我々は、ヘッドのテストの技術支援のためにジャスティンのRicebergに感謝します。この作品は、国民健康補助金MH65658、MH073689の研究所、およびF30 AG034003 - 01A1、及びマウントサイナイ医科大学で部分的にサポートされていました。

1。ヘッドステージの設計と製作の概要完成したヘッドプリアンプシステムは、次のコンポーネントで構成されています。 <ol><li>コンピュータは、記録の4つのチャネルと刺激の2つのチャネルでの集積回路基板を設計した。 </li><li>動物の頭部のステージ上の適切なコネクタに録音し、刺激のチャンネルを中継電極。 </li><li>テザーケーブルとインタフェースを中継するスリップリングの整流子に記録し、刺激チャンネル。 </li><li>ヘッドステージ上で、集積回路上に防水の二つの形式。 </li></ol> 2。ヘッドステージのデザインとレイアウト我々は、市販のソフトウェアのCADパッケージ（www.expresspcb.com）を使用して、刺激のチャネルを介して4のソースフォロワーと2パスで印刷された集積回路の基板を設計した。ワンステージが設計されて、そしてデザインパターンは、低コストで多くのヘッドステージを提供するために、回路基板の大型シート全体に並べて表示されます。 CADファイルは、メッキされたスルーして、すべての穴を上部と下部の銅層を使用して、2つの層基板が両面印刷されているプリント基板（PCB）製造サービスに転送されます。ボードには、錫​​を使用/業界標準のFR -​​ 4積層板に対応するはんだメッキトレースとパッドを導く。 PCBを注文し、翌営業日に発送することができます。個々のヘッドステージは大きなタイル張りのPCBシートからカットされ、電子部品をはんだで接続されています。このプロトコルで使用されているステージのレイアウト例を（図1）示されています。 PCBの設計に関する詳細な手順やヒントについては、メーカーのウェブサイトを参照してください。 3。準備と電子部品のはんだ付けこのプロトコルで使用されるすべての電子部品は表面実装デバイス（SMD）タイプのものです。必要に応じて各デバイスタイプのフットプリント（抵抗、コンデンサ、等）ステージに無駄なスペースを最小限に抑えるために選ばれたのが、大きなSMDコンポーネントを使用することができます。 <ol><li>回路基板上でコンポーネントを整理し、はんだ付けのためにそれらを準備する。 </li><li>はんだ付けになると溶融し、パッドにはんだを付着するはんだごての近くの先端を持って来るために錫/鉛のパッド上のはんだの少量を置きます。 </li><li>はんだのコンデンサは、まず、次の抵抗して、オペアンプ。 </li><li>オペアンプは、以上加熱することにより破壊することができます。我々は可変熱はんだ銃、はんだを溶融するために必要な最小の熱を使用していました。良好なはんだ接合を作るために使用される加熱時間を最小限に抑える。我々は、通信や電力のトレースに沿ってはんだを適用することにより、フットプリントのパッドに流入するはんだの小さな貯水池を作成しておくと便利います。 </li><li>あなたの抵抗の両端の抵抗値が抵抗計を用いて期待値を満たしていることをテストします。 </li><li>ないはんだは、隣接するパッドを接続するか、またはブリッジングされていることを確認するために密接に各パッドを点検。はんだブリッジ、熱とはんだを溶融し、橋を破壊するためにピンセットを使用してがある場合。 </li></ol> 4。インプラントとテザーインタフェースの組み立てと作製<ol><li>機械的支持のための9ピンABSソケットの未使用ポートのいずれかに23 Gaの皮下注射のチューブを挿入します。 </li><li> ABSのソケットにメスアンフェノールピンを接続するための絶縁磁気ワイヤの6個の1 cmの長さの部分をカット。 </li><li>はんだそれぞれのピンにはんだを少量使用して磁気ワイヤにメス端子、および先端からピンを加熱することにより。 </li><li> ABSソケットにそれぞれ磁気ワイヤのはんだもう一方の端。 </li><li>位置オス - ステージのテザー側のパッド上に女性のMillMaxピン、および圧力の適合を保障するために、PCB上のピンを絞る。その後、順番にそれぞれのパッドに半田各ピンを。 </li><li>神経インプラントのコネクタを介してリングナットを置き、プラスチックのベース上の任意のスロットにすべての女性のピンを押してください。 </li><li> ABSソケットのコネクタの上部にアクリル接着剤（クレイジー接着剤）を適用し、ステージのベースに固定します。接着剤のサポートのためのステージのテザーの側に23Gaチューブ。 </li></ol> 5。防水ヘッドステージ<ol><li>防水ヘッドステージに、全体の集積回路と5分エポキシを持つ任意の露出した金属面包み込む。恒久的な乾燥5-10初期乾燥のための分、および60分を許可する。 </li><li>ポスタータックパテは、動物の端から突出しているメス端子の近辺の表面9ピンABSソケットに適用する必要があります。 </li><li>最大の防水のために、ABSソケットとABSのプラグを交配する必要があり、リングナットを締めてください。パラフィルムの小さなストリップはピンのコネクタに接触するから水を防止するために、インターフェイスの周りにラップする必要があります。 </li></ol>成功の秘訣<ol><li>はんだ付けの際オペアンプは、プラスチックパッケージを過熱しないでください。もしそこに目に見える燃焼または溶融であり、オペアンプを取り外して交換。あまりにも多くの熱を適用すると、目に見える溶融することなく、オペアンプを損傷する可能性があります。はんだ付け後のファンクションジェネレータを使って各チャンネルをテストします。 </li><li>ステージ上に浮遊の接続やはんだブリッジがないことを確認します。ソルダーウイックは、コンポーネントまたは浮遊はんだを除去するために使用することができます。 </li></ol> 6。代表的な結果良好な記録は、移動中のと切り取ることなく、入力ソース信号に従います。ヘッドステージをテストするには、ユーザーは各記録のピンへの入力としてファンクションジェネレータを使用し、ミル最大のヘッダの出力端での波形を評価する必要があります。物理的にヘッドを移動すると、記録波形の形状に影響を与えるではありません。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2155/2155fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 図1。プリント回路基板（PCB）の最上位層の（A）の模式図 。赤い線は、銅トレースを示している。黄色の線は、電子部品の位置決め用のオプションのシルクスクリーンレイヤを示している。示すようにオペアンプの配置（中央黄色の四角）、抵抗（小さ ​​い黄色の四角）とコンデンサ（最小黄色の四角）です。PCBの底層の（B）の模式図。緑色の線は、銅トレースを示す。大きな緑の塗りつぶされた領域は、グランドプレートを表しています。この回路図のモデルファイルは、ダウンロード用に提供されています。

<ol>
	<li>Morris, R. G., Garrud, P., Rawlins, J. N., O'Keefe, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Place+navigation+impaired+in+rats+with+hippocampal+lesions.">Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions.</a> Nature. 297, 681-683 (1982).</li><li>Rolston, J. D., Gross, R. E., Potter, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low-cost+multielectrode+system+for+data+acquisition+enabling+real-time+closed-loop+processing+with+rapid+recovery+from+stimulation+artifacts.+Front.">A low-cost multielectrode system for data acquisition enabling real-time closed-loop processing with rapid recovery from stimulation artifacts. Front.</a> Neuroengineering. 2, 12-12 (2009).</li><li>Fee, M. S., Leonardo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniature+motorized+microdrive+and+commutator+system+for+chronic+neural+recording+in+small+animals.">Miniature motorized microdrive and commutator system for chronic neural recording in small animals.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 112, 83-94 (2001).</li><li>Shirvalkar, P. R., Rapp, P. R., Shapiro, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+changes+to+hippocampal+theta+gamma+oscillations+predict+memory+for+recent+spatial+episodes.">Bidirectional changes to hippocampal theta gamma oscillations predict memory for recent spatial episodes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (15), 7054-709 (2010).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

水迷路に基づく行動のタスクはリアルタイム1で動物の認知能力と表現を調べるために効果的なツールが用意されています。軽量で費用対効果の高いヘッドをプリアンプの使用は、水迷路を含む行動の神経生理学のアプリケーションで特に重要です。冷たい水をエスケープすると、これらのタスクの動物のための内発的動機づけを提供するので、彼らの行動は、乾燥した迷路に動物の動機付けの難しさせずに繰り返し試験で検証することができます。ここで説明する低コストのヘッドのプリアンプのデバイスは、科学者が有害な高価な機器を心配することなく水中作業における神経機能の仮説をテストすることができます。 このプロトコルは、カスタムヘッドのデザインの出発点として役立つことを意図しています。付属の回路図は、より多くのレコーディングや刺激のチャネルを含めるように容易に適応可能であり、実験者の要望に応じて拡大縮小することができます。特に、商業的なピンのコネクタのセットアップを組み込むことによって、人は市販の電極のインタフェースボードと交尾できるヘッドステージを構築することができます。このプロトコルで提供される例は、各チャネルには、次のユニティゲインのソースを提供していますが、興味のある方は、抵抗とコンデンサ（データ収集システムの詳細なレビューのために2を参照してください）の設定を変更することにより、この増幅を調整することができる。 電極の注入やポジショニングに関連する技術は、この記事の範囲を超えて、我々は一定の深さの電極（Shirvalkar ら印刷中、2010）から記録するには、以下の設定を使用しているされているが。慢性的な記録のための可動電極を構築し移植する方法の詳細は、ここで見つけることができます：3。

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		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Custom designed Integrated Circuit Board</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>ExpressPCB.com</td>
<td>Custom</td>
<td>2 layer double sided PCB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Surface mount Resistors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mouser Electronics</td>
<td>RK73B1JTTDD156J</td>
<td>1/10 W, 15 M Ohm 0603, Thick film</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SMD Capacitors </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Newark Electronics</td>
<td>0402YD104KAT2A</td>
<td>0.1 uF (0402)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SMD Operational Amplifier (quad FET)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mouser Electronics</td>
<td>595-TLC2274AIPW</td>
<td>Quad FET - low noise</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9 pin ABS socket</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09SKT-220</td>
<td>For animal connection</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9-pin ABS Plug</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09PLG-220</td>
<td>To be implanted in animal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Black Delrin Ring Nut</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09BDN-220</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Black Delrin Cap Nut</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>GS09BDC-220</td>
<td>For protecting animal's implant</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Amphenol pins (male)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>220-P02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Amphenol pins (female)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ginder Scientific</td>
<td>220-S02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>5-minute epoxy</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Devcon Inc.</td>
<td>S-208 / 20845</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Poster Tack Putty</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Elmer's</td>
<td>026000015318</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rosin Core Solder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Radio Shack</td>
<td>64-009</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Soldering Iron </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Weller</td>
<td>Pyropen WSTA6</td>
<td>(adjustable heat)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Metal tweezers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>Size 5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Parafilm sheets</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>American National Can</td>
<td>Parafilm 4" x 250'</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Magnet wire</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Belden</td>
<td>8052</td>
<td>Enamel Coated</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ammeter/ Multimeter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluke Mfg Co.</td>
<td>77 Multimeter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Millmax Double Row Headers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millmax / Mouser</td>
<td>575 - 002101</td>
<td>0.05"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solder Wick</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Chemtronics</td>
<td>7-10L</td>
<td>0.75 in.</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
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design and construction of a cost effective headstage for simultaneous neural stimulation and recording in the water maze

ヘッドプリアンプとソースフォロワは、一般的に、行動神経生理学の実験で神経活動を研究するために使用されています。利用可能な商用製品は、潜水艇、しばしば高価であり、容易にカスタマイズされていない、とではない。ここでは目を覚まし、行動を動物にカスタマイズされた、集積回路の同時4チャンネル神経記録用ヘッドステージと2チャンネルのシミュレーションを設計し構築する方法を説明します。ヘッドステージは自由、市販のCAD型設計パッケージを使用して設計されており、異なるスケール（例えば、チャンネルを追加する）に対応するために簡単に変更できます。カスタマイズされたプリント基板は、ユニティゲインのソースフォロワ回路を構築するために表面実装抵抗器、コンデンサやオペアンプを使用して構築されています。ヘッドステージはエポキシ樹脂、パラフィルムや合成ゴムのパテとの組み合わせで防水を行っています。私たちは正常にローカルフィールド電位を記録し、水迷路で泳いで、ラットの独立したチャネルを経由して同時に異なる脳領域を刺激するためにこのデバイスを使用している。総費用は、&lt;$ 30/unitであり、容易に製造することができる。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze at JoVE.com

Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

我々は、同時神経記録と刺激機能を搭載した光ヘッドプリアンプシステムを設計し、構築するために低コストの手法を提案する。このデバイスは、水泳、動物での使用のために防水することができます。

水迷路における同時神経刺激および記録のためのコスト効率のヘッドステージの設計と構築

Headstage preamplifiers and source followers are commonly used to study neural activity in behavioral neurophysiology experiments. Available commercial ...

design-construction-cost-effective-headstage-for-simultaneous-neural

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.6K ビュー.  Mount Sinai School of Medicine. 我々は、同時神経記録と刺激機能を搭載した光ヘッドプリアンプシステムを設計し、構築するために低コストの手法を提案する。このデバイスは、水泳、動物での使用のために防水することができます。

ビデオ: Design and Construction of a Cost Effective Headstage for Simultaneous Neural Stimulation and Recording in the Water Maze

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

行動内分泌学と実験経済学を組み合わせること：テストステロンと社会的意思決定

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

神経科学

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

デフォルトモードのネットワークを検査する経頭蓋磁気刺激とfMRIを組み合わせ

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including acquisition of spatial memoryand long-term spatial memory 1. The MWM is a relatively simple procedure typically consisting of six day trials, the main advantage being the differentiation between the spatial (hidden-platform) and non-spatial (visible platform) conditions 2-4. In addition, the MWM testing environment reduces odor trail interference 5. This has led the task to be used extensively in the study of the neurobiology and neuropharmacology of spatial learning and memory. The MWM plays an important role in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#x2019;s Disease 6, 7. In this protocol we discussed the typical procedure of MWM for testing learning and memory and data analysis commonly used in Alzheimer&#x2019;s disease transgenic model mice.

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice

The Morris Water Maze is a behavioral task to test hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. It has been widely used in the study of neurobiology, neuropharmacology and neurocognitive disorders in rodent models.

アルツハイマー病モデルマウスにおける学習記憶障害のためのモリス水迷路試験

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including ...

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also propagation of suprathreshold spiking activity involves populations of neurons. Empirical studies addressing cortical function directly thus require recordings from populations of neurons with high resolution. Here we describe an optical method and a deconvolution algorithm to record neural activity from up to 100 neurons with single-cell and single-spike resolution. This method relies on detection of the transient increases in intracellular somatic calcium concentration associated with suprathreshold electrical spikes (action potentials) in cortical neurons. High temporal resolution of the optical recordings is achieved by a fast random-access scanning technique using acousto-optical deflectors (AODs)1. Two-photon excitation of the calcium-sensitive dye results in high spatial resolution in opaque brain tissue2. Reconstruction of spikes from the fluorescence calcium recordings is achieved by a maximum-likelihood method. Simultaneous electrophysiological and optical recordings indicate that our method reliably detects spikes (&gt;97% spike detection efficiency), has a low rate of false positive spike detection (&lt; 0.003 spikes/sec), and a high temporal precision (about 3 msec) 3. This optical method of spike detection can be used to record neural activity in vitro and in anesthetized animals in vivo3,4.

Understanding the function of the vertebrate central nervous system requires recordings from many neurons because cortical function arises on the level of populations of neurons. Here we describe an optical method to record suprathreshold neural activity with single-cell and single-spike resolution, dithered random-access scanning. This method records somatic fluorescence calcium signals from up to 100 neurons with high temporal resolution. A maximum-likelihood algorithm deconvolves the underlying suprathreshold neural activity from the somatic fluorescence calcium signals. This method reliably detects spikes with high detection efficiency and a low rate of false positives and can be used to study neural populations in vitro and in vivo.

単一セルと単スパイク分解能で閾値上神経活動の光記録

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of neural circuits underlying a variety of natural behaviors, including navigation1 , decision making 2,3, and the generation of complex motor sequences4,5,6. Advances in precision machining has allowed for the fabrication of light-weight devices suitable for chronic recordings in small animals, such as mice and songbirds. The ability to adjust the electrode position with small remotely controlled motors has further increased the recording yield in various behavioral contexts by reducing animal handling.6,7
 Here we describe a protocol to build an ultra-light motorized microdrive for long-term chronic recordings in small animals. Our design evolved from an earlier published version7, and has been adapted for ease-of use and cost-effectiveness to be more practical and accessible to a wide array of researchers. This proven design 8,9,10,11 allows for fine, remote positioning of electrodes over a range of ~ 5 mm and weighs less than 750 mg when fully assembled. We present the complete protocol for how to build and assemble these drives, including 3D CAD drawings for all custom microdrive components.

The design, fabrication and assembly of an ultra-light motorized microdrive is described. The device provides a cost-effective and easy-to-use solution for chronic recordings of single units in small behaving animals.

小動物の慢性神経録音用超軽量電動マイクロドライブの設計およびアセンブリ

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

It has been demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of any further modification of the target tissue. Infrared neural stimulation has been reported in a variety of peripheral and sensory neural tissue in vivo, with particular interest shown in stimulation of neurons in the auditory nerve. However, while INS has been shown to work in these settings, the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which infrared light causes neural excitation is currently not well understood. The protocol presented here describes a whole cell patch clamp method designed to facilitate the investigation of infrared neural stimulation in cultured primary auditory neurons. By thoroughly characterizing the response of these cells to infrared laser illumination in vitro under controlled conditions, it may be possible to gain an improved understanding of the fundamental physical and biochemical processes underlying infrared neural stimulation.

Infrared nerve stimulation has been proposed as an alternative to electrical stimulation in a range of nerve types, including those associated with the auditory system. This protocol describes a patch clamp method for studying the mechanism of infrared nerve stimulation in a culture of primary auditory neurons.

赤外線神経刺激のメカニズムを調査するための全細胞パッチクランプ

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic applications. This protocol describes a fabrication technique of a modified cylindrical nerve cuff electrode to meet these criteria. Minimum computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM) skills are necessary to consistently produce cuffs with high precision (contact placement 0.51 &#177; 0.04 mm) and various cuff sizes. The precision in spatially distributing the contacts and the ability to retain a predefined geometry accomplished with this design are two criteria essential to optimize the cuff&#39;s interface for selective recording and stimulation. The presented design also maximizes the flexibility in the longitudinal direction while maintaining sufficient rigidity in the transverse direction to reshape the nerve by using materials with different elasticities. The expansion of the cuff&#39;s cross sectional area as a result of increasing the pressure inside the cuff was observed to be 25% at 67 mm Hg. This test demonstrates the flexibility of the cuff and its response to nerve swelling post-implant. The stability of the contacts&#39; interface and recording quality were also examined with contacts&#39; impedance and signal-to-noise ratio metrics from a chronically implanted cuff (7.5 months), and observed to be 2.55 &#177; 0.25 k&#8486; and 5.10 &#177; 0.81 dB respectively.

This article provides a detailed description on the fabrication process of a high contact-density flat interface nerve electrode (FINE). This electrode is optimized for recording and stimulating neural activity selectively within peripheral nerves.

記録と刺激アプリケーションの高接触密度、フラットインターフェイスの神経電極の作製

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network dynamics in neuronal cultures. In contrast with more traditional methods, such as patch-clamping, which can only record activity from a single cell, MEAs can record simultaneously from multiple sites in a network, without requiring the arduous task of placing each electrode individually. Moreover, numerous control and stimulation configurations can be easily applied within the same experimental setup, allowing for a broad range of dynamics to be explored. One of the key dynamics of interest in these in vitro studies has been the extent to which cultured networks display properties indicative of learning. Mouse neuronal cells cultured on MEAs display an increase in response following training induced by electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neuronal cells on MEAs; successfully record from over 95% of the plated dishes; establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation; and sort, plot, and interpret the results from such experiments. The use of a proprietary system for stimulating and recording neuronal cultures is demonstrated. Software packages are also used to sort neuronal units. A custom-designed graphical user interface is used to visualize post-stimulus time histograms, inter-burst intervals, and burst duration, as well as to compare the cellular response to stimulation before and after a training protocol. Finally, representative results and future directions of this research effort are discussed.

Mouse neuronal cells cultured on multi-electrode arrays display an increase in response following electrical stimulation. This protocol demonstrates how to culture neurons, how to record activity, and how to establish a protocol to train the networks to respond to patterns of stimulation.

マイクロ電極アレイにおけるニューロン細胞培養の刺激に対するネットワーク応答の時間依存的増加

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

皮質局所電界電位、心電図、筋電図、呼吸リズム自由行動ラットからの同時録音

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Construction of an Improved Multi-Tetrode Hyperdrive for Large-Scale Neural Recording in Behaving Rats

Monitoring the activity patterns of a large population of neurons over many days in awake animals is a valuable technique in the field of systems neuroscience. One key component of this technique consists of the precise placement of multiple electrodes into desired brain regions and the maintenance of their stability. Here, we describe a protocol for the construction of a 3D-printable hyperdrive, which includes eighteen independently adjustable tetrodes, and is specifically designed for in vivo extracellular neural recording in freely behaving rats. The tetrodes attached to the microdrives can either be individually advanced into multiple brain regions along the track, or can be used to place an array of electrodes into a smaller area. The multiple tetrodes allow for simultaneous examination of action potentials from dozens of individual neurons, as well as local field potentials from populations of neurons in the brain during active behavior. In addition, the design provides for simpler 3D drafting software that can easily be modified for differing experimental needs.

We present the construction of a 3D-printable hyperdrive with eighteen independently adjustable tetrodes. The hyperdrive is designed to record brain activity in freely behaving rats over a period of several weeks.