養の準備（; 5月8日、2,3 12,13,15-22）利用する。Stoppiniらのアプローチから変更を（16）、細胞の形態と皮質の層のパターンを維持するために。我々は、6月17日出生日で急性最近、大脳皮質を分離して2-7日培養でスライスを維持する。これは、私たちは、急性スライスを使用して我々の仕事と同様な高齢者の神経細胞を研究することができますし、スライスにあふれんばかりの興奮性の接続の開発を最小限に抑えます。我々は赤外線照明（IR -）と電流または電圧クランプの全細胞パッチクランプと微分干渉顕微鏡（DIC）を使用して、レイヤーII / IIIまたはVで視覚的に識別された錐体ニューロンから記録。野生型または変異カリウムチャネルのDNAの遺伝子銃（遺伝子銃）トランスフェクションは、その機能（1,14,15,17）を研究するためにチャネルの発現を操作するために使用されます。 GFPのcDNAをコトランスフェクションすることにより、トランスフェクションされた細胞は容易に落射蛍光顕微鏡下で識別されます。私たちは、同じスライス（1,17）から同じ層に隣接した、トランスフェクトされていないニューロンにトランスフェクトされた細胞の記録を比較する。 手続きはいずれも困難な、しかしいくつかの詳細に注目が大きく、結果を向上させることができるここでは説明しません。私たちの手では、細胞の生存率は、文化が〜P8 - P10の動物からのスライスから作られているときに最適です。スライスとスライスの培養中に半無菌状態を維持することが重要です。細菌汚染を防ぐために、我々は楽器をオートクレーブしUV光およびEtOH、フィルタソリューション、手袋を着用し、脳の除去となっスライス間の変化の手袋で外科領域を清掃してください。細菌汚染の影響は、貧しい人々の組織の生存能力と保育器を除染する必要性が含まれています。すべての脳スライスと同様に、生存性は、動物の犠牲とスライス間の時間を最小化することで改善されます。脳を配置する必要がありますし、スライシングは、切削液の氷冷スラリーに浸漬脳で行ってください。ブレードの低振幅水平振動と低速でのスライス、。 別の潜在的な問題は、インキュベーター中にスライス外に乾燥されています。関心と線条体の小片（オリエンテーションの目的のために）の皮質に制限された：乾燥は、小さいスライスを用意することで最小限に抑えることができます。大きいスライスは、インキュベーターで乾燥させる傾向があり、それが大きなスライスを使用して、安定した記録条件を得ることが難しくなります。スライスは、250から300μmの厚さにカットされます。我々はあまり乾燥に薄くスライスが（我々が250μmを好む）の結果がわかります。最先端のソリューションからのインキュベーターにスライスを転送する場合、我々は洗浄メディアにして、文化メディアの最初の、数回のスライスを洗う。膜（スライスがメッシュにアタッチできるように）への転送後に余分な水分を除去することが重要です。厚いスライス（例えば、300μm以下）の場合は、文化のメディアの一滴がスライスの上にペース（それは膜の上に座っている間に）乾燥を防ぐのに役立ちます。この手順では、スライスの上面に湿ったメディアの動きを準備して表示されます。一日おきに培養培地を交換しても、乾燥を防ぎ、生存率を促進する。

手術/トランスフェクション/文化： <ol><li>脳スライサー：カムデンVibroslice＃MA572世界の精密機器、サラソタ、フロリダ州、米国</li><li>遺伝子銃システム：バイオラッドは、＃165から2431を（バイオラッドラボラトリーズ、1000アルフレッドノーベルドライブ、ヘラクレス、CA 94547）ヘリオス<ul><li>が含まれています：遺伝子銃、レギュレータ、チューブ準備ステーション（＃165〜2418）とヘリウムホースアセンブリ、シリンジキット、テフゼルチューブ、チューブカッター、最適化キット（＃165〜2424）、チューブカッターを</li><li> Bio - Rad社製ヘリウムレギュレータ（＃165〜2413） </li><li>のための使い捨ての消耗品は、Bio - Rad社からヘリオス： <ul><li> 1.6μmのゴールドのマイクロキャリア：＃165から2264 </li><li>テフゼルチューブ：＃165-2441 </li></ul></li></ul></li><li>インキュベーター：フォーマ科学的モデル＃3110（サーモサイエンティフィック：（866）984〜3766）。 </li></ol>メディア： <ol><li>馬血清：Hycloneドナーウマ＃SH 30074。 （HyClone、925ウェスト1800サウス、ローガン、ユタ州84321） </li><li> HMemの（最小必須培地を加えたHBSSとHEPES、無グルタミン：ロンザBioWhittakerカタログ番号12 - 137F）：GIBCO / Invitrogen社、（800）955から6288まで、オプション1。 </li><li> HBSS（GIBCOハンクスは、＃24020から117を緩衝生理食塩水）：GIBCO / Invitrogen社、（800）955から6288まで、オプション1。 </li><li> MEM（GIBCO最小必須培地、＃12360〜038）、GIBCO / Invitrogen社、（800）955から6288まで、オプション1。 </li><li> 250mLのミリポア0.2μmのフィルター：＃SC6PU02RE </li><li>プラスチック製のトランスファーピペット：フィッシャー＃13-711-20。 </li><li> 50 mLのミリポアsteriflip0.22μmのフィルター（＃SCGP00525） </li></ol>から得られた項目6-8：フィッシャーサイエンティフィック、1241大使ブールバード、私書箱14989、セントルイス、MO 63132。 録音： <ol><li>ピペットガラス：ハーバードGC150TF - 10：ハーバード装置、84オクトーバーヒルロード、ホリストン、マサチューセッツ州01746 </li><li>サターP - 87水平方向の電極の引き手：サター器械公司、Oneデジタルドライブ、ノヴァト、CA 94949 </li><li>アクソンインスツルメンツMulticlamp 700Bアンプ：Molecular Devices社、（株）1311オーリンズドライブ、サニーベール、カリフォルニア州94089から1136 </li><li> Molecular Devices社、社、1311オーリンズドライブ、サニーベール、カリフォルニア州94089から1136まで：10データ集録ソフトウェアをPClamp </li><li> サター器械公司 、Oneデジタルドライブ、ノヴァ、CA 94949：lectrodeの位置は、サッタROE - 200マニピュレータとPC - 200コントローラで制御されます。 </li><li>顕微鏡：IR - DIC光学系を持つオリンパスBX - 50WI正立顕微鏡</li><li>赤外線感度カメラOLY - 150（オリンパス）またはDAGE - MTI（DAGE - MTI、46360に01北Roeskeアベニュー、ミシガンシティ、）。 </li></ol>

whole cell recording from an organotypic slice preparation of neocortex

我々は、ラットの大脳新皮質から錐体ニューロンにおける電位依存性カリウムチャネルの発現と機能的役割を研究している。なぜなら、これらのチャネルの特定の薬理学的作用物質の不足のため、我々は、チャネルの発現を操作するために遺伝学的アプローチを採用している。我々は、細胞の形態と皮質の層のパターンを維持するために器官培養の準備（16）を使用してください。我々は通常、生後日数8-10で急性最近、大脳皮質を分離して3-7日培養でスライスを維持する。これは、私たちは、急性スライスを使用して我々の仕事と同じような年齢で神経細胞を研究することができますし、スライスにあふれんばかりの興奮性の接続の開発を最小限に抑えます。我々は電流または電圧クランプの全細胞パッチクランプと赤外線照明（IR -）と微分干渉顕微鏡（DIC）を使用して、レイヤーII / IIIまたはVで視覚的に特定された錐体ニューロンから記録。我々は、その機能を研究するためにチャネルの発現を操作するために、野生型または変異カリウムチャネルのDNAの遺伝子銃（遺伝子銃）トランスフェクションを使用してください。トランスフェクションされた細胞は容易に緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）のcDNAとのコトランスフェクション後の落射蛍光顕微鏡で識別されます。私たちは、同じスライスから同じ層に隣接した、トランスフェクトされていないニューロンにトランスフェクトされた細胞の記録を比較する。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex at JoVE.com

Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex

これは、錐体ニューロンから電気記録を作成する目的のための器官培養における新皮質スライス標本を準備し、維持するためのプロトコルです。

新皮質の器官型スライス標本からの全細胞記録

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex.  Because of the ...

whole-cell-recording-from-an-organotypic-slice-preparation

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.1K ビュー.  University of Tennessee Health Science Center. これは、錐体ニューロンから電気記録を作成する目的のための器官培養における新皮質スライス標本を準備し、維持するためのプロトコルです。

ビデオ: Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of the hippocampus is relatively preserved 1. The organotypic culture system allows for the examination of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial effects, but as an ex vivo preparation, does not address effects of blood flow, or recruitment of peripheral inflammatory cells. To that end, this culture method is frequently used to examine excitotoxic and hypoxic injury to pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, but has also been used to examine the inflammatory response. Herein we describe the methods for generating hippocampal slice cultures from postnatal rodent brain, administering toxic stimuli to induce neuronal injury, and assaying and quantifying hippocampal neuronal death.

The organoptypic hippocampal slice culture model is an in vitro model used to examine neuronal injury in a variety of paradigms. In this article, we describe the methods for generating slice cultures and quantifying neuronal injury.

神経損傷を調べるための器官型海馬スライス培養モデル

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

神経科学

Organotypic Slice Culture of GFP-expressing Mouse Embryos for Real-time Imaging of Peripheral Nerve Outgrowth

For many purposes, the cultivation of mouse embryos ex vivo as organotypic slices is desirable. For example, we employ a transgenic mouse line (tauGFP) in which the enhanced version of the green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is exclusively expressed in all neurons of the developing central and peripheral nervous system1, allowing the possibility to both film the innervation of the forelimb and to manipulate this process with pharmacological and genetic techniques2. The most critical parameter in the successful cultivation of such slice cultures is the method by which the slices are prepared. After extensive testing of a variety of methods, we have found that a vibratome is the best possible device to slice the embryos such that they routinely result in a culture that demonstrates viability over a period of several days, and most importantly, develops in an age-specific manner. For mid-gestation embryos, this includes the normal outgrowth of spinal nerves from the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia to their targets in the periphery and the proper determination of skeletal and muscle tissue. 
In this work, we present a method for processing whole embryos of embryonic day (E) E10 to E12 into 300 - 400 micrometer slices for cultivation in a standard tissue culture incubator, which can be studied for up to two days after slice preparation. Critical for the success of this approach is the use of a vibratome to slice each agarose-embedded embryo. This is followed by the cultivation of the slices upon Millicell culture membrane inserts placed upon a small volume of medium, resulting in an interface culture technique. One litter with an average of 7 embryos routinely produces at least 14 slices (2-3 slices of the forelimb region per embryo), which varies slightly due to the age of the embryos as well as to the thickness of the slices. About 80% of the cultured slices show nerve outgrowth, which can be measured througout the culturing period2. Representative results using the tauGFP mouse line are demonstrated.

We present a method to prepare organotypic slices of mid-gestation mouse embryos for the cultivation and time-lapse imaging of peripheral nerve outgrowth.

末梢神経突起伸長のリアルタイムイメージングのためのGFP発現マウス胚の器官型スライス培養

For many purposes, the cultivation of mouse embryos ex vivo as organotypic slices is desirable. For example, we employ a transgenic mouse line (tauGFP) in ...

Slice Preparation, Organotypic Tissue Culturing and Luciferase Recording of Clock Gene Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A central circadian (~24 hr) clock coordinating daily rhythms in physiology and behavior resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the anterior hypothalamus. The clock is directly synchronized by light via the retina and optic nerve. Circadian oscillations are generated by interacting negative feedback loops of a number of so called "clock genes" and their protein products, including the Period (Per) genes. The core clock is also dependent on membrane depolarization, calcium and cAMP 1. The SCN shows daily oscillations in clock gene expression, metabolic activity and spontaneous electrical activity. Remarkably, this endogenous cyclic activity persists in adult tissue slices of the SCN 2-4. In this way, the biological clock can easily be studied in vitro, allowing molecular, electrophysiological and metabolic investigations of the pacemaker function.
The SCN is a small, well-defined bilateral structure located right above the optic chiasm 5. In the rat it contains ~8.000 neurons in each nucleus and has dimensions of approximately 947 &mu;m (length, rostrocaudal axis) x 424 &mu;m (width) x 390 &mu;m (height) 6. To dissect out the SCN it is necessary to cut a brain slice at the specific level of the brain where the SCN can be identified. Here, we describe the dissecting and slicing procedure of the SCN, which is similar for mouse and rat brains. Further, we show how to culture the dissected tissue organotypically on a membrane 7, a technique developed for SCN tissue culture by Yamazaki et al. 8. Finally, we demonstrate how transgenic tissue can be used for measuring expression of clock genes/proteins using dynamic luciferase reporter technology, a method that originally was used for circadian measurements by Geusz et al. 9. We here use SCN tissues from the transgenic knock-in PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE mice produced by Yoo et al. 10. The mice contain a fusion protein of PERIOD (PER) 2 and the firefly enzyme LUCIFERASE. When PER2 is translated in the presence of the substrate for luciferase, i.e. luciferin, the PER2 expression can be monitored as bioluminescence when luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of luciferin. The number of emitted photons positively correlates to the amount of produced PER2 protein, and the bioluminescence rhythms match the PER2 protein rhythm in vivo 10. In this way the cyclic variation in PER2 expression can be continuously monitored real time during many days. The protocol we follow for tissue culturing and real-time bioluminescence recording has been thoroughly described by Yamazaki and Takahashi 11.

The procedure of preparing slices containing the adult mouse hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and a rapid way to culture the SCN tissue in organotypic culture condition, are reported. Further, the measurement of oscillatory clock gene protein expression using dynamic luciferase reporter technology is described.

スライスの準備、器官組織培養と視交叉上核における時計遺伝子の活動のルシフェラーゼ記録

A central circadian (~24 hr) clock coordinating daily rhythms in physiology and behavior resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the strength of their connections after brief periods of strong activation. This phenomenon, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) can last for hours or days and has become the best candidate mechanism for learning and memory 2. In addition, the well defined anatomy and connectivity of the hippocampus 3 has made it a classical model system to study synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity4.
As our understanding of the physiology of hippocampal synapses grew and molecular players became identified, a need to manipulate synaptic proteins became imperative. Organotypic hippocampal cultures offer the possibility for easy gene manipulation and precise pharmacological intervention but maintain synaptic organization that is critical to understanding synapse function in a more naturalistic context than routine culture dissociated neurons methods.
Here we present a method to prepare and culture hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. This method allows easy access to the slices for genetic manipulation using different approaches like viral infection 5,6 or biolistics 7. In addition, slices can be easily recovered for biochemical assays 8, or transferred to microscopes for imaging 9 or electrophysiological experiments 10.

We describe a method to prepare organotypic hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. Brain slices are laid on porous membranes and culture media is allowed to form an interface. This method preserves the gross architecture of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks in culture.

器官型海馬切片培養

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

器官切片培養におけるプルキンエ細胞の樹状突起の形態分析

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation

One of the central tasks in retinal neuroscience is to understand the circuitry of retinal neurons and how those connections are responsible for shaping the signals transmitted to the brain. Photons are detected in the retina by rod and cone photoreceptors, which convert that energy into an electrical signal, transmitting it to other retinal neurons, where it is processed and communicated to central targets in the brain via the optic nerve. Important early insights into retinal circuitry and visual processing came from the histological studies of Cajal1,2 and, later, from electrophysiological recordings of the spiking activity of retinal ganglion cells - the output cells of the retina3,4.
A detailed understanding of visual processing in the retina requires an understanding of the signaling at each step in the pathway from photoreceptor to retinal ganglion cell. However, many retinal cell types are buried deep in the tissue and therefore relatively inaccessible for electrophysiological recording. This limitation can be overcome by working with vertical slices, in which cells residing within each of the retinal layers are clearly visible and accessible for electrophysiological recording.
Here, we describe a method for making vertical sections of retinas from larval tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). While this preparation was originally developed for recordings with sharp microelectrodes5,6, we describe a method for dual whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from photoreceptors and second-order horizontal and bipolar cells in which we manipulate the photoreceptor's membrane potential while simultaneously recording post-synaptic responses in horizontal or bipolar cells. The photoreceptors of the tiger salamander are considerably larger than those of mammalian species, making this an ideal preparation in which to undertake this technically challenging experimental approach. These experiments are described with an eye toward probing the signaling properties of the synaptic ribbon - a specialized synaptic structure found in a only a handful of neurons, including rod and cone photoreceptors, that is well suited for maintaining a high rate of tonic neurotransmitter release7,8 - and how it contributes to the unique signaling properties of this first retinal synapse.

We describe the preparation of thin retinal slices from aquatic tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) and explain how we use these slices to study synaptic processing in the retina by obtaining dual whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from photoreceptors and second-order horizontal and bipolar cells.

両生類網膜スライス標本における感光体と2次ニューロンからの同時ホールセル録音

One of the central tasks in retinal neuroscience  is to understand the circuitry of retinal neurons and how those connections are  responsible for shaping ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

オリゴデンドロサイトダイナミクスと髄鞘形成を研究するための器官型スライス培養

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct electrophysiological characterization of the synaptic connections between individual neurons, but also pharmacological manipulation of either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic neuron. When carried out in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, the probability that two neurons are synaptically connected is significantly increased. This preparation readily enables identification of cell types, and the neurons maintain their morphology and properties of synaptic function similar to that in native brain tissue. A major advantage of paired whole cell recordings is the highly precise information it can provide on the properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity that are not possible with other more crude techniques utilizing extracellular axonal stimulation. Paired whole cell recordings are often perceived as too challenging to perform. While there are challenging aspects to this technique, paired recordings can be performed by anyone trained in whole cell patch clamping provided specific hardware and methodological criteria are followed. The probability of attaining synaptically connected paired recordings significantly increases with healthy organotypic slices and stable micromanipulation allowing independent attainment of pre- and postsynaptic whole cell recordings. While CA3-CA3 pyramidal cell pairs are most widely used in the organotypic slice hippocampal preparation, this technique has also been successful in CA3-CA1 pairs and can be adapted to any neurons that are synaptically connected in the same slice preparation. In this manuscript we provide the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

器官型海馬スライスにおけるペア全細胞記録

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

研究保護および腫瘍細胞の侵襲性をモデルとして脊髄海馬スライス培養

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...

Auditory Brainstem Response and Outer Hair Cell Whole-cell Patch Clamp Recording in Postnatal Rats

The outer hair cell is one of the two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. They alter their cell length with the receptor potential to amplify the weak vibration of low-level sound signal. The morphology and electrophysiological property of outer hair cells (OHCs) develop in early postnatal ages. The maturation of outer hair cell may contribute to the development of the auditory system. However, the process of OHCs development is not well studied. This is partly because of the difficulty to measure their function by an electrophysiological approach. With the purpose of developing a simple method to address the above issue, here we describe a step-by-step protocol to study the function of OHCs in acutely dissociated cochlea from postnatal rats. With this method, we can evaluate the cochlear response to pure tone stimuli and examine the expression level and function of the motor protein prestin in OHCs. This method can also be used to investigate the inner hair cells (IHCs).

This protocol describes methods to record the auditory brainstem response from postnatal rat pups. To examine the functional development of outer hair cells, the experimental procedure of whole-cell patch clamp recording in isolated outer hair cells is described step-by-step.

聴性脳幹反応と生後ラットの外有毛細胞細胞パッチ ・ クランプ記録

The outer hair cell is one of the two types of sensory hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. They alter their cell length with the receptor potential to ...