著者らは、ミルテニーバイオテク社、ドイツの従業員です。

無菌条件下で動作するように、それは層流フード内のすべての手順を実行することをお勧めします。 1。材料<ol><li> HEPES緩衝液：10mMのHEPES - NaOHでpH7.4の、150mMのNaCl、5mMのKClを、1mMのMgCl 2、1.8 mMのCaCl 2で ） </li><li>コラゲナーゼD溶液：コラゲナーゼD：HEPESバッファーで100 mg / mLの（コラゲナーゼD&gt; 0.15 U / mg）を、 </li><li> DNase I溶液：20,000 U / mlのDNase I </li><li> pH7.2のPBSバッファー</li><li> PEBバッファー：20部autoMACSすすぎ溶液の1部BSAストック溶液</li><li>組織：隣接臓器の自由な6月7日週齢の成体雌のBALB / Cマウス由来の肺。 </li><li>オプション：CD11cはマイクロビーズ、MACS MSカラム、マウスの肺単一細胞の懸濁液から樹状細胞の分離におけるMACSセパレーター</li></ol> 2。肺組織を解離<ol><li>赤血球を除去するためにPBSを含むペトリ皿の中で組織をすすいでください。 </li><li> 4.9 mLのHEPES緩衝液を含むgentleMACS Cチューブに450mgの肺組織の最大値を転送する。 </li><li> 2 mg / mlのコラゲナーゼDの最終濃度に100μLのコラゲナーゼD溶液を加える</li><li>最大150 mgの組織（40 U / mlのDNase Iの最終濃度）または150から450 mgの肺組織の場合は20μLのDNase I（80 U / mlのDNase Iの最終濃度）に10μLのDNase I溶液を加える。 </li><li>しっかりとCチューブを閉じ、gentleMACSのDissociatorにそれを添付してください。次にプログラム&quot;m_lung_01&quot;を実行してください。 </li><li> 37℃で30分間インキュベート℃で自動化された回転または手動ですべての5分を回すと。 </li><li> gentleMACSのDissociatorにサンプルを返すとプログラム&quot;m_lung_02&quot;を実行してください。 </li></ol> 3。ろ過<ol><li> 70μmのメッシュのセルストレーナーにキャップを交換することによってフィルタリングされた細胞を収集するための50 mlチューブを準備します。 </li><li> 1秒間に1回gentleMACSプログラムは、チューブ内の試料の分布に応じて、終了するには、チューブの下部にあるサンプルの材料を収集するために簡単にチューブを遠心することができる。 </li><li>適切な1000μlのピペットチップを使用してC管の隔膜密封キャップを介して細胞を取り出して、セルストレーナーにそれらを適用する。 </li><li>室温で5 mlのHEPES緩衝液でセルストレーナーを洗浄してください。 </li><li> 10分間300xgで50 mLのチューブにペレットに細胞を遠心分離します。 </li><li>上清を吸引除去し、PEBバッファーのご希望の音量に細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。 </li></ol>パート4：代表的な結果： <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1266/1266fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> gentleMACS™Dissociatorと図1。肺解離は92％生存細胞をもたらした。死んだ細胞は蛍光ヨウ化プロピジウム（PI）（;：なしPI染色左のドットプロット右ドットプロット）で染色した。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1266/1266fig2.jpg" alt="図2" /> 図2。実行可能な白血球と内皮細胞の高い割合でgentleMACSのDissociatorの結果を使用してマウスの肺組織の解離。由来の単細胞懸濁液は、CD45 - PEとCD146 - FITCまたはCD31 - FITCで染色し、フローサイトメトリーによって分析した。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1266/1266figure2c.png" alt="図2C" /> マウスの肺組織由来の図3。単セル懸濁液をM - PDCA - 1マウスのCD11c 低を検出するために+形質樹だけでなく、CD11cは高い細胞をCD11cは- FITCおよび抗mPDCA - 1 - APCで染色した。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1266/1266fig4.jpg" alt="図4" /> 図4のCD11c MicroBeadsを用いて樹状細胞の濃縮、MiniMACSセパレータ二MSカラム。

<ol>
	<li>Swanson, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flt3-Ligand,+IL-4,+GM-CSF,+and+Adherence-Mediated+Isolation+of+Murine+Lung+Dendritic+Cells:+Assessment+of+Isolation+Technique+on+Phenotype+and+Function.">Flt3-Ligand, IL-4, GM-CSF, and Adherence-Mediated Isolation of Murine Lung Dendritic Cells: Assessment of Isolation Technique on Phenotype and Function.</a> J. Immunol. 173, 4875-4881 (2004).</li><li>Vermaelen, K., Pauwels, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+and+simple+discrimination+of+mouse+pulmonary+dendritic+cell+and+macrophage+populations+by+flow+cytometry:+Methodology+and+new+insights.">Accurate and simple discrimination of mouse pulmonary dendritic cell and macrophage populations by flow cytometry: Methodology and new insights.</a> Cytometry Part A. 61A, 170-177 (2004).</li></ol>

The authors are employees of Miltenyi Biotec GmbH who make the instrument used in this article.

このビデオでは、我々はマウスの肺組織の解離のための新しい方法を導入する。我々は、肺組織の機械的および酵素処理の組み合わせが可能な白血球と内皮細胞の高い割合をもたらしたことを示している。特に、組織の機械的な崩壊は、gentleMACSのDissociatorによって達成された。ステータシステム、穏やかな方法で解離の組織 - gentleMACS Cチューブは、ローターが含まれています。手順は、機器のプログラムの設定によって制御されます。設定は、セルの高収率および生存率を達成するために最適化された。由来の単細胞懸濁液は、CD45 - PEとCD146 - FITCまたはCD31 - FITCで染色し、白血球と内皮細胞を検出するフローサイトメトリーによって分析した。単一細胞懸濁液中の樹状細胞は、CD11cは- FITCおよび抗mPDCA - 1 - APCで染​​色した。さらに、マウスの肺単一細胞懸濁液からの樹状細胞は、MACS Technologyを用いて濃縮した。樹状細胞は、磁気のCD11c MicroBeadsを用いて標識し、MiniMACSセパレータおよびMSカラムを用いて分離された一般的には1,2、との新たな解離プロトコルの組み合わせ磁気細胞選別は、肺組織から特定の細胞型を取得するために標準化されたメソッドを表します。

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>C Tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-093-237</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_709_765_gentleMACS_C_Tubes.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_709_765_gentleMACS_C_Tubes.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gentleMACS&#x2122; Starting Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-093-235</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_709_763_gentleMACS_Dissociator.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_709_763_gentleMACS_Dissociator.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MACSmix&#x2122; Tube Rotator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-090-753</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_34_251_MACSmix_Tube_Rotator.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_34_251_MACSmix_Tube_Rotator.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>autoMACS&#x2122; Rinsing Solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-091-222</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_134_155_autoMACS_Rinsing_Solution.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_134_155_autoMACS_Rinsing_Solution.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MACS&#174; BSA Stock Solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-091-376</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_33_295_MACS_BSA_Stock_Solution.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_33_295_MACS_BSA_Stock_Solution.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CD11c MicroBeads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order No. 130-052-001</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_93_132_CD11c_MicroBeads.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_93_132_CD11c_MicroBeads.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CD11c-FITC, CD11c-PE</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-092-026	130-091-830</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_599_329_CD11c.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_599_329_CD11c.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Anti-mPDCA-1-APC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-091-963</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_599_325_Anti_mPDCA_1.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_599_325_Anti_mPDCA_1.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CD146-FITC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-092-026</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_599_417_CD146_LSEC_.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_599_417_CD146_LSEC_.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CD45-PE</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-091-610</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_599_331_CD45.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_599_331_CD45.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Propidium Iodide Solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-093-233</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_337_744_Propidium_Iodide_Solution.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_337_744_Propidium_Iodide_Solution.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Art 1000 Reach Pipet Tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Molecular BioProducts</td>
<td>Order no. 2079</td>
<td><a href="http://www.mbpinc.com/ASP/products.aspx?query_TipID=61">http://www.mbpinc.com/ASP/products.aspx?query_TipID=61</a> <a href="http://www.mbpinc.com/html/products/art/display.html">http://www.mbpinc.com/html/products/art/display.html</a>
</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

standardized preparation of single-cell suspensions from mouse lung tissue using the gentlemacs dissociator

組織からの単細胞懸濁液の調製は、細胞の研究で多くの実験のための重要な前提条件です。全体の臓器を解離のプロセスは、再現可能な方法で生細胞の高い数値を得るために特定のパラメータが必要です。 gentleMACS Dissociatorは、シンプルで実用的なプロトコルを使用してこのタスクを最適化します。楽器は、マウスの肺を含む組織の種類、様々な効率的ですが穏やかな解離のために最適化され、事前にプログラム設定が含まれています。本書ではマウス由来の肺組織でgentleMACSのDissociatorの使用が示されている。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Standardized Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Lung Tissue using the gentleMACS Dissociator at JoVE.com

Standardized Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Lung Tissue using the gentleMACS Dissociator

特定の組織型から解離し細胞は組織の攪拌のための特定のパラメータは、実行可能な、培養可能な細胞の大量を取得する必要があります。ミルテニーgentleMACS dissociatorは、シンプルで実用的なプロトコルを使用してこのタスクを最適化します。本書では肺組織でこの装置の使用は説明されています。

gentleMACS Dissociatorを使用してマウスの肺組織からの単細胞懸濁液の標準化の準備

The preparation of single-cell suspensions from tissues is an important prerequisite for many experiments in cellular research. The process of ...

standardized-preparation-single-cell-suspensions-from-mouse-lung

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

34.4K ビュー.  Miltenyi Biotec,GmbH.  中文 日本語 

ビデオ: Standardized Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Lung Tissue using the gentleMACS Dissociator

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Spleen with the gentleMACS Dissociator

Single-cell suspensions are a prerequisite for experiments in cell separation, cell analysis and cell culture.  To avoid tedious and often painful manual dissociations the gentleMACS Dissociator allows one to dissociate tissue very efficiently under controlled and reproducible conditions.  The gentleMACS Dissociator can optimally dissociate mouse spleen, combining timesaving and standardization with user-safety.

This video describes how to dissociate mouse spleens using the gentleMACS Dissociator, an automated bench-top device that can mechanically disrupt tissues using special tubes to produce viable cell suspensions. Following dissociation, spleens are filtered, centrifuged, and resuspended for further applications.

This video describes a simple, time-saving technique for automated tissue dissociation using the gentleMACS Dissociator to prepare single-cell suspensions of mouse splenocytes.

gentleMACS Dissociatorとマウス脾臓からの単細胞懸濁液の調製

Single-cell suspensions are a prerequisite for experiments in cell separation, cell analysis and cell culture.  To avoid tedious and often painful manual ...

生物学

Generation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Neural Tissue

Within the nervous system, hundreds of neuronal and glial cell types have been described. Each specific cell type in the brain or spinal cord has a repertoire of cell surface molecules, or molecular determinants, through which it can be identified and characterized. Currently, robust cell identification and separation technologies require single-cell preparations to be generated while simultaneously limiting cell death and destruction of characteristic surface protein. The gentleMACS Dissociator, when used in combination with trypsin or papain-based dissociation kits, can effectively and gently dissociate brain tissue while preserving antigen epitopes and limiting cell loss. Standardized preparation of single-cell suspensions is achieved using C Tubes and optimized, preset gentleMACS Programs. Once generated, single-cell suspensions can be treated with monoclonal conjugates like Anti-Prominin-1 MicroBeads, which identify neural progenitors, or purified further using Myelin Removal Beads.

Dissociating cells from specific tissue types requires specific parameters for tissue aggitation to obtain a high volume of viable, culturable cells. The Miltenyi gentleMACS Dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. In this publication the use of this apparatus on nerual tissue is explained.

マウス神経組織から単細胞懸濁液の生成

Within the nervous system, hundreds of neuronal and glial cell types have been described. Each specific cell type in the brain or spinal cord has a ...

Obtaining High Quality RNA from Single Cell Populations in Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

We proposed to investigate the gray matter reduction in the superior temporal gyrus seen in schizophrenia patients, by interrogating gene expression profiles of pyramidal neurons in layer III. It is well known that the cerebral cortex is an exceptionally heterogeneous structure comprising diverse regions, layers and cell types, each of which is characterized by distinct cellular and molecular compositions and therefore differential gene expression profiles. To circumvent the confounding effects of tissue heterogeneity, we used laser-capture microdissection (LCM) in order to isolate our specific cell-type i.e pyramidal neurons.
Approximately 500 pyramidal neurons stained with the Histogene staining solution were captured using the Arcturus XT LCM system. RNA was then isolated from captured cells and underwent two rounds of T7-based linear amplification using Arcturus/Molecular Devices kits. The Experion LabChip (Bio-Rad) gel and electropherogram indicated good quality a(m)RNA, with a transcript length extending past 600nt required for microarrays. The amount of mRNA obtained averaged 51&mu;g, with acceptable mean sample purity as indicated by the A260/280 ratio, of 2.5. Gene expression was profiled using the Human X3P GeneChip probe array from Affymetrix.

We describe a process using laser-capture microdissection to isolate and extract RNA from a homogeneous cell population, pyramidal neurons, in layer III of the superior temporal gyrus in postmortem human brains. We subsequently linearly amplify (T7-based) mRNA, and hybridize the sample to the Affymetrix human X3P microarray.

人間の死後の脳組織における単一細胞から、高品質のRNAを取得

We proposed to investigate the gray matter reduction in the superior temporal gyrus seen in schizophrenia patients, by interrogating gene expression ...

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment are open and allow cations to flow steadily inwards across the membrane, depolarizing the cell. Light exposure triggers the closure of the CNG channels, blocks the inward cation current flow, and thus results in cell hyperpolarization. Based on the polarity of photoreceptors, a suction recording method was developed in 1970s that, unlike the classic patch-clamp technique, does not require penetrating the plasma membrane 1. Drawing the outer segment into a tightly-fitting glass pipette filled with extracellular solution allows recording the current changes in individual cells upon test-flash exposure. However, this well-established "outer-segment-in (OS-in)" suction recording is not suitable for mouse cone recordings, because of the low percentage of cones in the mouse retina (3%) and the difficulties in identifying the cone outer segments. Recently, an inner-segment-in (IS-in) recording configuration was developed to draw the inner segment/nuclear region of the photoreceptor into the recording pipette 2,3. In this video, we will show how to record from individual mouse cone photoresponses using single-cell suction electrode.

We will show how to record flash responses from single mouse cones using a suction electrode.

マウスの錐体光受容体からの単一細胞サクション録音

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment ...

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in unregulated concentrations are detrimental to cell viability1, 2. While living systems have evolved with endogenous and dietary antioxidant defense mechanisms to regulate ROS generation, ROS are produced continuously as natural by-products of normal metabolism of oxygen and can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules resulting in loss of protein function, DNA cleavage, or lipid peroxidation3, and ultimately to oxidative stress leading to cell injury or death4. 
Superoxide radical anion (O2&bull;-) is the major precursor of some of the most highly oxidizing species known to exist in biological systems such as peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. The generation of O2&bull;- signals the first sign of oxidative burst, and therefore, its detection and/or sequestration in biological systems is important. In this demonstration, O2&bull;- was generated from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Through chemotactic stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), PMN generates O2&bull;- via activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase5. 
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase which comes in three isoforms, as inducible-, neuronal- and endothelial-NOS, or iNOS, nNOS or eNOS, respectively, catalyzes the conversion of L- arginine to L-citrulline, using NADPH to produce NO6. Here, we generated NO from endothelial cells. Under oxidative stress conditions, eNOS for example can switch from producing NO to O2&bull;- in a process called uncoupling, which is believed to be caused by oxidation of heme7 or the co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)8.
There are only few reliable methods for the detection of free radicals in biological systems but are limited by specificity and sensitivity. Spin trapping is commonly used for the identification of free radicals and involves the addition reaction of a radical to a spin trap forming a persistent spin adduct which can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The various radical adducts exhibit distinctive spectrum which can be used to identify the radicals being generated and can provide a wealth of information about the nature and kinetics of radical production9.
The cyclic nitrones, 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO10, the phosphoryl-substituted DEPMPO11, and the ester-substituted, EMPO12 and BMPO13, have been widely employed as spin traps--the latter spin traps exhibiting longer half-lives for O2&bull;- adduct. Iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 is commonly used to trap NO due to high rate of adduct formation and the high stability of the spin adduct14.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to detect nitric oxide from bovine aortic endothelial cells and superoxide radical anion from human neutrophils using iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyroroline-N-oxide, DMPO, respectively.

一酸化窒素とスピントラップを使用して、細胞からの電子常磁性共鳴分光法によるスーパーオキシドアニオンラジカルの検出

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

人工多能性幹細胞に由来するマウスの作製

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline cells. This heterogeneity is an important drawback concerning the study of the bases of mammalian spermatogenesis, as pure or enriched cell populations in certain stages of sperm development are needed for most molecular analyses1.
 Various strategies such as Staput2,3, centrifugal elutriation1, and flow cytometry (FC)4,5 have been employed to obtain enriched or purified testicular cell populations in order to enable differential gene expression studies. 
It is required that cells are in suspension for most enrichment/ purification approaches. Ideally, the cell suspension will be representative of the original tissue, have a high proportion of viable cells and few multinucleates - which tend to form because of the syncytial nature of the seminiferous epithelium6,7 - and lack cell clumps1 . Previous reports had evidenced that testicular cell suspensions prepared by an exclusively mechanical method clumped more easily than trypsinized ones1 . On the other hand, enzymatic treatments with RNAses and/or disaggregating enzymes like trypsin and collagenase lead to specific macromolecules degradation, which is undesirable for certain downstream applications. The ideal process should be as short as possible and involve minimal manipulation, so as to achieve a good preservation of macromolecules of interest such as mRNAs. Current protocols for the preparation of cell suspensions from solid tissues are usually time-consuming, highly operator-dependent, and may selectively damage certain cell types1,8 . 
	The protocol presented here combines the advantages of a highly reproducible and extremely brief mechanical disaggregation with the absence of enzymatic treatment, leading to good quality cell suspensions that can be used for flow cytometric analysis and sorting4, and ulterior gene expression studies9 .

A novel protocol for the mechanical preparation of testicular cell suspensions from rodent material, avoiding enzymes and detergents, is described. The method is very simple, fast, reproducible, and renders good quality cell suspensions, which are suitable for flow sorting and RNA extraction.

精巣細胞懸濁液の調製のためのシンプルで効率的な手法

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline ...

Quantifying Single Microvessel Permeability in Isolated Blood-perfused Rat Lung Preparation

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with real time imaging, it becomes feasible to determine permeability changes in individual pulmonary microvessels. Herein we describe steps to isolate rat lungs and perfuse them with autologous blood. Then, we outline steps to infuse fluorophores or agents via a microcatheter into a small lung region. Using these procedures described, we determined permeability increases in rat lung microvessels in response to infusions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The data revealed that lipopolysaccharide increased fluid leak across both venular and capillary microvessel segments. Thus, this method makes it possible to compare permeability responses among vascular segments and thus, define any heterogeneity in the response. While commonly used methods to define lung permeability require postprocessing of lung tissue samples, the use of real time imaging obviates this requirement as evident from the present method. Thus, the isolated lung preparation combined with real time imaging offers several advantages over traditional methods to determine lung microvascular permeability, yet is a straightforward method to develop and implement.

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation makes it feasible to visualize microvessel networks on the lung surface. Here we describe an approach to quantify permeability of single microvessels in isolated lungs using real time fluorescence imaging.

単離された血液灌流ラットの肺の準備にシングル微小血管透過性を定量化する

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with ...

RNA Isolation from Mouse Pancreas: A Ribonuclease-rich Tissue

Isolation of high-quality RNA from ribonuclease-rich tissue such as mouse pancreas presents a challenge. As a primary function of the pancreas is to aid in digestion, mouse pancreas may contain as much a 75 mg of ribonuclease. We report modifications of standard phenol/guanidine thiocyanate lysis reagent protocols to isolate RNA from mouse pancreas. Guanidine thiocyanate is a strong protein denaturant and will effectively disrupt the activity of ribonuclease under most conditions. However, critical modifications to standard protocols are necessary to successfully isolate RNA from ribonuclease-rich tissues. Key steps include a high lysis reagent to tissue ratio, removal of undigested tissue prior to phase separation and inclusion of a ribonuclease inhibitor to the RNA solution. Using these and other modifications, we routinely isolate RNA with RNA Integrity Number (RIN) greater than 7. The isolated RNA is of suitable quality for routine gene expression analysis. Adaptation of this protocol to isolate RNA from ribonuclease rich tissues besides the pancreas should be readily achievable.

We report a procedure to isolate RNA with high integrity from the ribonuclease rich mouse pancreas.

マウス膵臓からのRNAの単離：リボヌクレアーゼが豊富な組織

Isolation of high-quality RNA from ribonuclease-rich tissue such as mouse pancreas presents a challenge.  As a primary function of the pancreas is to aid ...

Single-Cell Analysis of the Expression of Pseudomonas syringae Genes within the Plant Tissue

A plethora of pathogenic microorganisms constantly attack plants. The Pseudomonas syringae species complex encompasses Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria of special relevance for a wide number of hosts. P. syringae enters the plant from the leaf surface and multiplies rapidly within the apoplast, forming microcolonies that occupy the intercellular space. The constitutive expression of fluorescent proteins by the bacteria allows for visualization of the microcolonies and monitoring of the development of the infection at the microscopic level. Recent advances in single-cell analysis have revealed the large complexity reached by clonal isogenic bacterial populations. This complexity, referred to as phenotypic heterogeneity, is the consequence of cell-to-cell differences in gene expression (not linked to genetic differences) among the bacterial community. To analyze the expression of individual loci at the single-cell level, transcriptional fusions to fluorescent proteins have been widely used. Under stress conditions, such as those occurring during colonization of the plant apoplast, P. syringae differentiates into distinct subpopulations based on the heterogeneous expression of key virulence genes (i.e., the Hrp type III secretion system). However, single-cell analysis of any given P. syringae population recovered from plant tissue is challenging due to the cellular debris released during the mechanical disruption intrinsic to the inoculation and bacterial extraction processes. The present report details a method developed to monitor the expression of P. syringae genes of interest at the single-cell level during the colonization of Arabidopsis and bean plants. The preparation of the plants and the bacterial suspensions used for inoculation using a vacuum chamber are described. The recovery of endophytic bacteria from infected leaves by apoplastic fluid extraction is also explained here. Both the bacterial inoculation and bacterial extraction methods are empirically optimized to minimize plant and bacterial cell damage, resulting in bacterial preparations optimal for microscopy and flow cytometry analysis.

Single-Cell Analysis of the Expression of Pseudomonas syringae Genes within the Plant Tissue

The present protocol describes a method that allows single-cell gene expression analysis on Pseudomonas syringae populations grown within the plant apoplast.

植物組織における シュードモナス・シリンガエ 遺伝子発現の単一細胞解析

A plethora of pathogenic microorganisms constantly attack plants. The Pseudomonas syringae species complex encompasses Gram-negative plant-pathogenic ...