1。準備<ol class="lalpha"><li>開始するには、被写体のベースラインの解剖学的スキャンを取得する。これは、実際の実験で数日前に行われる必要があります。 </li><li>次に、あなたのフレームレス定位のソフトウェアパッケージにスキャンをロードする。 </li><li>最後に、刺激の座標を使用してターゲット。このケースでは、我々は左の下頭頂小葉をターゲットにされます。 </li></ol> 2。初回スキャン<ol class="lalpha"><li>実験日に、あなたの主題は、もう一度、MRIマシンで起動します。 </li><li>解剖学的スキャンで始まります。 </li><li>次に、3つの機能的な実験の実行を行う。固定ポイントは、ビジョンの被験者の中心的なフィールドに表示され、そして彼/彼女は単に受動的にそれを凝視することです：この実験では、タスクは非常に簡単です。 </li></ol> 3。 TMSの準備<ol class="lalpha"><li> rTMSの効果は一過性であるため、TMSとfMRIを組み合わせるときに、時間が非常に重要である。それはあなたが刺激中止後、できるだけ早くスキャナに主題を取り戻す必要不可欠です。このためには、隣接するまたはできるだけ近いスキャンベイに、できるだけ部屋に駐留ポータブルTMSデバイスを使うことになるでしょう。このケースでは、スキャナのドアの横に観測スイートのポータブルアップセットを使用している。 </li><li>定位ソフトウェアパッケージにMRI被写体のプレターゲットベースラインをロードする。 </li><li>最後に、リンクや定位脳手術装置とのあなたの刺激的なコイルのキャリブレーションを行うには - このケースでは、我々は、コイルの中心的役割を登録するには赤外線センサーのセットをそろえます。 </li></ol> 4。 TMSパラメータの判別<ol class="lalpha"><li>被験者が到着すると、椅子で快適に彼/彼女を座っている。 </li><li>次に、sterotaxy装置と、被写体の頭を校正する。両耳、鼻、および[後]：このケースでは、我々はいくつかの位置のアンカーを登録するには赤外線センサーを使用します。 </li><li>あなたの主題の安静時のモーターのしきい値を決定します。 </li><li>我々は被験者の皮質を励起する場合、我々は110％モーターの閾値の刺激のパワーを20 HzにTMSマシンを設定します。我々は被験者の皮質を抑制したい場合、我々は110％モーターのしきい値で1 HzにTMSマシンを設定します。あなたが完全な研究の過程を通して両方のパラメータを探検したいと思うが、我々は、この記事では20 Hzの興奮rTMSのチェーンを見ていきます。 </li><li>最後に、28第二休憩時間に2秒の列車の刺激のパターンを設定します。 </li></ol> 5。 TMSの刺激<ol class="lalpha"><li>刺激前に、スキャナの以下のTMSに直接移動する被写体を準備。これは金属の除去が含まれており、被験者がトイレを使用している確実に。 </li><li>頭皮への接線コイル保持、被験者の刺激部位を特定し、ターゲットとするように定位脳手術装置を使用してください。 </li><li>マシンのコイルの冷却システムの電源を入れます。 </li><li>刺激を始める！このプロトコルのために、我々は45の合計刺激パルス列を実施します。 2秒28第二休憩と電車では、我々は23分の合計といった刺激の時間を持つことになります。 </li></ol> 6。戻るスキャナへ<ol class="lalpha"><li>刺激が完了したら、それはできるだけ早くスキャナに主題を取り戻すことが重要です。可能な限りシームレスにこの移行を行うには、お使いのスキャナが準備して行く準備ができていることを確認してください。私たちのアドバイスは、身体のプラットフォームを高め、そして最小限にローカライザースキャンの回数と期間を削減することです。 </li></ol> 7。最後のスキャン<ol class="lalpha"><li> rTMSの効果は一時的なので、最終的なスキャンセッションでは、機能の実行を開始する必要があります。再び、我々は受動的な固定の3つ、6分の走行を行うでしょう。 </li><li>実験的な実行が完了した後、解剖学的スキャンで終了。 </li></ol> 8。代表的な結果<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2271/2271fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 図1：データは、左の下頭頂小葉から20 HzのrTMSの刺激は、地元の興奮性を促進するが、デフォルトのネットワーク内で機能的結合を減少させるために働くことを示唆している。

<ol>
	<li>Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., Shulman, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+default+mode+of+brain+function.">A default mode of brain function.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences. 98 (2), 676-682 (2001).</li><li>Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Schacter, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain's+default+network:+anatomy,+function+and+relevance+to+disease.">The brain's default network: anatomy, function and relevance to disease.</a> Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1124, 1-38 (2008).</li><li>Raichle, M. E., Snyder, A. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+default+mode+of+brain+function:+a+brief+history+of+an+evolving+idea.">A default mode of brain function: a brief history of an evolving idea.</a> Neuroimage. 37 (4), 1083-1090 (2007).</li><li>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Thermenos, H. W., Milanovic, S., Tsuang, M. T., Faraone, S. V., McCarley, R. W., Shenton, M. E., Green, A. I., Nieto-Castanon, A., LaViolette, P., Wojcik, J., Gabrieli, J. D., Sidman, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperactivity+and+hyperconnectivity+of+the+default+network+in+schizophrenia+and+in+first-degreerelatives+of+persons+with+schizophrenia.">Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first-degreerelatives of persons with schizophrenia.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences. 106 (4), 1279-1284 (2009).</li><li>Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salvardor, R., Sarro, S., Gomar, J., Vila, F., Martinez, A., Guerrrero, A., Ortiz-Gil, J., Sans-Sansa, B., Capdevila, A., Cebamanos, J. M., McKenna, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failure+to+deactivate+the+prefrontal+cortex+in+schizophrenia:+dysfunction+of+the+default+mode+network?.">Failure to deactivate the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: dysfunction of the default mode network?.</a> Psychol Med. 38 (8), 1185-1193 (2008).</li><li>Garrity, A. G., Pearlson, G. D., McKiernan, K., Lloyd, D., Kiehl, K. A., Calhoun, V. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrant+"default+mode"+functional+connectivity+in+schizophrenia.">Aberrant "default mode" functional connectivity in schizophrenia.</a> American Journal of Psychiatry. 164, 450-457 (2007).</li><li>Kennedy, D. P., Redcay, E., Courchesne, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failing+to+deactivate:+Resting+functional+abnormalities+in+autism.">Failing to deactivate: Resting functional abnormalities in autism.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences. 103 (21), 8275-8280 (2007).</li><li>c Buckner, R. L., Snyder, A. Z., Shannon, B. J., LaRossa, G., Sachs, R., Fotenos, A. F., Sheline, Y. I., Klunk, W. E., Mathis, C. A., Morris, J. C., Mintun, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular,+structural,+and+functional+characterizations+of+Alzheimer's+disease:+evidence+for+a+relationship+between+default+activity,+amyloid,+and+memory.">Molecular, structural, and functional characterizations of Alzheimer's disease: evidence for a relationship between default activity, amyloid, and memory.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 34, 7709-7717 (2005).</li><li>Pascual-Leone, A., Davey, M., Wassermann, E. M., Rothwell, J., Puri, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. , (2002).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

<p class="jove_content"&gt;オフラインTMS / MRI実験を行うときは、おそらく最も重要な考慮事項は、MRIベイへの刺激のサイトから迅速かつ簡単に移行が含まれます。そのため、この移行を支援するために提案された前述のアイデアのいくつかを見直すものとなるでしょう。最初に：できるだけMRI湾の近くに場所に設定ポータブルTMSのマシンを使用。 2：MRI装置にプログラムされた任意の自動スタンバイまたは同等のメカニズムを回避する。 3：プラットフォームが発生していることを確認し、被験者がTMSを完了する前に刺激がロードされている。そして、最後に、4つは：一人ですべてこれを行うにはしないでください。常に利用可能な2つのアクティブな研究者の最低を持っており、各実験セッションに関与して - TMSの部分、MRI部分を担当する他の担当つを。</p

<ul><li> MRIは、fMRI（フィリップスはビデオに描かれている）のために装備</li><li>反復刺激の可能TMSデバイス（Magstimであるビデオに描かれている） </li><li>フレームレス定位脳手術装置（Brainsightであるビデオに描かれている） </li><li>耳栓</li><li>刺激時の件名のための椅子</li><li>投影画面またはMRI対応ゴーグル戻る</li><li>ブランク刺激画面</li></ul>

combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and fmri to examine the default mode network

デフォルトモードのネットワークは、個々が外の世界に焦点を当て、脳がでているされていない場合にアクティブになっている脳領域のグループであり、&quot;目が覚めている残り。&quot;1,2,3これは、デフォルトモードのネットワークは、自己参照型に対応すると考えられているまたは&quot;内部メンテーション&quot;。2,3 それが人間で、デフォルトのモードのネットワーク内のアクティビティが特定の病態（例えばと相関する、という仮説が立てられている、超活性化は、統合失調症4,5,6とネットワークの7ながら、低刺激活性化が持つ自閉症スペクトラム障害にリンクされていますアルツハイマー病や他の神経変性疾患8）にリンクされて。このように、このネットワークの非侵襲的変調は、異常なネットワークの活性化にリンクされている神経精神病理の数の潜在的な治療介入を表すことができる。この変調を行うための一つの可能なツールは、経頭蓋磁気刺激です：一過性または不変にローカライズされた磁場パルスのアプリケーションを介して皮質の興奮性を（どちらかの増加や、それを小さくする）調節することができる非侵襲的neurostimulatoryと神経調節のテクニック9。 デフォルトモードのネットワークの傾向に向かって、変調の許容範囲を探るために、我々は機能的磁気共鳴画像（fMRI）で（左の下頭頂葉へ）TMSを組み合わせることになります。この記事を通じ、我々は、これら2つの神経科学のツールを正しく結合するために必要なプロトコルおよび考慮事項を検討する。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network at JoVE.com

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

この記事では、デフォルトのネットワーク上の脳刺激の効果を調べるためにTMSとfMRIの組み合わせに関連する方法論と考慮事項を検討する。

デフォルトモードのネットワークを検査する経頭蓋磁気刺激とfMRIを組み合わせ

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

combining-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-fmri-to-examine-default

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.8K ビュー.  Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. この記事では、デフォルトのネットワーク上の脳刺激の効果を調べるためにTMSとfMRIの組み合わせに関連する方法論と考慮事項を検討する。

ビデオ: Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical stimulation of the occipital cortex, but also by non-invasive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)1 of the same cortical regions. The intensity at which a phosphene is induced (phosphene threshold) is a well established measure of visual cortical excitability and is used to study cortico-cortical interactions, functional organization 2, susceptibility to pathology 3,4 and visual processing 5-7. Phosphenes are typically defined by three characteristics: they are observed in the visual hemifield contralateral to stimulation; they are induced when the subject s eyes are open or closed, and their spatial location changes with the direction of gaze 2. Various methods have been used to document phosphenes, but a standardized methodology is lacking. We demonstrate a reliable procedure to obtain phosphene threshold values and introduce a novel system for the documentation and analysis of phosphenes. We developed the Laser Tracking and Painting system (LTaP), a low cost, easily built and operated system that records the location and size of perceived phosphenes in real-time. The LTaP system provides a stable and customizable environment for quantification and analysis of phosphenes.

Phosphenes are transient percepts of light that can be induced by applying Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to visually sensitive regions of cortex. We demonstrate a standard protocol for determining the phosphene threshold value and introduce a novel method for quantifying and analyzing perceived phosphenes.

経頭蓋磁気刺激による閃光を文書化するための斬新なアプローチ

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical ...

神経科学

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders &#x2013; especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation 3-5.

経頭蓋直流電流刺激で電極の位置とモンタージュ

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

fMRIのガイド下経頭蓋磁気刺激中に記録された脳波データからの視覚誘発電位を抽出する

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

一次運動野代謝に及ぼすバイ半球経頭蓋電気刺激効果の測定のためのツールと​​しての磁気共鳴分光法の利用

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

経頭蓋交流電流刺激オンライン結合による一次運動野の経頭蓋磁気刺激の効果

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) characterization of primary motor cortex (M1) excitability and inhibition. Motor response inhibition prevents unwanted actions and is abnormal in several neuropsychiatric conditions. TMS is a non-invasive technology that can quantify M1 excitability and inhibition using single- and paired-pulse protocols and can be precisely timed to study cortical physiology with high temporal resolution. We modified the original Slater-Hammel (S-H) stop signal task to create a &#34;racecar&#34; version with TMS pulses time-locked to intra-trial events. This task is self-paced, with each trial initiating after a button push to move the racecar towards the 800 ms target. GO trials require a finger-lift to stop the racecar just before this target. Interspersed randomly are STOP trials (25%) during which the dynamically adjusted stop signal prompts subjects to prevent finger-lift. For GO trials, TMS pulses were delivered at 650 ms after trial onset; whereas, for STOP trials, the TMS pulses occurred 150 ms after the stop signal. The timings of the TMS pulses were decided based on electroencephalography (EEG) studies showing event-related changes in these time ranges during stop signal tasks. This task was studied in 3 blocks at two study sites (n=38) and we recorded behavioral performance and event-related motor-evoked potentials (MEP). Regression modelling was used to analyze MEP amplitudes using age as a covariate with multiple independent variables (sex, study site, block, TMS pulse condition [single- vs. paired-pulse], trial condition [GO, successful STOP, failed STOP]). The analysis showed that TMS pulse condition (p&#60;0.0001) and its interaction with trial condition (p=0.009) were significant. Future applications for this online S-H/TMS paradigm include the addition of simultaneous EEG acquisition to measure TMS-evoked EEG potentials. A potential limitation is that in children, the TMS pulse sound could&#160;affect behavioral task performance.

We describe an experimental procedure to quantify excitability and inhibition of primary motor cortex during a motor response inhibition task by using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation throughout the course of a Stop Signal Task.

反応抑制に関連する皮質の生理学を測定するためのオンラインの経頭蓋磁気刺激プロトコル

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

結合された経頭蓋磁気刺激と背外側前頭前野の脳波

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans and can be assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Given the role of distal leg muscles in upright postural and dynamic tasks, such as walking, a growing research interest in the assessment and modulation of the corticospinal tracts relative to the function of these muscles has emerged in the last decade. However, methodological parameters used in previous work have varied across studies making the interpretation of results from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies less robust. Therefore, use of a standardized TMS protocol specific to the assessment of leg muscles&#39; corticomotor response (CMR) will allow for direct comparison of results across studies and cohorts. The objective of this paper is to present a protocol that provides the flexibility to simultaneously assess the bilateral CMR of two main ankle antagonistic muscles, the tibialis anterior and soleus, using single pulse TMS with a neuronavigation system. The present protocol is applicable while the examined muscle is either fully relaxed or isometrically contracted at a defined percentage of maximum isometric voluntary contraction. Using each subject&#39;s structural MRI with the neuronavigation system ensures accurate and precise positioning of the coil over the leg cortical representations during assessment. Given the inconsistency in CMR derived measures, this protocol also describes a standardized calculation of these measures using automated algorithms. Though this protocol is not conducted during upright postural or dynamic tasks, it&#160;can be used to assess bilaterally any pair of leg muscles, either antagonistic or synergistic, in both neurologically intact and impaired subjects.

The present protocol describes the simultaneous, bilateral assessment of the corticomotor response of the tibialis anterior and soleus during rest and tonic voluntary activation using a single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuronavigation system.

経頭蓋磁気刺激の移動による足首の筋の皮質脊髄路の経路の二国間の評価

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans ...

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has provided important insights into fundamental processes of the brain like cognition, learning, and motor control. However, this approach cannot provide causal evidence for the involvement of brain areas of interest. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful, noninvasive tool for studying the human brain that can overcome this limitation by transiently modifying brain activity. Here, we highlight recent advances using a paired-pulse, dual-site TMS method with two coils that causally probes cortico-cortical interactions in the human motor system during different task contexts. Additionally, we describe a dual-site TMS protocol based on cortical paired associative stimulation (cPAS) that transiently enhances synaptic efficiency in two interconnected brain areas by applying repeated pairs of cortical stimuli with two coils. These methods can provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive-motor function as well as a new perspective on manipulating specific neural pathways in a targeted fashion to modulate brain circuits and improve behavior. This approach may prove to be an effective tool to develop more sophisticated models of brain-behavior relations and improve diagnosis and treatment of many neurological and psychiatric disorders.

This article describes new approaches to measure and strengthen functionally specific neural pathways with transcranial magnetic stimulation. These advanced noninvasive brain stimulation methodologies can provide new opportunities for the understanding of brain-behavior relations and development of new therapies to treat brain disorders.

経頭蓋磁気刺激によるヒト運動系における機能的特異的神経経路の測定と操作

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has ...

Employing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Resource Limited Environment to Establish Brain-Behavior Relationships

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited resources have historically contributed significantly to the field of neuroscience, including neuroimaging. In the study of self-deception, we have successfully employed single-pulse TMS to determine the brain correlates of abilities including overclaiming and self-enhancement. Even without the use of neuro-navigation, methods provided here lead to successful outcomes. For example, it was discovered that decreases in self-deceptive responding lead to a decrease in affect. These methods provide data that are reliable and valid, and such methods provide research opportunities otherwise unavailable.&#160;Through the use of these methods, the overall knowledge base in the field of neuroscience is expanded, providing research opportunities to students such as those at our institution&#160;(Montclair State University is a Hispanic-Serving Institute) who are often denied such research experiences.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and low-frequency TMS (lfTMS) have&#160;been demonstrated to be major contributors to brain literature. Here we highlight the methods for investigating the cortical correlates of self-deception using TMS.