我々は、このプロトコルが最初に設計され、その研究室で、シカゴ大学で博士アーロンP.フォックスに感謝、そしてプロトコルのさらなる発展のためのウィリアムローデン（セントルイス大学）。 私たちは、ホワイトホール財団と支援のための国立科学財団に感謝します。

パート1：炭素繊維の調製<ol><li>キャピラリーピペットの〜1.25 ×長さは長さの炭素繊維（我々は7μm径を使用する）の束をカット。 </li><li> 〜コンテナ内のアセトン100mLの沸騰によるサイジングを外し、30分以上熱い、沸騰アセトンに繊維を追加。 </li><li>暖かいアセトンから繊維を取り出し、そして新鮮なアセトンの50〜100 mLできれいなビーカーに移す。 </li><li>オープン150ミリメートルペトリ皿とairdry一晩にバンドルを配置することにより乾燥した繊維。 </li></ol>パート2：火 - 研磨ガラス毛細管<ol><li>鉗子を中心にチューブを保持し、約flame.Rotateチューブに端を公開することにより、（我々は長いマイクロヘマトクリット毛細管は1.5mm外径、1.3ミリメートル内径、7.5センチメートルを使用）各キャピラリーチューブを火 - ポーランド炎の中に3回。 </li><li>チューブを逆さにして、再度3回回転させ、炎に反対側の端を置きます。 </li><li>ガラス皿にファイアーポリッシュチューブをセットし、彼らは炭素繊維で満たされることの準備が整うまで、オーブンに移す。 </li></ol>第3部：キャピラリーチューブにカーボン繊維をスレッディング<ol><li>マチャドらの説明に似て。 （2008年）とMundroffとワイトマン（2002）は、フィルタを真空に接続されているプラ​​スチック製のチューブを使用してガラス管に繊維を吸う。 </li><li>チューブの繊維の外のscalpel.Leave ¼インチを使用して繊維をカット。 </li></ol>パート4：電極プラーでピペットファイバを引っ張る<ol><li>電極プラー（我々はナリシゲ日本モデルPP - 830を使用）にキャピラリーチューブを置き、場所にキャピラリチューブを保持するためにノブを締めて。 </li><li>最適な引き手の設定で設定され、二人プル実行するためにスイッチを操作する。 </li><li>ピペットが半分に引っ張られると、ハサミを使って中心にベアファイバを切断して二つの部分を分ける。 </li><li>各電極の半分を削除し、繊維の1 / 8インチのチューブの外に残されるように、はさみでガラスseal.Trimの繊維を壊すために突き出したファイバーを引っ張る。 </li><li>約16繊維電極が引き出されるまで繰り返し、1〜4を繰り返します。 </li></ol>第5部：エポキシグラスのシールを作る<ol><li>ドラフトで6分間55℃に設定したホットプレート上でエポキシの既製のアリコートを加熱する。 </li><li>エポキシは、ラップを加熱している間〜束に引っ張ら電極16を​​テープを使用して。 </li><li>エポン樹脂が6分間加熱された後、ホットエポン樹脂（14％、w / v）の0.7グラムXOF MPDAを追加。バイアルを渦巻くことによりミックス。 </li><li>エポキシの十分な量が毛細管現象を介してガラスのヒントを入力する、20秒程度のホットエポキシプラス硬化剤のsolution.Afterに電極の束をつけます。 </li><li>スロットで段ボールにバンドル、場所の電極を元に戻すと、オーブンでこのトレイを置く、100℃に設定F. </li><li>少なくとも48時間後、、エポキシ樹脂で埋めるこわれた先端を持って、、それぞれの電極を検査段ボールホルダーの所定の位置に戻すとバック​​、複数のファイバー、etc.Afterを持っていなかった解剖microscope.Discard電極の下に各電極を調べるoven.Electrodesに通常製造後約1ヵ月に適しています。 </li></ol>第6部：炭素繊維を切断<ol><li>テフロンテープでスライドガラスの上に慎重に炭素繊維電極を置きます。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡の下に先端を可視化する。 </li><li>細胞に対する炭素繊維を配置するための平坦な清浄な表面を残すために炭素繊維を垂直に横切っカットするクリーンな手術用メスの刃を使用してください。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Mundorf, M. L., Wightman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amperometry+and+cyclic+voltammetry+with+carbon+fiber+microelectrodes+at+single+cells.">Amperometry and cyclic voltammetry with carbon fiber microelectrodes at single cells.</a> Curr Protocols in Neurosci. 6 (14), 1-6 (2002).</li><li>Machado, D. J., Montesinos, M. S., Borges, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Good+practices+in+single-cell+amperometry.">Good practices in single-cell amperometry.</a> Methods in Molec. Biol. 440, 297-313 (2008).</li></ol>

このプロトコルは、電流滴電極を生成し、カットする方法について説明します。電流測定の録音中に、炭素繊維の電極は、分泌細胞の表面に配置されます。エキソサイトーシス活性は、カテコールアミンの酸化後の電子の移動によって生じる電気化学的電流を示す電流測定スパイクとして観測される。練習は作るとアンペロメトリック電極を切断すると、ノイズレベルを大幅に市販の電極の多くにわたって改善することができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Epoxy Hardener 1,3-phenylene-diamene flakes</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P23954-100G04 716AJ</td><td>Aliquots are stored in a dessicator and should not be exposed to light.</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon Fibers</td><td>Material</td><td>Goodfellow</td><td>C005725</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro-Hematocrit Capillary Tubes</td><td>Material</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC9836768</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Epoxy Resin</td><td>Reagent</td><td>Miller-Stephenson</td><td>Epon Resin 828</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting Microscope</td><td>Instrument</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrode Puller</td><td>Instrument</td><td>Narishige International</td><td>PP-830</td><td>1st pull = 24.8 degrees C; 2nd pull = 62.7 degrees C</td></tr><tr><td>Oven</td><td>Instrument</td><td></td><td></td><td>set to 100 degrees F.</td></tr><tr><td>Hot plate</td><td>Instrument</td><td></td><td></td><td>set to 55 degrees C</td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of amperometric electrodes

炭素繊維電極は、電流測定の測定のための単一細胞内小胞からのカテコールアミンの放出を検出するために重要です。ここで、我々は、低ノイズ（&lt;0.5 Pa）の電極を生成するために必要なテクニックを説明します。技術は、以前の研究（1,2）によって発行された記述から変更されています。電極は、炭素繊維を作製し、繊維を吸引するフィルターで真空を使用して、各キャピラリーチューブに個別にスレッドによって行われます。次に、繊維と毛細管は微尖った先端で二つの部分、それぞれを作成し、電極プラーによってプルアップされています。電極はエポキシガラスのシールを作成するための硬化剤と混合して熱い、液状エポキシ樹脂に浸漬されています。最後に、電極はエポキシ樹脂を硬化するオーブン内に配置されます。電極を慎重に取り扱い、それらが一貫して損傷することなく行われることを保証することが重要です。このプロトコルは、単一細胞から記録するための電流測定電極を作製し、カットする方法を示しています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Amperometric Electrodes at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Amperometric Electrodes

このプロトコルは、炭素繊維電極を生成する方法について説明します。電極は、その後、炭素繊維のアンペロメトリーと小胞からのカテコールアミン放出を検出するために使用されます。

アンペロメトリー電極の作製

Carbon fiber electrodes are crucial for the detection of catecholamine release from vesicles in single cells for amperometry measurements.  Here, we ...

Nanyang Technological University

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Analytical Chemistry

Biology

Unit 1

Electrochemical Analyses and Redox Titration

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

14.3K ビュー.  Saint Louis University School of Medicine. このプロトコルは、炭素繊維電極を生成する方法について説明します。電極は、その後、炭素繊維のアンペロメトリーと小胞からのカテコールアミン放出を検出するために使用されます。

ビデオ: Fabrication of Amperometric Electrodes

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

A technique to investigate the properties and performance of new multi-electron metal/air battery systems is proposed and presented. A method for synthesizing nanoscopic VB2 is presented as well as step-by-step procedure for applying a zirconium oxide coating to the VB2 particles for stabilization upon discharge. The process for disassembling existing zinc/air cells is shown, in addition construction of the new working electrode to replace the conventional zinc/air cell anode with a the nanoscopic VB2 anode. Finally, discharge of the completed VB2/air battery is reported. We show that using the zinc/air cell as a test bed is useful to provide a consistent configuration to study the performance of the high-energy high capacity nanoscopic VB2 anode.

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

A protocol is presented to study multi-electron metal/air battery systems by using previous technology developed for the zinc/air cell. Electrochemical testing is then performed on fabricated batteries to evaluate performance.

VBの作製<sub&gt; 2</sub電気テスト用&gt; /空気電池

A technique to investigate the properties and performance of new multi-electron metal/air battery systems is proposed and presented. A method for ...

工学

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals suffering from chronic medical conditions facile assessment of their immediate physiological state. Furthermore, it could serve as a research tool for analysis of complex, multifactorial medical conditions. In order for such a multianalyte sensor to be realized, it must be minimally invasive, sampling of interstitial fluid must occur without pain or harm to the user, and analysis must be rapid as well as selective.
Initially developed for pain-free drug delivery, microneedles have been used to deliver vaccines and pharmacologic agents (e.g., insulin) through the skin.1-2 Since these devices access the interstitial space, microneedles that are integrated with microelectrodes can be used as transdermal electrochemical sensors. Selective detection of glucose, glutamate, lactate, hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbic acid has been demonstrated using integrated microneedle-electrode devices with carbon fibers, modified carbon pastes, and platinum-coated polymer microneedles serving as transducing elements.3-7,8
This microneedle sensor technology has enabled a novel and sophisticated analytical approach for in situ and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Multiplexing offers the possibility of monitoring complex microenvironments, which are otherwise difficult to characterize in a rapid and minimally invasive manner. For example, this technology could be utilized for simultaneous monitoring of extracellular levels of, glucose, lactate and pH,9 which are important metabolic indicators of disease states7,10-14 (e.g., cancer proliferation) and exercise-induced acidosis.15

This article details the construction of a multiplexed microneedle-based sensor. The device is being developed for in situ sampling and electrochemical analysis of multiple analytes in a rapid and selective manner. We envision clinical medicine and biomedical research uses for these microneedle-based sensors.

多重経皮電気化学センシングのための中空マイクロニードルベースの​​センサ

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals ...

生物工学

Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication

Advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology promise to revolutionize both research and medicine through lower costs, better sensitivity, portability, and higher throughput. The incorporation of biological components onto biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS) has shown great potential for achieving these goals. Microfabricated electronic chips allow for micrometer-scale features as well as an electrical connection for sensing and actuation. Functional biological components give the system the capacity for specific detection of analytes, enzymatic functions, and whole-cell capabilities. Standard microfabrication processes and bio-analytical techniques have been successfully utilized for decades in the computer and biological industries, respectively. Their combination and interfacing in a lab-on-a-chip environment, however, brings forth new challenges. There is a call for techniques that can build an interface between the electrode and biological component that is mild and is easy to fabricate and pattern.
Biofabrication, described here, is one such approach that has shown great promise for its easy-to-assemble incorporation of biological components with versatility in the on-chip functions that are enabled. Biofabrication uses biological materials and biological mechanisms (self-assembly, enzymatic assembly) for bottom-up hierarchical assembly. While our labs have demonstrated these concepts in many formats 1,2,3, here we demonstrate the assembly process based on electrodeposition followed by multiple applications of signal-based interactions. The assembly process consists of the electrodeposition of biocompatible stimuli-responsive polymer films on electrodes and their subsequent functionalization with biological components such as DNA, enzymes, or live cells 4,5. Electrodeposition takes advantage of the pH gradient created at the surface of a biased electrode from the electrolysis of water 6,7,. Chitosan and alginate are stimuli-responsive biological polymers that can be triggered to self-assemble into hydrogel films in response to imposed electrical signals 8. The thickness of these hydrogels is determined by the extent to which the pH gradient extends from the electrode. This can be modified using varying current densities and deposition times 6,7. This protocol will describe how chitosan films are deposited and functionalized by covalently attaching biological components to the abundant primary amine groups present on the film through either enzymatic or electrochemical methods 9,10. Alginate films and their entrapment of live cells will also be addressed 11. Finally, the utility of biofabrication is demonstrated through examples of signal-based interaction, including chemical-to-electrical, cell-to-cell, and also enzyme-to-cell signal transmission. 
Both the electrodeposition and functionalization can be performed under near-physiological conditions without the need for reagents and thus spare labile biological components from harsh conditions. Additionally, both chitosan and alginate have long been used for biologically-relevant purposes 12,13. Overall, biofabrication, a rapid technique that can be simply performed on a benchtop, can be used for creating micron scale patterns of functional biological components on electrodes and can be used for a variety of lab-on-a-chip applications.

This article describes a biofabrication approach: deposition of stimuli-responsive polysaccharides in the presence of biased electrodes to create biocompatible films which can be functionalized with cells or proteins. We demonstrate a bench-top strategy for the generation of the films as well as their basic uses for creating interactive biofunctionalized surfaces for lab-on-a-chip applications.

Biofabricationとバイオエレクトロニック·インタフェースをブリッジする

Advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology promise to revolutionize both research and medicine through lower costs, better sensitivity, portability, and ...

Self-standing Electrochemical Set-up to Enrich Anode-respiring Bacteria On-site

Anaerobic respiration coupled with electron transport to insoluble minerals (referred to as extracellular electron transport [EET]) is thought to be critical for microbial energy production and persistence in many subsurface environments, especially those lacking soluble terminal electron acceptors. While EET-capable microbes have been successfully isolated from various environments, the diversity of bacteria capable of EET is still poorly understood, especially in difficult-to-sample, low energy or extreme environments, such as many subsurface ecosystems. Here, we describe an on-site electrochemical system to enrich EET-capable bacteria using an anode as a respiratory terminal electron acceptor. This anode is connected&#160;to a cathode capable of&#160;catalyzing abiotic oxygen reduction. Comparing this approach with electrocultivation methods that use a potentiostat for poising the electrode potential, the two-electrode system does not require an external power source. We present an example of our on-site enrichment utilized in an alkaline pond at the Cedars, a terrestrial serpentinization site in Northern California. Prior attempts to cultivate mineral reducing bacteria were unsuccessful, which is likely due to the low-biomass nature of this site and/or the low relative abundance of metal reducing microbes. Prior to implementing our two-electrode enrichment, we measured the vertical profile of dissolved oxygen concentration. This allowed us to place the carbon felt anode and platinum-electroplated carbon felt cathode at depths that would support anaerobic and aerobic processes, respectively. Following on-site incubation, we further enriched the anodic electrode in the laboratory and confirmed&#160;a distinct microbial community compared to the surface-attached or biofilm communities normally observed at the Cedars. This enrichment subsequently led to the isolation of the first electrogenic microbe from the Cedars. This method of on-site microbial enrichment has the potential to greatly enhance the isolation of EET-capable bacteria from low biomass or difficult to sample habitats.

On-site microbial enrichment or in situ cultivation techniques can facilitate the isolation of difficult-to-culture microbial taxa, especially from low-biomass or geochemically extreme environments. Here, we describe an electrochemical set-up without using an external power source to enrich microbial strains that are capable of extracellular electron transport (EET).

敷地内に陽極 respiring 細菌を豊かに自立の電気化学的セットアップ

Anaerobic respiration coupled with electron transport to insoluble minerals (referred to as extracellular electron transport [EET]) is thought to be ...

環境学

AC Electrokinetic Phenomena Generated by Microelectrode Structures

The field of AC electrokinetics is rapidly growing due to its ability to perform dynamic fluid and particle manipulation on the micro- and nano-scale, which is essential for Lab-on-a-Chip applications. AC electrokinetic phenomena use electric fields to generate forces that act on fluids or suspended particles (including those made of dielectric or biological material) and cause them to move in astonishing ways1, 2. Within a single channel, AC electrokinetics can accomplish many essential on-chip operations such as active micro-mixing, particle separation, particle positioning and micro-pattering. A single device may accomplish several of those operations by simply adjusting operating parameters such as frequency or amplitude of the applied voltage. Suitable electric fields can be readily created by micro-electrodes integrated into microchannels. It is clear from the tremendous growth in this field that AC electrokinetics will likely have a profound effect on healthcare diagnostics3-5, environmental monitoring6 and homeland security7.

In general, there are three AC Electrokinetic phenomena (AC electroosmosis, dielectrophoresis and AC electrothermal effect) each with unique dependencies on the operating parameters. A change in these operating parameters can cause one phenomena to become dominant over another, thus changing the particle or fluid behavior. 

It is difficult to predict the behavior of particles and fluids due to the complicated physics that underlie AC electrokinetics. It is the goal of this publication to explain the physics and elucidate particle and fluid behavior. Our analysis also covers how to fabricate the electrode structures that generate them, and how to interpret a wide number of experimental observations using several popular device designs. This video article will help scientists and engineers understand these phenomena and may encourage them to start using AC Electrokinetics in their research.

Manipulating fluids and suspended particles in the micro- and nano-scale is becoming more of a reality as enabling technologies, like AC electrokinetics, continue to develop. Here, we discuss the physics behind AC electrokinetics, how to fabricate these devices and how to interpret the experimental observations.

マイクロ電極の構造によって生成されたAC動電現象

The field of AC electrokinetics is rapidly growing due to its ability to perform dynamic fluid and particle manipulation on the micro- and nano-scale, ...

生物学

Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications

The rock material pentlandite with the composition Fe4.5Ni4.5S8 was synthesized via high temperature synthesis from the elements. The structure and composition of the material was characterized via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), M&#246;ssbauer spectroscopy (MB), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Two preparation methods of pentlandite bulk electrodes are presented. In the first approach a piece of synthetic pentlandite rock is directly contacted via a wire ferrule. The second approach utilizes pentlandite pellets, pressed from finely ground powder, which is immobilized in a Teflon casing. Both electrodes, whilst being prepared by an additive-free method, reveal high durability during electrocatalytic conversions in comparison to common drop-coating methods. We herein showcase the striking performance of such electrodes to accomplish the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and present a standardized method to evaluate the electrocatalytic performance by electrochemical and gas chromatographic methods. Furthermore, we report stability tests via potentiostatic methods at an overpotential of 0.6 V to explore the material limitations of the electrodes during electrolysis under industrial relevant conditions.

A facile preparation method of electrodes using the bulk material Fe4.5Ni4.5S8 is presented. This method provides an alternative technique to conventional electrode fabrication and describes prerequisites for unconventional electrode materials including a straightforward electrocatalytic testing method.

電気化学的応用のための非貴金属バルク電極の調製のための簡単な方法

The rock material pentlandite with the composition Fe4.5Ni4.5S8 was synthesized via high temperature synthesis from the elements. The structure and ...

化学

Fabrication of Thin Film Silver/Silver Chloride Electrodes with Finely Controlled Single Layer Silver Chloride

This paper aims to present a protocol to form smooth and well-controlled films of silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) with designated coverage on top of thin film silver electrodes. Thin film silver electrodes sized 80 &#181;m x 80 &#181;m and 160 &#181;m x 160 &#181;m were sputtered on quartz wafers with a chromium/gold (Cr/Au) layer for adhesion. After passivation, polishing and cathodic cleaning processes, the electrodes underwent galvanostatic oxidation with consideration of Faraday&#39;s Law of Electrolysis to form smooth layers of AgCl with a designated degree of coverage on top of the silver electrode. This protocol is validated by inspection of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the surface of the fabricated Ag/AgCl thin film electrodes, which highlights the functionality and performance of the protocol. Sub-optimally fabricated electrodes are fabricated as well for comparison. This protocol can be widely used to fabricate Ag/AgCl electrodes with specific impedance requirements (e.g., probing electrodes for impedance sensing applications like impedance flow cytometry and interdigitated electrode arrays).

This paper aims to present a method to form smooth and well-controlled films of silver chloride (AgCl) with designated coverage on top of thin film silver electrodes.

細かく制御された単層塩化銀を用いた薄膜銀/塩化銀電極の製造

This paper aims to present a protocol to form smooth and well-controlled films of silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) with designated coverage on top of thin ...

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

Ionic electromechanically active capacitive laminates are a type of smart material that move in response to electrical stimulation. Due to the soft, compliant and biomimetic nature of this deformation, actuators made of the laminate have received increasing interest in soft robotics and (bio)medical applications. However, methods to easily fabricate the active material in large (even industrial) quantities and with a high batch-to-batch and within-batch repeatability are needed to transfer the knowledge from laboratory to industry. This protocol describes a simple, industrially scalable and reproducible method for the fabrication of ionic carbon-based electromechanically active capacitive laminates and the preparation of actuators made thereof. The inclusion of a passive and chemically inert (insoluble) middle layer (e.g., a textile-reinforced polymer network or microporous Teflon) distinguishes the method from others. The protocol is divided into five steps: membrane preparation, electrode preparation, current collector attachment, cutting and shaping, and actuation. Following the protocol results in an active material that can, for example, compliantly grasp and hold a randomly shaped object as demonstrated in the article.

This article describes a fast and simple manufacturing process of ionic electromechanically active composite materials for actuators in biomedical, biomimetic and soft robotics applications. The key fabrication steps, their importance for the actuators&#39; final properties, and some of the main characterization techniques are described in detail.

炭素系イオン電気機械式活性式式式式式式式アクチュエータの製造

Ionic electromechanically active capacitive laminates are a type of smart material that move in response to electrical stimulation. Due to the soft, ...

Electrochemical Preparation of Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Layers on Gold Microelectrodes for Uric Acid-Sensing Applications

Two different methods for the synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on gold electrodes are described, using electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer in an aqueous and an organic solution. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used in the synthesis of PEDOT thin layers. Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) was used as a dopant in both aqueous (aqueous/acetonitrile (ACN)) and organic (propylene carbonate (PC)) solvent systems. After the PEDOT layer was created in the organic system, the electrode surface was acclimatized by successive cycling in an aqueous solution for use as a sensor for aqueous samples. 
The use of an aqueous-based electropolymerization method has the potential benefit of removing the acclimatization step to have a shorter sensor preparation time. Although the aqueous method is more economical and environmentally friendly than the organic solvent method, superior PEDOT formation is obtained in the organic solution. The resulting PEDOT electrode surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed the constant growth of PEDOT during electropolymerization from the organic PC solution, with rapid fractal-type growth on gold (Au) microelectrodes.

Electrochemical Preparation of Poly3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Layers on Gold Microelectrodes for Uric Acid-Sensing Applications

We describe aqueous and organic solvent systems for the electropolymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) to create thin layers on the surface of gold microelectrodes, which are used for sensing low molecular weight analytes.

尿酸検出アプリケーションのための金微小電極上のポリ(3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン)層の電気化学的調製

Two different methods for the synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on gold electrodes are described, using electropolymerization of ...

Fabrication of High Contact-Density, Flat-Interface Nerve Electrodes for Recording and Stimulation Applications

Many attempts have been made to manufacture multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes that are safe, robust and reliable for long term neuroprosthetic applications. This protocol describes a fabrication technique of a modified cylindrical nerve cuff electrode to meet these criteria. Minimum computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM) skills are necessary to consistently produce cuffs with high precision (contact placement 0.51 &#177; 0.04 mm) and various cuff sizes. The precision in spatially distributing the contacts and the ability to retain a predefined geometry accomplished with this design are two criteria essential to optimize the cuff&#39;s interface for selective recording and stimulation. The presented design also maximizes the flexibility in the longitudinal direction while maintaining sufficient rigidity in the transverse direction to reshape the nerve by using materials with different elasticities. The expansion of the cuff&#39;s cross sectional area as a result of increasing the pressure inside the cuff was observed to be 25% at 67 mm Hg. This test demonstrates the flexibility of the cuff and its response to nerve swelling post-implant. The stability of the contacts&#39; interface and recording quality were also examined with contacts&#39; impedance and signal-to-noise ratio metrics from a chronically implanted cuff (7.5 months), and observed to be 2.55 &#177; 0.25 k&#8486; and 5.10 &#177; 0.81 dB respectively.

This article provides a detailed description on the fabrication process of a high contact-density flat interface nerve electrode (FINE). This electrode is optimized for recording and stimulating neural activity selectively within peripheral nerves.

アンペロメトリー電極の作製

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VBの作製

多重経皮電気化学センシングのための中空マイクロニードルベースのセンサ

Biofabricationとバイオエレクトロニック·インタフェースをブリッジする

敷地内に陽極 respiring 細菌を豊かに自立の電気化学的セットアップ

マイクロ電極の構造によって生成されたAC動電現象

電気化学的応用のための非貴金属バルク電極の調製のための簡単な方法

細かく制御された単層塩化銀を用いた薄膜銀/塩化銀電極の製造

炭素系イオン電気機械式活性式式式式式式式アクチュエータの製造

尿酸検出アプリケーションのための金微小電極上のポリ(3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン)層の電気化学的調製

記録と刺激アプリケーションの高接触密度、フラットインターフェイスの神経電極の作製

アンペロメトリー電極の作製

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

VBの作製

多重経皮電気化学センシングのための中空マイクロニードルベースの​​センサ

Biofabricationとバイオエレクトロニック·インタフェースをブリッジする

敷地内に陽極 respiring 細菌を豊かに自立の電気化学的セットアップ

マイクロ電極の構造によって生成されたAC動電現象

電気化学的応用のための非貴金属バルク電極の調製のための簡単な方法

細かく制御された単層塩化銀を用いた薄膜銀/塩化銀電極の製造

炭素系イオン電気機械式活性式式式式式式式アクチュエータの製造

尿酸検出アプリケーションのための金微小電極上のポリ(3,4-エチレンジオキシチオフェン)層の電気化学的調製

記録と刺激アプリケーションの高接触密度、フラットインターフェイスの神経電極の作製

多重経皮電気化学センシングのための中空マイクロニードルベースのセンサ